School Enrollment Rates Research Articles

Fighting Classroom Hunger : Analysis of Mid-day Meal Scheme of Odisha

India State Hunger Index (ISHI) reported that, “India is home to the world’s largest food insecure population, with more than 200 million people who are hungry.” Adding to this, the report urged that, the country’s poor performance is driven by its high levels of child under-nutrition and poor calorie count. Education plays a vital role in the development of human potential. State Governments are spending considerable portion of their resources to provide educational facilities all over the country. In spite of these efforts, the goal of cent percent universalization of elementary education appears to be far and elusive due to inherent socio-economic factors present in the society. Free and compulsory education up to the age of 14 years is the constitutional commitment and it is estimated that primary school children (6-14 years) form about 20% of the total population. Poor school enrolment and high school dropout rate are attributed to the poor nutritional status of the children compounded by poor socio-economic condition, child labour and lack of motivation. The researchers have used empirical research to find the real gap in the system.

The impact of education on income inequality: A comparative analysis of Nigeria and South Africa

Nigeria is plagued with the problem of poverty, and this is exacerbated by the problem of income inequality. Inequality has also limited the opportunities of individuals in Nigeria as Valentine (1968) said that “the essence of poverty is inequality; in slightly different words the meaning of poverty can be said to be deprivation”. The Gini coefficient of Nigeria lies between 40 and 60% (Bakare A.S, 2012). Also, South Africa has one of the worst cases of income inequality in the World, As South Africa’s Gini index increased from 0.64 in 1995 to 0.69 in the year 2005 which is one of the highest in the world. Studies will be carried out on both countries to further understanding on the relationship between income inequality and Education. With the aid of descriptive and empirical analysis, this study aims at identifying factors that are responsible for the high levels of income inequality, with a focus on Education growth in Nigeria and South Africa. Both countries will be compared using time series data spanning from 1981 to 2016. The study examines the effect of education on income inequality in Nigeria and South Africa and examines if a long-run relationship exists between education and income inequality in Nigeria and South Africa. The Johansen Cointegration and Vector Error Correction Model were applied. The result of the Johansen Cointegration shows that there is a long-run relationship between the independent variables –Inflation, Real Gross Domestic Product, Foreign Direct Investment and Primary School Enrollment rate in Nigeria and South Africa. Findings also attest to the impact of education on income inequality in Nigeria but not in South Africa as further research showed that the income inequality situation in South Africa was connected to racial segregation. It was concluded that the government should devote more attention to this dwindling sector so as to reduce the income gap in the Country.

Impact of natural resource rents on well-being in sub-Saharan Africa: The role of human capital

This study contributes to the resource curse literature in diverse means. First, using a non-monetary welfare measure, the study investigates the validity of the resource curse hypothesis in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Secondly, the paper examines the impact of natural resource rents on human welfare through the human capital channel and finally investigates the minimum human capital score to avert the resource curse in SSA. The empirical analysis conducted using the system Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) econometric approach on a panel of 32 SSA countries spanning the period 2004–2019, demonstrates that resource rents have a dumping effect on human progress. However, investing in human capital may avert the negative repercussions emanating from the natural resource-welfare link. Further, the study revealed the minimum threshold level for human capital score and tertiary school enrollment rate as 2.40 units and 23.21 %, respectively, necessary to avert the prosperity curse. To increase human prosperity, policymakers are recommended to increase investment in education in order to increase tertiary school enrollment above the estimated threshold and institute policies that will increase the average years the productive unit spent in schooling.

The role of intellectual and social capital in funding businesses: a cross-country analysis

ObjetivoEl estudio tiene como objetivo examinar el impacto del capital intelectual y social en la financiación de las empresas.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueUtilizamos modelos de datos de panel de efectos fijos con una muestra de 142 países de los cinco continentes durante el periodo 1998-2018.ResultadosEncontramos que el capital humano (CH), el capital relacional, el capital estructural y el capital social juegan un papel en las decisiones de los inversionistas para financiar un negocio. Encontramos que las decisiones de financiamiento de los inversionistas en los países con bajo índice de desarrollo humano se basan principalmente en la educación, mientras que las de los países con alto índice de desarrollo humano se basan principalmente en el componente de creatividad del CH y en el capital relacional, estructural y social.Limitaciones/implicaciones de la investigaciónSugerimos replicar el estudio utilizando datos a nivel de empresa dentro de cada país. Por otra parte, la búsqueda de nuevos indicadores de capital intelectual y social (aunque nuestra lista de variables es exhaustiva) tanto a nivel de país como de empresa, constituye una vía interesante para futuras investigaciones.Implicaciones prácticasLos países deben prestar atención al capital intelectual y social para fomentar la actividad empresarial. En particular, los países con bajo desarrollo humano deberían fortalecer el CH, como la tasa de matriculación escolar, con una formación empresarial temprana y aumentar las inversiones en investigación y desarrollo, mientras que los países con un alto nivel de desarrollo humano deberían seguir fomentando las alianzas estratégicas, proteger la propiedad intelectual y mantener o aumentar el nivel de confianza en el país.Originalidad/valorEl estudio contribuye a la literatura al ser el primero en explorar tal variedad de variables de capital intelectual y social desde una perspectiva a nivel de país.

CHARACTER EDUCATION AND SOCIAL PROBLEMATICS OF COMMUNITY

Character education is an education system that aims to instill certain character values in society which includes components of knowledge, awareness or will, as well as actions to implement community education values in realizing the life of the nation by instilling character education. This research aims to identify and improve relevant character values in society. This research uses a qualitative case study type with data analysis methods. This research was conducted in Indramayu Regency using Indramayu Regency Strategic Plan study materials and the 2020 Indramayu Figures book. Pure Enrollment Rates (APM) and Gross Enrollment Rates (APK) According to Level of Education in Indramayu Regency in 2019 and 2020 at SMA/SMK/MA is 69.79. Even though there has been an increase in the Education Human Development Index (HDI) in Indramayu Regency since 2008, the School Enrollment Rate (APS), Net Enrollment Rate (APM), and Formal Gross Enrollment Rate (APK) are still low. The low level of education at this age is a problem in the human development index.

Insecurity and Education: Implications for the Achievement of Better Education Service Delivery for All (Besda) in Kebbi State

Insecurity in Nigeria is not only about attacks on religious centres, markets, and security posts. It is also about attacks on schools, which makes them insecure leading to low school enrolment, attendance and completion rates while increasing the number of out-of-school children, and at the same time placing many areas in Nigeria in an educationally disadvantaged position, with greater risks of missing out on education, perpetuating inequalities and marginalisation. This paper therefore assessed the impact of insecurity on Nigeria’s education system and its implications for the realisation of Better Education Service Delivery for All (BESDA) in Kebbi State. The paper identified unsafe schools, abduction, sexual harassment, and killing of students, teachers and school administrators as various effects of insecurity that have led to school closures not only in Kebbi State but across the North West region. It has also considered the consequences of insecurity including school drop-outs, low school enrolment, attendance, completion rates, and destruction of school facilities, learning loss, and fear among students. The paper therefore suggests that the government and other education stakeholders should take comprehensive security strategies such as the safe school initiative to curb the issue of insecurity in schools in Kebbi State.

정부당파성에 따른 교육시장화 비교 분석 연구 : 유럽 및 북미 국가의 민간교육 투자와 사립학교 등록 비율을 중심으로

This paper purposed to analyze the marketization of education according to education policy determined by political factors by presenting changes in private education investment and private school enrollment rates in European and North American countries according to government partisanship. As with other policies, it was derived that fundamental changes occur in educational policies because of political factors rather than fragmentary educational considerations.
 Based on the main support of the high-income class, the right-wing party revitalizes the education market. It lowers education regulations to increase the effectiveness of private investment in education. As a result, there is a high possibility that education marketization will intensify. On the contrary, the left-wing party supported by the low-income class tries to reduce the effect of private investment. Rather than segmentation according to the special separation of secondary education, integration and education regulation are strengthened to reorganize the system to lower the marketization of education.
 This article, I looked at education marketization according to government partisanship and analyzed changes in education policy. Regarding education marketization, the ratio of private education expenditure and the ratio of private school student enrollment were used as dependent variables, and the cabinet composition ratio of left-wing and right-wing parties was used as independent variables. Through panel statistical analysis, this article obtained significant results on the changes in education marketization that differ depending on the left and right-wing government partisanship.
 In conclusion, it can be seen that the partisanship of the governments of the left and right has changed the education policies to realize the policies of their constituencies.

A Critical Review of Low School Enrollment and Literacy Rates among Girls in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Patriarchal principles dominate the social structure in Pakistani society. Moreover, Pakistan's culture is firmly anchored in traditions and practices that confine a woman's role to that of procreation, household management, child rearing, cleaning, and food preparation, which significantly reduces their enrollment in formal education. The present study not only provides a critical review of the existing literature but also adds primary data on the problems/challenges closely associated with low school enrollment and literacy among girls in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A qualitative approach, including unstructured interviews along with secondary data, was adopted in this paper. The findings of the study show that several empirical studies examine the general causes of the low ratio of female education in the study area. However, this empirical work identified gaps in previous scholarly work, particularly from sociological perspectives, intending to inspire further studies from the lenses of local people regarding the low enrollment of female education.

Education inclusiveness among children with learning disabilities in Nigeria: Implications for counselling psychology

Education is seen as the cornerstone of every development forming the basis for literacy, skill acquisition, technological advancement as well as the ability to harness the natural resources of the state. Participants in the World Conference on “Education for All” pointed out that education is a fundamental right of all people, women, and men of all ages throughout the world. Learning disabilities occurs when the learning process is hampered due to problems within the central nervous system which results in an inconsistency between the individual’s intelligence quotient and academic achievement. Education for All programs emanated from UNICEF, UNESCO and the World Bank had some positive results for non-disabled children. School enrollment and literacy rates have risen in almost all countries to date; however the same cannot be said for children with disabilities. Despite the numerous meetings, declarations and encouraging developments that have followed over the years, progress has certainly not matched. The development of education inclusiveness can be viewed in three stages which include segregation, integration, and education inclusiveness. Successful inclusion is less to do with the individual factor such as amount of support for the child; rather, it is the interaction of certain key factors that bring about the likelihood of a more successful inclusion outcome for the child. Varieties of instructional skills which include assessment, communication, management, motivational and evaluation (ACMME) are needed by the teachers to build education inclusiveness. In view of the above, the study stressed that there should be a re-orientation of attitudes of people towards persons with disabilities in the society to reduce stigmatization and discrimination and that counselling psychologists and other educational stakeholders should be trained on the need to strengthen the to enhance the practice of inclusive education.

“The man is always in front while the woman is at the back”: gendered attitudes towards education in rural Sierra Leone

ABSTRACT Our research from Sierra Leone shows how the schooling experience presents new gender puzzles. Since the end of the civil war in 2002, serious efforts have been made to improve access to education and enhance gender equality in schools as part of the Education for All agenda. However, despite enhanced educational opportunities for girls and rising school enrolment rates, girls are still more likely to drop out from school than boys especially in rural areas. This paper examines the impact of the gendered attitudes towards girls’ education and highlights a clear disconnect between high aspirations towards girls’ education and low expectations of their success in schools. Drawing on rich ethnographic data, we demonstrate that gender can be seen as an important factor that frames perceptions of education and can negatively affect girls’ abilities to access quality education and complete school.

Unraveling the Gender Gap: A Comparative Analysis of School Enrollment and Secondary Education Completion in Pakistan's Provinces

This study examines the gender gap in school enrollment and secondary school completion in Pakistan using secondary data from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) and Pakistan Education Statistics reports. A comparative analysis of the four provinces and their districts is conducted to identify regional dynamics contributing to gender disparities in education. The research investigates the relationship between students who ever attended school, those who passed secondary school, and the gender gap in enrollment. Descriptive statistics analyze school enrollment rates and dropouts across different regions. Data from the official governmental reports, including the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics and PSLM (2019-20), and education statistics reports from 2017 for Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan, serve as the foundation for this analysis. The study offers valuable insights into the complex web of causality and influence shaping the persistence of gender disparities in education in Pakistan.

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT K-MEANS SOFT CONSTRAINT BASED ON WELL-BEING INDICATORS IN ACEH PROVINCE

The success of government policies can be from the state of the well- being indicators. This research was conducted to obtain district/city groupings based on the similarity of characteristics of the well-being indicators of each district/city in Aceh Province in 2022. The data used in the Aceh well-being indicator data for 2022 consists of 29 variables. The analysis method used is the principal component k-means soft constrain method. The background information data can be used as a provision to streamline the clustering algorithm by creating soft constraints which is found as the most appropriate algorithm. The results of this study indicate there are four district/city clusters in Aceh Province. The characteristics of the first cluster are that kindergarten and elementary school facilities are adequate, while the school enrollment rate needs to be improved. The characteristics of the second cluster are superior to the Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) and the population of university graduates, but still very lacking in school facilities. The third cluster is the cluster that is the center of well-being in Aceh, so this cluster is the cluster with the best well-being level. The characteristic of the fourth cluster is that it is very good in the school participation rate indicator, but it must increase early childhood school participation.

Analisis Dampak Otonomi Khusus dalam Upaya Optimalisasi Sektor Pendidikan di Provinsi Papua

<p>The presence of the Special Autonomy Law for the Province of Papua is a positive stimulant to bring about prosperity in the education sector. However, so far it has been found that the education sector is one of the sectors that has not run optimally. Special autonomy, which has not had a significant impact on the education sector, has created disparities in education between Papua Province and other regions in Indonesia. Based on this, this study seeks to examine the impact of the special autonomy policy on optimizing the education sector in Papua Province. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive analysis model. The main data in this study comes from literature studies. The results of this study found that special autonomy has not had a significant impact on the people of Papua. This can be seen from the IPM of Papua Province which is at the bottom of the national standings. On the other side, the Papuan community's school enrollment rates and average length of schooling are still far below the national APS and RLS. This means that special autonomy has not been able to bring optimal impact on the education sector. There are several inhibiting factors, including the lack of political will from the Papua Provincial Government, the existence of corrupt practices, the lack of involvement of the Papuan People's Council in evaluating the allocation of autonomy funds in particular, including in evaluating the allocation of funds for the education sector and due to the contours of the area being quite large and difficult.</p>

Early-life exposure to unimproved sanitation and delayed school enrollment: Evidence from Bangladesh

Exposure to environmental stressors during early childhood can significantly impact a child’s development and educational outcomes. In this paper, we examine the effects of exposure to unimproved sanitation in the surrounding environment during early childhood on primary school enrollment later in life in Bangladesh between 2007 and 2014. While Bangladesh has made significant progress towards eradicating open defecation, the country still suffers from inadequate access to improved sanitation. Additionally, although policies aiming at improving primary school enrollment have been in place since the 1990s, many children of school age were not enrolled at the appropriate time during the period studied. Using a pseudo-panel dataset for children aged six to nine compiled from the 2007, 2011, and 2014 DHS surveys, we find that children exposed to a higher proportion of unimproved sanitation in their community early in their life are less likely to be enrolled in primary school at the time of survey by about five percentage points on average, indicating delayed school enrollment. This effect is more pronounced for children aged six and seven than those eight and nine, likely because parents of children experiencing poor health or cognitive development delay enrolling their children in school until they are slightly older or healthier. Our results are robust to potential omitted variable biases and are further supported by additional analyses on matched samples. Taken all together, our findings highlight that increasing coverage of improved sanitation facilities can help improve school enrollment rates. However, this should not only occur at the household level alone but also should extend to cover all households in the community to ensure achieving maximum benefits. The findings indicate that the provision of safer sanitation facilities is not only good by itself but also is crucial for achieving improvements throughout the human capital development cycle, including health and nutrition, as well as education.

EFFECTS OF HUMAN CAPITAL ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN BENIN

The development of human capital is a lever for sustainable economic growth. This study analyzes the importance of human capital in the process of economic growth in Benin. It was carried out on time series from 1990 to 2020. The analysis was based on the Toda Yamamoto causality test, and estimates were made using an autoregressive lag-staggered model (ARDL). The causality test reveals that spending on education causes gross domestic product per capita. The estimates show that education spending has a negative influence on the country's economic growth, while health spending and the gross secondary school enrolment rate have a positive influence in both the short and long term. However, these variables do not have a significant effect on gross domestic product per capita in the long term, while in the short term, it is only health spending that does not have a significant effect on Benin's economic growth.

A glass ceiling at the playhouse? Gender gaps in public and private preschool enrollment in India

India has reduced male-biased gender gaps in primary school enrollment and progression rates in recent years. However, patterns of early childhood education enrollment, selection of preschool, and related gender gaps remain inadequately studied. This study uses data from India’s National Family Health Survey (2019–2021), which collected preschool information for children aged 2–4 years, to examine female-male gaps in preschool enrollment. An estimated 40% of children were enrolled in preschools, and among them, 28% were enrolled in private preschools, with substantial variation across states. State, district, and household fixed-effects regressions, which accounted for a wide range of background characteristics of children, show that while preschool enrollment rates were 3.6–4.1% higher among girls than boys, girls were 9.3–16.7% less likely to be enrolled in higher quality private preschools. Using a mother fixed-effects regression, we found that while there was no gender gap in siblings’ preschool enrolment rates, girls were 18.6% less likely to be enrolled in private preschool than their brothers. The relative bias towards males in private preschool enrollment decreased with standard of living and maternal schooling levels. The findings indicate gender discrimination in enrollment in higher quality private preschool against young girls.

Policies for increasing school completion rates for the poor

Human capital accumulated through education is a key factor in increasing individual income. Therefore, policies that aid in increasing school enrollment and completion rates among the poor are essential for poverty alleviation. Despite the fact that primary school enrollment rates in developing countries have increased, there remains a significant gap in school completion rates. This study focuses on the decisions individuals make regarding completing their education to obtain future job-related skills. We clarify factors that increase school enrollment and completion rates and indicate the effectiveness and priority of policies to increase the rates through a simple model. Our findings suggest that school policies have limited impact on increasing school enrollment and completion rates, particularly among the poor, who tend to have a high discount rate for the future and focus on the current situation. Therefore, policies that aim to reduce their discount rate should be prioritized. Moreover, we found that extending learning hours at school has a negative impact on the school completion rates of students from poor families. Therefore, policies aimed at improving individual learning environments are effective in increasing rates, especially for the poor. These findings have important implications for policymakers and education practitioners seeking to improve education outcomes and alleviate poverty, especially in developing countries.

The Effect of Balance Funds, Regional Own Revenue, And Size of Local Government on Education Sector Regional Expenditures and the Implications in Regional Expenditures for Outcomes in Education Provincial Governments in Indonesia

This research aims to examine the effect of balance funds, the regional revenue and the response of government over the result on an education aspect with regional expenditure in the education sector as mediator. The population the research is 33 provincial Governments in Indonesia between 2017-2020. This study uses secondary data and the data describes about the reports on regional government on local authority revenue expenditure (APBD) and outcome data on education sector in the form of school enrollment rates in Indonesia. Furthermore, the data collection displays through documentation and the method used is multiple linear regressions that use the Eviews program version 12 with panel data assessment. The results of this study represent: (1) The balance funds, regional revenue and the influence of government response on Regional Expenditures Of Education Sector. (2) The balance funds, regional revenue and the influence of government that effect outcomes in the education sector. (3) The effects of Regional Expenditures on educational outcomes sector. (4) The Regional Expenditures on education fully mediates the influence of balance fund in the educational outcomes sector. (5) The Regional Expenditures on education partially mediates the influence of Regional Revenue in the educational outcomes sector. (6) The Regional Expenditures on education partially mediates the influence of government on the educational outcomes sector.

Analysis Of Unemployment Clusters In Indonesia Using The Self Organizing MAP Method

Unemployment is a situation where someone is not working or is trying to find a job but unable to find work. The spread of unemployment in Indonesia has different characteristics in each region, so it is necessary to classify the unemployed so that each government policy program can be carried out in a more focused and directed manner. This study discusses cluster analysis of unemployment using the Self Organizing Map (SOM) method in classifying the unemployed in Indonesia in 2020. The SOM method is able to show dominant patterns and variables in clusters. The variables used in this study consisted of school enrollment rates, average length of schooling, labor force participation rates, and the percentage of the population using computers. The results of this study formed 3 unemployment rate clusters with cluster 1 being a low unemployment group consisting of 144 districts/cities, cluster 2 with a medium level consisting of 287 districts/cities, and cluster 3 with a high level consisting of 83 districts/cities. The grouping using the SOM method on district/city unemployment data in Indonesia is good because it has a minimum standard deviation ratio of 0.529.

PENGARUH BELANJA PENDIDIKAN, JUMLAH GURU, DAN TINGKAT KEMISKINAN TERHADAP ANGKA PARTISIPASI SEKOLAH

This study looked at how much is spent on education, how many teachers there are, and how much poverty there is. 35 districts in the province of Central Java served as the study's sample. Multiple linear regression analysis was the quantitative method used in this study. Secondary data that was used in documentation methods. Education spending had no discernible impact, according to the partial results analysis. There was no discernible impact of the number of teachers. School enrollment rates were significantly impacted by poverty levels. The variables relating to education spending, the number of teachers, and the degree of poverty all had a significant impact on the percentage of students who attended school.