Cases Of Schistosomiasis Research Articles

Community-based prevalence, intensity and risk factors associated with soil-transmitted helminthiases and intestinal schistosomiasis in Apojola, Ogun state, southwest Nigeria.

Soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) and schistosomiasis are parasitic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) of significant public health importance globally, including Nigeria. Urogenital schistosomiasis is highly endemic in Apojola, a rural community in Ogun State, southwest Nigeria, but data on STH and intestinal schistosomiasis in the neglected community are lacking. To determine the prevalence and intensity of STH and intestinal schistosomiasis and the risk factors associated with the infections in Apojola. The study was community-based and cross-sectional. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on socio-demographic, personal, and household WASH characteristics of the study population. Stool samples were collected and processed for parasitological examination using the triplicate Kato-Katz (K-K) smears. A total of 283 individuals (males, 50.2%; females, 49.8%) aged 3 to 65years (mean age ± S.D.: 19.6 ± 14.8years) participated in the study. No case of intestinal schistosomiasis was recorded in the study, while the overall prevalence of any STH was 38.2%: A. lumbricoides (24.0%) and hookworms (25.8%). Prevalence of infection was not significantly different between males and females for any STH (40.1% vs. 36.2%, χ2 = 0.473, p = 0.492); A. lumbricoides (23.2% vs. 22.7%, χ2 = 0.012, p = 0.913); or hookworms (28.2% vs. 23.4%; p = 0.360; χ2 = 0.839), but significantly varied with age for any STH (χ2 = 22.225, p = 0.002); A. lumbricoides (χ2 = 16.354, p = 0.022); or hookworms (χ2 = 20.001, p = 0.006). The intensity of infection was neither associated with gender nor age and was mostly light. Walking barefoot, toilet type (absent/bush), and irregular washing of fruits and/or vegetables before consumption were significantly associated with STH. Our data indicate that intestinal schistosomiasis is not prevalent in Apojola and that the community is a moderate-risk area for STH. Hence, the current annual preventive chemotherapy for STH (PC STH) with albendazole or mebendazole in school-aged children (SAC) through the school-based delivery programme should be extended to non-enrolled SAC and pre-SAC using other delivery platforms. This should be complemented with regular and effective health education campaigns as well as water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related interventions.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Healthcare Providers Towards Preventive Chemotherapy Neglected Tropical Diseases in the Forécariah Health District, Guinea, 2022

Background: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of twenty diseases that occur in tropical and subtropical regions that particularly affect vulnerable and often marginalised populations. Five of these are classified as “preventive chemotherapy” (PC) diseases such as trachoma, onchocerciasis, geo-helminthiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and schistosomiasis. This study aimed to describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of healthcare providers in the Forecariah health district with respect to PC-NTDs in Guinea in 2022. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 7 to 22 November 2022 among healthcare providers in the health district of Forécariah in Guinea. Data on participants’ socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge of and attitudes and practices regarding PC-NTDs were collected using an electronic (KoboToolbox) semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 86 healthcare providers who participated in this study, nurses (44.2%) and young adults aged between 25 and 49 years (81.4%) were mostly represented. The majority of respondents declared having already heard about onchocerciasis (70.7%) and lymphatic filariasis (60.0%) but only the minority declared having already heard about geo-helminthiasis (30.7%), schistosomiasis (21.3%), and trachoma (9.3%). Only a few respondents knew how to prevent PC-NTDs (onchocerciasis 26.7%, lymphatic filariasis 26.7%, geo-helminthiasis 29.3%, and schistosomiasis 17.3%). Many healthcare providers reported they would refer cases of onchocerciasis (50.6%), lymphatic filariasis (58.7%), and schistosomiasis (46.7%) to a management centre. Conclusions: This study highlights the varying levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices among healthcare providers in dealing with PC-NTDs, suggesting areas for improvement in training and resource allocation.

Mammary Schistosomiasis: Malignancy Mimicker or More?

Abstract Introduction/Objective Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) which affects more than 200 million people worldwide, with approximately 85% of cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. It serves both as an important etiologic agent in the development of carcinomas of many organ systems, as well as a common incidental histological finding in various organs, including the prostate, lung, spine, and liver. Detection of Schistosoma ova in the breast is rare. Here, we present a case of schistosomiasis of the breast in a patient concurrently diagnosed with breast carcinoma of the contralateral breast. Methods/Case Report A 48-year-old Mozambican female presented with a right breast mass, with suspicious microcalcifications detected in the contralateral breast on mammography. Biopsy confirmed invasive ductal carcinoma of no special type (NST) in the right breast and identified Schistosoma ova in the left, notably lacking an associated inflammatory response. A Ziehl-Neelsen special histochemical stain was negative, favoring schistosoma Hematobium species. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion Our case marks the first in English literature where schistosomiasis was identified in the context of contralateral breast carcinoma, posing the question as to whether there is an association between schistosomiasis and breast carcinoma in our patient. One possible theory suggests hyperestrogenism secondary to Schistosoma infection in the liver. Breast schistosomiasis presenting as microcalcifications poses a diagnostic challenge, as it may clinically and radiologically resemble malignant breast disease. Histopathological diagnosis is crucial to confirm the diagnosis and prevent unnecessary procedures. Contrary to other organ systems, our case highlighted that schistosomiasis in the breast may not be accompanied by any inflammatory response. Definitive conclusions regarding the exact species of schistosomiasis cannot be drawn histologically based solely on H&E findings due to the plane of sectioning; therefore, performing a Ziehl-Neelsen stain is beneficial. As screening mammography increases in endemic areas, a high index of suspicion and further research is warranted.

Urinary schistosomiasis: The Corsican file

Schistosomiasis, known as bilharzia, is a parasitic disease caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma, found primarily in Africa and pockets of the Middle East. Southern Europe seems to be a breeding ground for urogenital schistosomiasis emergence. Ten and five years have passed since the first and the last cases of urogenital schistosomiasis were identified in Corsica (patients who have bathed in the Cavu and/or Solenzara rivers between 2013 and 2019). Through a literature review, the authors aimed to clarify the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic particularities of urinary schistosomiasis acquired in Corsica.

A Case of Urinary Schistosomiasis Followed in a Secondary Care Hospital

A Case of Urinary Schistosomiasis Followed in a Secondary Care Hospital

Schistosoma mansoni infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: a comorbidity study.

The implication of human Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infection in concomitance with other risk factors such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still under controversy. This work aimed. to evaluate the role of S. mansoni infection in association with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and other risk factors in the development and/or progress of HCC. The present study was carried out on 90 HCC patients recruited from Kafr El-Sheikh Liver Disease Research Institute. After obtaining their informed consents, socio-demographic and clinical data were collected and patients were examined for S. mansoni by Kato-Katz and indirect hemagglutination (IHA) techniques. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level was determined. The Child-Pugh scoring system and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system were used to evaluate the pathological features of the studied patients. All participants were negative for active S. mansoni by Kato-Katz. Based on IHA, the participants were categorized into two groups: group I: sixty-two patients negative for S. mansoni and group II: twenty-eight schistosomiasis positive. The patients' age ranged between 40->60, HCC was more prevalent in the age range of > 50-60 years in both groups. Males were more than females and rural participants were more than urban patients in both groups. Most of the patients (88.9%) had HCV while 7.8% had HBV. A higher proportion of HCC patients showed concomitant HCV and S. mansoni (92.6%) than the S. mansoni negative group. The frequency of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) was four-fold higher among HCC patients positive for schistosomiasis compared to negative schistosomiasis cases (64% vs. 16%). Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level was higher in group II than that in group I with no significant difference. Statistical analysis showed no difference between the two studied groups regarding Child scores. On the contrary, BCLC class D was significantly higher among HCC positive schistosomiasis cases compared to the negative group. Concomitant S. mansoni with HCV and HBV potentiate HCC progression.

Mapping of Village Population Profile with Schistosomiasis Cases Using Clustering Large Applications

Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease caused by Schistosoma mansoni (intestinal schistosomiasis) and Schistosoma haematobium (urogenital schistosomiasis). Schistosomiasis in Indonesia is endemic to Central Sulawesi and is commonly found in the Napu Valley and Bada Valley areas, which are administratively included in Poso District and Sigi District. One approach to obtain information on schistosomiasis endemic areas is by mapping the population profile of villages with schistosomiasis cases. This mapping is intended to provide an overview of the social and demographic conditions of villages with schistosomiasis cases. One of the many analysis methods that can be used is cluster analysis. Cluster analysis is a method for grouping data based on the extent of their similarities. Data with similar characteristics will be grouped together, while data with different characteristics will be placed in different groups. Among several types of methods in cluster analysis is Clustering Large Application (CLARA). CLARA is a clustering method which is more robust to unusual data and can be applied to handle large volumes of data. The results of this study are obtained two optimum clusters, each possessing distinct characteristics as determined by Schistosomiasis cases indicators. Cluster 1 with low schistosomiasis cases and cluster 2 with high schistosomiasis cases.

Imported schistosomiasis in travelers: Experience from a referral tropical medicine unit in Barcelona, Spain

BackgroundAcute schistosomiasis occurs most often in travelers to endemic regions. The aim of the study is to describe the epidemiological, clinical and parasitological characteristics of patients with schistosomiasis acquired during an international travel. MethodsObservational retrospective study including all travel-related schistosomiasis cases seen at the International Health Unit Vall d’Hebron-Drassanes (Barcelona, Spain) from 2009 to 2022. Diagnosis of schistosomiasis was defined by the presence of Schistosoma eggs in stools or urine or the positivity of a serological test. We collected demographic, epidemiological, clinical, parasitological, and therapeutic information. Results917 cases of schistosomiasis were diagnosed, from whom 96 (10.5 %) were travel-related. Mean age of the patients was 34.9 years, and 53.1 % were women. Median duration of the travel was 72 days, and geographical areas where travelers had contact with fresh water were Africa (82.3 %), Asia (12.5 %), and South America (5.2 %). Twenty (20.8 %) patients reported having had some clinical symptom, being gastrointestinal symptoms the most frequent. Two patients developed the classical Katayama syndrome. In eleven (11.5 %) cases eggs were observed in urine or feces samples, and 85 (88.5 %) cases were diagnosed by a positive serology. Ninety-one (94.8 %) patients received treatment with praziquantel with different therapeutic schemes. The two patients with Katayama syndrome received concomitant treatment with corticosteroids. ConclusionsSchistosomiasis in travelers represented 10 % of the overall schistosomiasis cases in our center. Increasing the awareness in the pre-travel advice and implementing specific screening in those travelers at risk (long travelers, contact with fresh water) could reduce the incidence and associated morbidity in this group.

Progress of schistosomiasis control in People's Republic of China in 2023

To understand the progress of national schistosomiasis elimination program of China in 2023 and summarize the lessons and experiences, data on the endemic status of schistosomiasis and national schistosomiasis surveillance results in the People's Republic of China were collected and analyzed at a national level. By the end of 2023, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan and Hubei provinces were identified to achieve the criteria of transmission interruption in 2020, and Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces achieved the criteria of transmission interruption in 2023. A total of 451 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2023, including 26 250 endemic villages covering 73 034 500 residents at risk of infections. Among the 451 endemic counties (cities, districts), 78.49% (354/451) achieved the criteria of schistosomiasis elimination and 21.51% (97/451) achieved the criteria of transmission interruption, respectively. In 2023, a total of 4 216 643 individuals received immunological tests, with 47 794 sero-positives identified, and a total of 184 216 individuals received parasitological examinations, with 4 egg-positives detected. A total of 27 768 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China by the end of 2023. In 2023, 539 548 bovines were raised in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of China, and 125 440 bovines received immunological tests, with 124 sero-positives detected, while no egg-positives were identified among the 133 508 bovines receiving parasitological examinations. In 2023, snail survey was performed at an area of 641 339.53 hm2 and 184 819.77 hm2 snail habitats were identified, including 51.53 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 642.25 hm2 reemerging snail habitats. In 2023, there were 20 198 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and 598 183 person-time individuals and 283 954 herdtime bovines were given expanded chemotherapy. In 2023, snail control with chemical treatment was performed in 116 347.95 hm2 snail habitats, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 690.89 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 334.62 hm2. The national schistosomiasis surveillance results showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections were both zero among humans and bovines in 2023, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in snails. These data demonstrated that transmission interruption of schistosomiasis had been achieved across all endemic provinces in China in 2023, and the endemic status of schistosomiasis tended to be stable, while advanced cases were predominant among all schistosomiasis cases. However, the areas of snail habitats remained high and cattle re-raising was very common in some regions. Intensified schistosomiasis surveillance and forecast and snail control in high-risk areas are needed.

Human Passage of Schistosoma incognitum, Tamil Nadu, India, and Review of Autochthonous Schistosomiasis, South Asia.

A fecal survey in Tamil Nadu, India, revealed 2 persons passed schistosome eggs, later identified as Schistosoma incognitum, a parasite of pigs, dogs, and rats. We investigated those cases and reviewed autochthonous schistosomiasis cases from India and Nepal. Whether the 2 new cases represent true infection or spurious passage is undetermined.

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the activities of the Schistosomiasis Control Program in Brazil: is the goal of controlling the disease by 2030 at risk?

Schistosomiasis continues to represent a serious public health problem in Brazil. With the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several control strategies were suspended, probably compromising the goals of eradicating the disease in the country. We aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Schistosomiasis Control Program (PCE) actions in all endemic states of Brazil. We performed an ecological study using spatial analysis techniques. The PCE variables assessed were the population surveyed, the number of Kato-Katz tests, positive cases of schistosomiasis and the percentage of cases treated between 2015 and 2021. The percent change was calculated to verify if there was an increase or decrease in 2020 and 2021, along with time trend analyses provided by the Joinpoint model. Spatial distribution maps were elaborated considering the percent change. The surveyed population decreased in 2020 (-65.38%) and 2021 (-37.94%) across Brazil. There was a proportional reduction in the number of Kato-Katz tests (2020, -67.48%; 2021, -40.52%), a decrease in the percentage of positive cases (2020, -71.16%; 2021, -40.5%) and a reduction in the percentage of treated cases (2020, -72.09%; 2021, -41.67%). Time trend analyses showed a decreasing trend in most PCE variables. The PCE activities were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and PCE strategies must be urgently reviewed, focusing on investments in all endemic areas.

Urinary schistosomiasis among female secondary school students in Ndokwa East Local Government Area in Delta State, Nigeria: Knowledge, risk factors and prevalence

x`Undiagnosed and untreated cases of urinary schistosomiasis in females usually lead to severe gynaecological complications, collectively known as Female Genital Schistosomiasis. Periodic assessment of schistosomiasis in vulnerable endemic communities will prevent late diagnosis and treatment. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, knowledge, and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis among female secondary school students in Ndokwa East Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria. A Cross-sectional research design and multi-stage sampling technique were used to select 401 female secondary school students in the Ndokwa East Local Government Area. Participants’ urine samples were obtained and examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs. A questionnaire was administered to collect information on the knowledge of schistosomiasis and exposure to known schistosomiasis risk factors from each participant. Urinary schistosomiasis was not detected in any of the analysed samples. Most students were uneducated (8% had good knowledge) regarding the infection. The absence of egg- patent prevalence in the samples may be due to mass administration of praziquantel to control the disease in the LGA. Knowledge about the disease was low. None of the independent variables was a significant predictor of knowledge about urinary schistosomiasis.

Spatial Cluster Change of Schistosoma japonicum Transmission Foci in Indonesia During the Schistosomiasis Elimination Program.

The Government of Indonesia committed to eliminating schistosomiasis by 2025. Collaboratively snail control became one of the crucial strategies to ensure that the prevalence ofSchistosoma japonicuminOncomelania hupensis lindoensisreaches zero by the end of the program. This research investigated the spatial cluster change ofS. japonicumtransmission foci in Indonesia between 2017 and 2021. We mapped the snail foci, collected the snails, and calculated the snail density. We also conducted laboratory tests to detect the existence of cercariae in the snails. Identified infected snails were used to calculate the infection rate (IR) or snails' prevalence of schistosome cercariae among freshwater snails. We then analysed the spatial cluster using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic to identify the hot and cold spots. The 5-year schistosomiasis elimination program successfully declined 18.84% of the snail foci and reduced 40.37% of the infected snail foci. Local spatial autocorrelation of snail density and infection rate identified that in 2017 and 2021, the number of cold spots decreased by 53.91% and 0%, while hot spots increased by 2.63% and 56.1%. The presence of more hotspots suggests a rise in the number of foci with high snail density and infection rates. The implementation of snail control was not optimal, and the parasite transmission through domestic animals still existed, causing the spatial cluster of hot spots to change during this period. Most hotspots have been observed near settlements, primarily in cocoa plantations, developed and deserted rice fields, grassland, and bush wetlands. During the schistosomiasis elimination program, the number of hot spots increased while cold spots decreased, and there were notable changes in the geographical distribution of hot spots, indicating a shift in the clustering pattern of schistosomiasis cases. The findings become essential for policymakers, particularly in selecting priority areas for intervention. In the Discussion section, we demonstrated the selection process based on the existence of hot and cold spots. Furthermore, we proposed that enhancing cross-sector integration is crucial, particularly in connection with the management of S. japonicum transmission through domestic animals.

Epidemiological and clinical features of newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2022

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province, so as to provide the evidence for analyzing the causes and formulating targeted control measures of newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases. Individual case investigation forms for advanced schistosomiasis cases were collected from the Sichuan Provincial Epidemic Annual Report System from 2011 to 2022, and patients' demographics, previous medical history and liver parenchymal grading were retrieved. All advanced schistosomiasis cases' medical records were reviewed, and the subtypes of schistosomiasis-endemic villages where the cases' household registration were, floating population, survival and death and time of death were collected. A total of 321 newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases were found in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2022, with a male to female ratio of 0.99 to 1. There were 274 cases at ages of over 50 years (85.4%), with the highest proportion seen at ages of 60 to 69 years (87 cases, 27.1%), and splenomegaly was the most common type (180 cases, 56.1%), with no dwarfism type detected. The highest number of cases was reported in 2011 (78 cases), followed by in 2022 (74 cases), and the highest number of cases were reported in Meishan City (199 cases, 62.0%), Dongpo District (131 cases, 40.8%), and hilly subtype areas (136 cases, 42.4%). As of the end of 2022, there were 111 deaths due to advanced schistosomiasis, with the highest number of deaths seen in 2018 (25 deaths), and the highest mortality was seen among patients with the ascites type (41.2%). There were 47 (37.3%), 40 (59.5%) and 4 (23.5%) cases with grade III liver parenchyma among patients with splenomegaly, ascites, and colonic proliferation types, respectively, and there was a significant difference in the grading of III liver parenchyma among three types of patients (H = 12.092, P < 0.05), with more severe liver parenchyma injuries seen among patients with the ascites type than among those with splenomegaly and colonic proliferation type (Z = 24.262 and 44.738, both Padjusted values < 0.05). There have been newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province during recent years, and patients with the ascites type should be given a high priority among advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province. Intensified clue surveys are needed for early identification and treatment of advanced schistosomiasis cases, so as to increase the survival rate and improve the quality of life.

Temporal trends and spatial and spatiotemporal distribution of schistosomiasis mansoni in northeast Brazil between 2005 and 2016.

Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic disease of great magnitude for Brazilian public health. We aimed to analyse the temporal trend and spatial and spatiotemporal distribution of positivity rates for schistosomiasis mansoni in northeast Brazil. This is a descriptive study with an ecological approach, carried out between 2005 and 2016. We calculated the positivity rate for the disease and then performed a segmented trend analysis (Joinpoint). For spatial analysis, we smoothed the positivity rates using the local empirical Bayesian method. We checked for spatial autocorrelation using Moran's global and local. Subsequently, we performed Kulldorff's space time sweep analysis. In the period under review, 7 745 650 tests were performed in the northeast, of which 577 793 were positive for Schistosoma mansoni. In the historical series of positivities, it is noted that the highest rates were in Sergipe, Alagoas and Pernambuco. The states of Alagoas and Sergipe showed higher positivity in relation to the average positivity of the northeast and of Brazil. The spatial analysis maps identify clusters of high risk of schistosomiasis cases, mainly in coastal municipalities. There was also stability in positivity rates in some states and the maintenance of endemic areas. Thus effective public health policies are needed in health education in order to reduce schistosomiasis positivity and improve the health conditions of the northeastern population.

Pediatric urogenital schistosomiasis diagnosed in France.

Schistosomiasis affects approximately 230 million people worldwide. There is an increased incidence of schistosomiasis cases in France acquired from outside the country. This increases the risk of schistosomiasis outbreaks as observed in Corsica. Clinicians from non-endemic regions are not accustomed to diagnosing and managing this pathology. The objective of this study is to provide a better description of the clinical and paraclinical characteristics and disease evolution of affected children. Through the French Pediatric Nephrology Society and the Pediatric Infectious Pathology Group, we contacted all French pediatric centers that may have treated children with urinary schistosomiasis between 2013 and 2019. Age, sex, comorbidities, and clinical, biological, and radiological data (at discovery and follow-up) were collected retrospectively. A total of 122 patients from 10 different centers were included. The median age was 14 years and the sex ratio M/F was 4:1. Hematuria was present in 82% of the patients while urinary tract abnormality was found in 36% of them. Fourteen patients (11%) displayed complicated forms of urinary schistosomiasis including 10 patients with chronic kidney disease. A total of 110 patients received treatment with praziquantel, which was well-tolerated and led to clinical resolution of symptoms in 98% of cases. Patients with schistosomiasis present frequent kidney, urinary, or genital involvement. Systematic screening of patients returning from endemic areas is therefore recommended, especially since treatment with antiparasitic drugs is effective and well-tolerated. Enhancing medical knowledge of this pathology among all practitioners is essential to improve care and outcomes.

DISTRIBUTION OF SNAILS, INTERMEDIATE HOSTS OF SCHISTOSOMES IN AND AROUND KISANGANI, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

Introduction: This study investigated the distribution and abundance of snails that can transmit schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease, in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. Materials and Methods: Five swampy sites were selected based on reported schistosomiasis cases and local knowledge of contact with water and snail presence. Non-probabilistic (convenience) sampling was employed. Results: Eight snail species were found, all of which can transmit various types of schistosomiasis or other diseases. The identified snail species can transmit schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and potentially S. intercalatum, as well as fascioliasis, another parasitic disease. Snail densities were high in the Onane, Kakole, and Gouvernorat sites, which are rivers and water points potentially contaminated with human waste. Cases of schistosomiasis have been reported in all Health Zones where snail samples were collected. Conclusion: This study provides valuable data on the distribution of snails that can transmit schistosomiasis in Kisangani. Further research is needed to better understand the schistosomiasis situation and develop control strategies.

Challenges to Schistosomiasis Control Program in Brazil: setbacks in the control program and critical analysis of the disease notification.

In 1970, Brazil implemented the Schistosomiasis Control Program (PCE, Portuguese acronym for Programa de Controle da Esquistossomose) was implemented in Brazil, where, through successive treatment interventions, the epidemiology and transmission of schistosomiasis have changed significantly over time. This study aimed to evaluate the PCE's effectiveness by critically analyzing the disease notification system. An ecological study was conducted using data on reported schistosomiasis cases in Brazil between 2007 and 2020. The highest number of municipalities actively participating in the PCE was 750, recorded in 2007. Conversely, participation reached its lowest point in 2020, with only 259 municipalities involved. Over the past decade, there has been a drastic decline in the number of municipalities with active schistosomiasis control programs. During the same period, there was an observed increase in the number of deaths caused by schistosomiasis, while the number of reported cases decreased. This suggests an inverse correlation. The present data suggest that schistosomiasis cases are not correctly diagnosed or reported, reflecting a twisted image of the magnitude of this public health problem in Brazil.

Epidemiological Profile of Urinary and Intestinal Schistosomiasis in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Seven-Year Retrospective Study.

Despite the marked decline of schistosomiasis in Saudi Arabia in recent years, it is still reported in several regions. This study investigates the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Saudi Arabia over seven years (2014-2020). A retrospective study was retrieved from the annual reports of the Ministry of Health. A Geographic Information System GIS, Chi-square, and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Out of the 4,371,481 tested, 680 cases were positive for schistosomiasis, with a cumulative incidence rate of 2.155/100,000 population. This number showed significant variation over the study period (p value < 0.001). The highest number of cases detected in 2015 was almost 2-fold (OR = 1.93; 95%CI: 1.36-2.74) higher than in 2020. Both clinical forms (urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis) exist in Saudi Arabia (79.6% and 20.4% of all schistosomiasis cases, respectively). Schistosomiasis was reported in seven out of thirteen regions. Among them, Mecca has a relatively high number of cases (OR = 5.57; 95%CI: 2.49-12.47). Conversely, the Eastern Province has a low number of cases (OR = 0.09; 95%CI: 0.02-0.39) when compared to the Najran region (p value > 0.001). Regarding the distribution of schistosomiasis cases by gender and nationality, we noticed that most of the positive cases were found among males (70.6%) and expatriates (83.6%). The persistence of schistosomiasis and the disparity in the demographic factors underscores the imperative for intensified and integrative One Health interventions to combat this disease in Saudi Arabia.

Prediksi Jumlah Kasus Schistosomiasis Di Kabupaten Poso Sulawesi Tengah

The prevalence of Schistosomiasis cases in Poso Regency specifically in Napu and Bada changes every year and in 2021 there was a significant increase in cases. Therefore it is necessary to predict cases in 2022 or the 13th and 14th semesters using Lagrange extrapolation. The prediction results of the cases number in Napu in 13th and 14th semesters are 461 and 5445 for humans, 12442 and 43045 for snails, and 1370 and 4789 for rats respectively. The prediction results in Bada in the 13th and 14th semesters are 202 and 984 cases for humans, -804 and -2863 cases for snails, and -251 and -890 cases for rats respectively. The Lagrange polynomial errors are −0,16335 × 10−5 and −0,8629 × 10−5 for the 13th and 14th semesters for humans, 0,578 × 10−7 and 0,2288 × 10−7 the for 13th and 14th semesters for snails and rats. Some of the predictions were unrealistic, so the Lagrange extrapolation method is not appropriate for predicting Schistosomiasis cases.