Schleichera Research Articles

Analisis Vegetasi Beberapa Fragmen Hutan di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara

The present study aims to describe vegetation composition and structure of fragmented areas in Timor Tengah Utara. The study was carried out in three locations : the small forest of Soeb Mountain (L1), the medium forest of Ainiut-Loeram (L2), and the large forest of Lapeom-Maubesi Mountain (L3). The data were collected using the quadrates method. Each transect is 0,52 ha and thirteen plots (20x20 m) was established. The results show that the number of trees species in the large forest is the highest followed by the medium and the small forests (L3>L2>L1); The tree density in the large forest is the highest, followed by the small and the medium forests (L3>L1>L2). However the highest tree basal area was recorded in the small forest, followed by the large and the medium forests (L1>L3>L2). The species of the highest importance value (IV) at three locations are Pterocarpus indicus Willd., Gossampinus malabarica (DC.) Merr., and Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken.

Antidiabetic Potential and HPTLC Fingerprinting of Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken

Introduction: Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken., also known as Lac tree, is a traditional plant used to treat different ailments since ancient time. The folkloric use of this plant as hypoglycemics is still un-revealed scientifically. So, the present study includes the in-vivo evaluation of hypoglycemic activity with HPTLC fingerprinting, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the extracts of the plant. Methods: Ethanolic extract of the plant (SOE) was subjected for phytochemical screening and HPTLC finger printing (using CAMAG LINOMAT 5 instrument). For the evaluation of hypoglycemic activity Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were treated with glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg body weight) and ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight) of the plant. Acute and chronic studies were performed for the evaluation of blood glucose levels. Results: The presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolics and flavonoids were confirmed in the preliminary phytochemical screening. Quantitative screening of total tannins (6.15±4.20), total flavonoids (25.13±3.21) and total phenolic compounds (48.09±2.58) were reported. HPTLC fingerprinting analysis of SOE affirmed the presence of quercetin. Conclusion: The positive outcome was observed in the results of hypoglycemic activity, as all the treatments significantly decreased blood glucose level. During the study, SOE and glibenclamide maintained the body weight of the rats while diabetic control reduced the body weight by 11.33%. In support of its traditional use Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken. was proved to be a potent antidiabetic herbal plant.

Antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of Kesambi (Sapindaceae) against Eschericia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Kesambi plant ( Schleichera oleosa ) is a medicinal plant belongs to family Sapindaceae , commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In Indonesia, kesambi plants can be found in Java and Bali island. The purpose of this study is to extraction and antibacterial activity test of steam bark extract of kesambi against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . Extraction was done by maceration method using n -hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Antibacerial test using Kirby bauer method by measure inhibition zone. Phytochemical screening shown that n -hexane extract contain triterpenes and steroid compounds. Ethyl acetate extract contain triterpenes, flavonoid, steroid, and fenolic compounds. Methanol extract contain flavonoid, fenolic and triterpenes compounds. Inhibition zone of n -hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts against E. coli and S. aureus at concentration of 5000 µg/mL showed 4.4; 7.9; 4.6 mm and 4.7; 8.9; 4.5 respectively, while amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin as positive control at concentration of 100 µg/mL showed 6.9 and 7.1 mm respectively. Kesambi extract have potential as antibacterial against E. coli and S. aureus . Keywords: Kesambi; antibacterial; Eschericia coli ; Staphylococus aureus

Influence of nanoadditives on ignition characteristics of Kusum ( Schleichera oleosa ) biodiesel

Biodiesel obtained from inedible sources emerged as a productive approach in Indian energy scenario due to the scarcity of food resources come up with extensive usage of edible crops. Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) oil is abundantly available in India and can be used as feedstock to produce biodiesel. However, issues such as higher viscosity, poor stability, and lower calorific value result in poor ignition characteristics, hence limiting its use in combustion applications. An improvement in performance and emission characteristics can be achieved by doping nanoparticles in Kusum biodiesel (KBD). The present work examines the impact of a metal compound and carbon-primarily based nanoparticles on the evaporation time and ignition probability of the KBD. During the experimental process, different fuel samples of KBD were prepared by amalgamating nanoparticles; then, a sequence of hot plate (stainless steel) ignition test was conducted on these test fuels. The comparative assessment of neat biodiesel and the biodiesel fuel doped with 30 ppm each of alumina (Al2O3), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanoparticles were carried out. The Kusum oil was converted to biodiesel using two-stage transesterification process. In the initial stage, refined oil was gone through the acid catalyst esterification process followed by the transesterification reaction. The prepared methyl ester was confirmed and characterized using GC-MS technique. The thermophysical and spray properties of the test fuels including density, viscosity, calorific value, cloud/pour point, Sauter mean diameter (SMD), and specific surface area (SSA) were also calculated. The experimental result showed a significant increase in ignition probability and heat conduction properties due to improved surface area/volume ratio. Also, lower evaporation time was noted for metal/carbon-based nanoparticles doped biodiesel as compared with neat biodiesel.

Selection of lowland plants with high potention of carbon stock for rehabilitation of degraded lands

Abstract. Danarto SA, Yulistyarini T. 2019. Selection of lowland plants with high potention of carbon stock for rehabilitation of degraded lands. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 5: 33-37. Degradation of forest areas in Indonesia is feared to increase greenhouse gas emissions which have an impact on global warming. Research on estimating carbon stocks of dry lowland plants was carried out at Purwodadi Botanical Garden in August 2013 using 99 species of local plants collection of Purwodadi-LIPI Botanical Gardens. Biomass measurement uses stem diameter data at breast height and its calculated with allometric model using Kettering method. The value of carbon stock is determined using the formula of 46% of the total value of plant biomass. The results showed that there were 10 types of local plants with high-medium carbon stock potential i.e, Schleichera oleosa (225.29 kg C yearˉ1), Michelia alba (88.56 kg C yearˉ1), Parkia timoriana (61.62 kg C yearˉ1), Pterocarpus indicus (53.70 kg C yearˉ1), Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum (53.19 kg C yearˉ1), Madhuca longifolia (51.77 kg C yearˉ1), Peltophorum pterocarpum (51.52 kg C yearˉ1), Spondias malayana (51.11 kg C yearˉ1), Artocarpus altilis (47.77 kg C yearˉ1), and Alstonia scholaris (45.08 kg C yearˉ1). The conclusion from the results of this study is that species of selected local plants with high potential in carbon sequestration can be recommended for revegetation of degraded dry lowland areas.

Anti-hypertensive activity of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr

Present study was undertaken to investigate phytochemical, nitric oxide scavenging activity and antihypertensive activity of the methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of S. oleosa. The phytochemical analysis carried out revealed the presence of flavanoids, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and steroids and many other metabolites. Both the extracts showed high NOSA (33.81% and 31.43% NOSA at 100µg concentration). The methanolic leaf extract showed 1.6%, 4%, and 5.6% ACE inhibition against 10µg, 50µg and 100µg concentration respectively and aqueous leaf extract of S. oleosa showed very negligible percentage that is 0%, 0% and 0.8% ACE inhibition against 10µg, 50µg and 100µg extract concentration respectively while Captopril showed 100% ACE inhibition against all the three concentrations. The result shows that the methanolic as well as the aqueous leaf extracts of Schleichera oleosa are not very good antihypertensive agents. However the methanolic leaf extract of Schleichera oleosa is a better antihypertensive inhibitor than the aqueous leaf extract.

Biochars Improve Nutrient Phyto-Availability of Hawai’i’s Highly Weathered Soils

Highly weathered soils in Hawai’i are low in fertility, negatively affecting plant growth. The potential of biochar for improving soil nutrient availability to crops is promising, and prompts this study. Two biochars at 2% (w/w) made of lac tree (Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken) wood and mixed wood (scrapped wood and tree trimmings) with and without vermicompost or thermocompost at 2% (w/w) were added to an Ultisol (Ustic Kanhaplohumult, Leilehua series) and an Oxisol (Rhodic haplustox, Wahiawa series) of Hawai’i. In each soil two additional treatments—lime + compost and un-amended soil—served as the control. Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa cv. Bonsai) was used as the test plant in two greenhouse plantings, which had a factorial completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment. The results indicated that soil acidity, nutrient in the soils, plant growth and nutrient uptake were improved by the amendments compared to the control. The combined additions of biochar and compost significantly increased pH and EC; reduced exchangeable Al; reduced Mn and Fe in the Oxisol; increased P, K, and Ca content of the soils; and increased Ca, Mg and Fe uptake. Exchangeable aluminum in the Ultisol decreased from 2.5 cmol+/kg to nil; Mehlich-3 extractable P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn in the Ultisol increased by 1478%, 2257%, 1457%, 258%, 125% and 72%, respectively compared to the un-amended soil, while the same nutrients increased or decreased in the Oxisol by 180%, 59%, 308%, −14%, and −36%, respectively. Shoot and total cabbage fresh and dry matters increased by 94%, 96%, 107%, and 112%, respectively, as compared to the lime plus compost treatment. Cabbage growth in the Ultisol amended with the lac tree wood biochar and vermicompost was almost twice over the lime and vermicompost treatment. Essential nutrients in the plant tissues, except for N and K, were sufficient for the cabbage growth, suggesting increases in nutrients and reduced soil acidity by the additions of biochar combined with compost were the probable cause. It is recommended that locally produced biochars and composts be used to improve plant nutrient availability in the highly weathered soils.

IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF ANTHELMINTIC AND ALPHA-AMYLASE INHIBITION OF SCHLEICHERA OLEOSA (LOUR.) OKEN LEAF EXTRACTS

Objective: The present study deals with the effects of Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken leaf extracts on helminths and alpha-amylase inhibition. Identification of phytochemicals and physicochemical analysis were also performed.Methods: Different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg/ml) of petroleum ether, acetone, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of the leaf were used to examine the effects. For the evaluation of in vitro anthelmintic activity, several earthworms (Eisenia fetida, Perionyx excavates, and Pheretima posthuma) and nematode (Ascaridia galli) were taken, while albendazole was used as a standard drug and Tween 80 (3%) in normal saline (0.9% NaCl) was considered as a control treatment. In vitro alpha-amylase inhibition of different extracts (10–100 mg/ml) was done spectrophotometrically by dinitrosalicylic acid - starch azure method.Results: The ethanolic extract showed the maximum presence of phytochemicals among all the extracts, which included alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponin glycosides, phenolic compounds, resins, and amino acids. The outcomes of the determination of physicochemical parameters and fluorescence characters provided the satisfactory results. Significant anthelmintic activity was established by the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaf among all the extracts and the responses, so observed, were dose responsive. Inhibition of alpha-amylase by ethanolic and aqueous extracts was significant with the IC50 value of 36.63 and 73.94 μg/ml, respectively, when compared to standard acarbose.Conclusion: The ethanolic extract was the more potent candidate for both the effects, and the effect of extract was best against A. galli, P. posthuma, and E. fetida at higher concentration. Isolation and characterization of therapeutic constituents would be the future interest.

Assessment of vegetation under air pollution stress in urban industrial area for greenbelt development

A plant is a living machine which reduces air pollution by absorbing particulate matter, gases, and metals through leaves. The main polluting substances, i.e., sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and heavy metals, cause damage to the surrounding ecosystem. In the present study, the air pollution tolerance index values of 36 plant species have been evaluated by analyzing three important biochemical parameters and one physiological parameter. The other biological and socioeconomic parameters of these plant species were also considered along with air pollution tolerance index values for calculating anticipated performance index under the influence of overall pollution stress. Based on these two indices, the most pollution-tolerant and economically valuable plant species have been identified for green belt development in and around an urban industrial area, Durgapur, West Bengal, India. It was revealed that Lagerstroemia speciosa (Jarul), Schleichera oleosa (Kusum), and Thespesia populnea (Pipal) would be the outstanding performers. There are many types of assessment categories which were estimated with respect to air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index.

Impact of biotic and abiotic factors on lac production and peoples’ livelihood improvement in India-An overview

In India, Madhya Pradesh is the third largest lac producing state after Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, as they contribute 12, 16 and 60%, respectively in total country’s lac production. Lac is produced in ten out of eleven agro-climatic zones of Madhya Pradesh. In total lac production of the state, Baisakhi (Butea monosperma, inoculated in October-November) crop contributes 76% followed by 19% by Katki (Butea monosperma, inoculated in June-July), 3% by Aghani (Schleichera oleosa, inoculated in June-July) and 2% by Jethwi (Schleichera oleosa, inoculated in January-February). Ranchi was leading lac producing district followed by Simdega, Gumla, Khunti of Jharkhand and Seoni district of Madhya Pradesh. Increasing summer temperature up to 45 ?C, the country’s lac production was declined from 20,050 tons in 2003-04 to 16978 tons in 2014-15. In case of biotic factors, Tachardiaephagus tachardiae and Tetrastichus purpureus are the most abundant lac associated parasites and Eublemma amabilis and Pseudohypatopa pulverea are the most destructive key predators of lac insects. By combating these hindrances, lac cultivation generated an employment for 16-160 man days. Lac cultivation produces maximum gross return (Rs. 9,77,600) from 100 Kusum host plants, and the highest Benefit-Cost (6.80) ratio was recorded for Ber-kusumi (Ziziphus mauritiana- Schleichera oleosa) crop in Ranchi, Jharkhand. In this context, the study finds out obstacles in lac production of India and suggests some control measures to improve lac producing peoples’ livelihood.

Antioxidant Capacity of Some Selected Medicinal Plants in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: The Potential of Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.

Background: Medicinal plants derived natural product such as alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenes. The traditional uses claim that medicinal plants of NTT are potential folk medicine but very little research has been conducted on these plants. Objective: The present study is directed towards evaluating naturally effective antioxidant of twenty-four traditional medicinal plants collected from Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) using in vitro models. Method: The antioxidant activities were determined by using the free radical scavenging assays 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-2”-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Analysis of total flavonoid and phenolic contents were expressed as Quercetin Equivalent (QE) and Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE), respectively. Statistical methods are used in data analysis include mean or standard deviation, and regression analysis. Result: Methanol extract of Sterculia quadrifida R. Br. root exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 3.11μg/mL, followed by Schleichera oleosa and Euphorbia hirta L. extracts with IC50 values of 10.05 and 10.09 μg/mL, respectively. Methanol extract of S. quadrifida also showed highest ABTS radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 7.29 μg/mL, followed by Eugenia jambolana Lam. and Lamea grandus with IC50 value of 9.15 and 12.29 μg/mL, respectively. S. quadrifida extract showed high flavonoid and phenolic content with 661.85 mg of GAE and 116.84 mg of QE per 100 g of extracts. Conclusion: The present study gives scientific evidences that twenty four samples of NTT plants have high free radical scavenging capacity. Strong radical scavenging activity of these plants especially S. quadrifida could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidants.

Kajian Vegetasi Kawasan Pasca Tambang Marmer di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara

Marble is one of the industrial materials of high economic value and very beneficial to people's lives. Therefore, many explorations are done by mining companies. Exploitation of natural resources on a large scale without regard to the carrying capacity of the environment, can lead to drastic decline in the quality of the ecosystem. This is what happened in the post-mine forest area of ​​Oenbit Village, North Central Timor District. This study aims to identify and calculate the abundance of plants and environmental factors that affect the plants in the post-marble area of ​​Oenbit village. The method used is quadratic / plot method. The results showed that plant species with significant values ​​above 80.00% were Anacardium occidentale L. (125.69%), Tamarindus indica L. (122.17%), Tectona grandis L.f (87.32%), and Schleichera oleosa (Lour .) Oken (82.67%). Abiotic environmental factors measured at the study sites are soil pH, soil moisture, air temperature, air humidity and light intensity. The results of these measurements showed no significant difference.

Exploring 55 tropical medicinal plant species available in Bangladesh for their possible allelopathic potentiality

The current research was conducted to investigate the allelopathic properties of 55 medicinal plant species of Bangladesh representing 32 different families. The aqueous leaves or whole plant extract of those plant species was diluted into four different concentrations viz., 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 (w/v) and tested against the seedling growth of Raphanus sativus. A control (distilled water without extract) was also maintained in every cases and the bioassay experiment was replicated thrice. The aqueous extract of all these species inhibited both shoot and root length of R. sativus at concentration greater than 1:15 (w/v) except Delonix regia (Fabaceae) and Leucas aspera (Lamiaceae). The inhibitory activity was concentration dependent and root growth was more sensitive than their shoot. Among the plant species, Citrus aurantifolia (Rotaceae), Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae), Annona muricata (Annonaceae), Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae), Cinnamomum tamala (Lauraceae) and Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) completely (100%) inhibited the shoot and root growth of R. sativus at concentration 1:5 (w/v). Other than this six plant species, 15 out of 49 medicinal plants showed more than 95% shoot and root growth inhibition at the same concentration. The least allelopathic potential plant was Garcinia mangostana (Clusiaceae) that showed on an average 36% growth inhibition followed by Schleichera oleosa (Sapindaceae). Based on these results it can be concluded that among the tested plant species, C. aurantifolia, M. oleifera, A. muricata, A. marmelos, C. tamala, and A. indica are strongly allelopathic and therefore, could be used as potential candidates for the development of eco-friendly natural herbicides.

Natural Lactones and Alkaloids Based Molecules of Insecticides for Suppressing Lepidopteran Predators and Parasitoids of Lac Insect

An experiment was carried out to assess the safety of commercial formulation of insecticide having active ingredient of natural lactone 0.6% and natural alkaloid 0.3%, against lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) and bio-efficacy against associated insect predators and parasitoids. Four concentrations of ‘Augusta™’ viz. 0.0045, 0.0009, 0.0014, 0.0018% a.i. were evaluated by dipping of broodlac (functional seed of lac culture) in insecticidal formulations for 5, 10 and 15 min durations. Safety of active components on lac insect was confirmed as no significant differences amongst various treatments and control on survival of settled second instar larvae was observed. Dipping treatment of rangeeni broodlac in 0.0014% concentration for 5 min resulted in population reduction of Eublemma amabilis and Pseudohypatopa pulverea to the tune of 94.12 and 64.7%, respectively. Similar result was recorded with kusmi broodlac derived from Schleichera oleosa. There was 90.48, 92.59 and 56.82% suppression in the population of E. amabilis, P. pulverea and Aprostocetus purpureus, respectively with 0.0014% concentration and 5 min dipping duration. In case of kusmi broodlac derived from another lac host, Ziziphus mauritiana, 90.91% suppression of E. amabilis was recorded with 0.0045% formulation for 5 min dipping duration. Similarly 81.82% suppression was recorded with 0.0018% and 5 min dipping. At higher concentration and more dipping time, no significant reduction in pest population was observed.

THE GROWTH STRATEGIES ANALYSIS OF TEN WOODY PLANT SPECIES FOR EFFECTIVE REVEGETATION

The growth strategies of plant species show the ecological role which is reflexed by their adaptation to environments and competitiveness. Those are essential in the study of the revegetation effectiveness. However, the growth strategies of plant species in various types of habitats have not yet been fully investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the growth strategies of ten woody plant species which were naturalized from mangrove to lowland habitats in relation to their effectiveness for revegetation program. The seedling’s growth was recorded during 4 months in Purwodadi Botanic Garden-LIPI from October 2014 to February 2015. Complete randomized design with plant species as a treatment using 3 replications was carried out to examine the plant’s Relative Growth Rates (RGRs), their components, leaf nitrogen productivity and growth strategies.The study showed that RGRs of ten woody plants species varied across species. Based on the Pearson correlations, the plant’s Net Assimilation Rates (NAR) and two ecological traits related to the root trait i.e. Nitrogen productivity and Specific Root Length (SRL) were strongly correlated with the RGRs. Heritiera littoralis, Diospyros discolor, Antidesma bunius, Schleichera oleosa, Madhuca longifolia and Syzygium cumini have high RGRs but low Specific Leaf Area (SLA). B. asiatica has relatively low RGRs and SLA, while Dracontomelon dao have high RGRs and SLA. It showed that most of plant species studied, except D. dao achieve growth rates and competitiveness by developing strategies through forming fine roots to maximize its ecological function in nutrients uptake. Most of woody plant species are adaptive to dry lowland habitat and only D. dao potentially occupy the ecosystem. Furthermore, D. discolor and S. oleosa are highly recommended for revegetation in degraded tropical lowland areas.

Study of 'co-solvent effect' on production of biodiesel from Schleichera Oleosa oil using a mixed metal oxide as a potential catalyst

Abstract In this study, biodiesel was prepared from a non edible feedstock using two step process followed by heterogeneous base catalyzed transesterification reaction. A novel solid heterogeneous base catalyst (strontium lanthanum mixed metal oxide) was synthesized via co- precipitation route and was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and EDX. The free fatty acid content of the feedstock was assuaged by esterification process followed by transesterification for the synthesis of biodiesel. Effect of co-solvent on biodiesel yield was investigated in each subsequent experiment. Effect of various factors including calcination time, temperature, reaction time, molar ratio (methanol: oil), and catalyst concentration were also taken into account using OVAT (one variable at a time). High quality and pure biodiesel was synthesized at optimized conditions viz. Alcohol to oil molar ratio (14:1), catalyst dose (1.5%), temperature (60 °C), stirring speed (600 rpm) for 40 min in presence of DPE (co-solvent to alcohol molar ratio, 1:1) and was characterized by H1 NMR and FT-IR analysis. Properties of synthesized biodiesel were determined according to ASTM standards. Reusability of catalyst was checked and the catalyst was found stable up to six runs without any significant loss of catalytic activity.

Physicochemical Evaluation, Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation, Fluorescence and TLC Analysis of Leaves of Schleichera Oleosa (Lour.) Oken

Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken, family Sapindaceae, is medium to large sized tree widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics of India. In the present study, physicochemical parameters, fluorescence, phytochemical constituents and thin layer chromatogram of the leaves of the plant were investigated. The total, acid-insoluble, water-soluble and sulphated ash values and the moisture content of the leaf powder of Schleichera oleosa were found to be 9.06, 7.16, 5.73, 13.5 and 5.21 %, respectively. The fluorescent characteristics of the leaf powder with various chemical reagents were examined under visible light and UV light. Percent yields of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts were 3.26, 1.35, 1.70, 7.73 and 4.21 % respectively. A significant amount of phenolic and flavonoid content was detected. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins and steroids in ethanol and aqueous extracts. The ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts were subjected to TLC for identification of bioconstituents, which revealed various colored phytochemical compounds with different Rf values in different solvent systems. The results indicated that the leaves contain an appreciable number of bioactive compounds and presence of these phytochemicals especially the phenols and flavonoids could be the reason behind the use of S. oleosa in ethnomedicine for the management of various ailments. These results could help in standardization, identification and in carrying out further research on S. oleosa leaf-based herbal drugs.

Alumina supported zinc oxide catalyst for production of biodiesel from kesambi oil and optimization to achieve highest yields of biodiesel

Biodiesel is one of the promising alternative energy substitutes for fossil fuel. In this work kesambi (Schleichera Oleosa L.) oil (SOO) is converted into biodiesel with clean technology using alumina supported zinc oxide solid catalysts. The alumina supported zinc oxide (AZO) catalyst was prepared by the precipitation and gel method and calcined at a temperature of 500 °C. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by Breneuer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) methods. The surface area, total pore volume and mean pore diameter of the catalyst powder obtained were 71.561 m2 g−1, 0.137 cm3 g−1, and 8.149 nm, respectively. The effects of catalyst amount, the molar ratio of oil to methanol and time of reaction on the yield of biodiesel were investigated. The results showed that those three variables significantly influenced the yield of biodiesel. The highest biodiesel yield of 92.29% was obtained at a catalyst loading of 4% (wt% to oil), a molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:12, a reaction time of 6 h and a reaction temperature of 65 °C.

Qualitative and Quantitave Phytochemical Screening of Secondary Metabolites in Seeds of Schleichera Oleosa (Lour.) Oken

Qualitative and Quantitave Phytochemical Screening of Secondary Metabolites in Seeds of Schleichera Oleosa (Lour.) Oken

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF FRESH AND FREEZE-DRIED SELECTED FRUIT JUICES

Objective: The objective of this investigation was to assess the biological activity of fresh fruit juices and freeze dried fruit juices including antioxidant and antibacterial activity.Methods: The fruits used in this study were Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, Carissa carandas L., and Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. The fresh juice sample (FJS) was extracted and also prepared for freeze drying sample (FDS) by freeze dryer. The antioxidant capacity of FJS and FDS was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assays and determination for total phenolic contents (TPCs) by Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent. Antimicrobial tests were carried out by agar diffusion methods and evaluated by measuring the zone of inhibition against 10 isolates of pathogenic bacteria.Results: The highest antioxidant activity of FJS and FDS was found in S. oleosa and related to the scavenging effect on DPPH radical of FJS (100% concentration) and FDS (200 mg/ml) was found in the value of 93.05±0.31% and 82.18±0.33%, respectively. TPC of FJS and FDS from S. oleosa at the same concentration as in the DPPH assay was 1,003.53±1.96 ug GAE/300 g of matter and 827.77±23.15 ug GAE/100 ml of matter, respectively. Both FJS and FDS revealed antibacterial activity. The zone of inhibition of FJS was ranging from 8.3±0.6 to 24.0±1.0 mm and FDS values of 7.3±0.5-21.0±0.9 mm. The most potent sample against bacteria was FJS and FDS from S. oleosa which FJSs against Escherichia coli ESBL and FDS against Pseudomonas aeruginosa MDR2.Conclusion: Fruit juices of S. oleosa, C. carandas, and S. koetjape associated with antioxidant activity in the form of both fresh fruit juices and FDS. The result of this study showed that the value of DPPH and TPCs were slightly decreased in FDS compare with fresh juice. Screening of FJS and FDS of C. carandas revealed broad spectrum antibacterial activity. However, FJS of S. oleosa and S. koetjape showed inhibition of growth of bacteria, but few of FDS from these fruits could inhibit limited bacterial isolates. For antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, the samples of fresh and freeze dried exhibited a different degree of activity.