Multiuser Detection Scheme Research Articles

Zero-Forcing and Minimum Mean-Square Error Multiuser Detection in Generalized Multicarrier DS-CDMA Systems for Cognitive Radio

In wireless communications, multicarrier direct-sequence code-division multiple access (MC DS-CDMA) constitutes one of the highly flexible multiple access schemes. MC DS-CDMA employs a high number of degrees-of-freedom, which are beneficial to design and reconfiguration for communications in dynamic communications environments, such as in the cognitive radios. In this contribution, we consider the multiuser detection (MUD) in MC DS-CDMA, which motivates lowcomplexity, high flexibility, and robustness so that the MUD schemes are suitable for deployment in dynamic communications environments. Specifically, a range of low-complexity MUDs are derived based on the zero-forcing (ZF), minimum mean-square error (MMSE), and interference cancellation (IC) principles. The bit-error rate (BER) performance of the MC DS-CDMA aided by the proposed MUDs is investigated by simulation approaches. Our study shows that, in addition to the advantages provided by a general ZF, MMSE, or IC-assisted MUD, the proposed MUD schemes can be implemented using modular structures, where most modules are independent of each other. Due to the independent modular structure, in the proposed MUDs one module may be reconfigured without yielding impact on the others. Therefore, the MC DS-CDMA, in conjunction with the proposed MUDs, constitutes one of the promising multiple access schemes for communications in the dynamic communications environments such as in the cognitive radios.

Iterative Multiuser Detection for Single-Carrier Modulation with Frequency-Domain Equalization

In this letter, we propose a new multiuser detection scheme for single-carrier modulation with frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE). We first present mathematical formulations of multiuser detection for the SC-FDE system with user- specific interleaving. The proposed structure employs spreader and different interleaver for each user at the transmitter, and re moves multiuser interference with an iterative detection method in the frequency domain at the receiver. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the interleave- division multiple-access (IDMA) scheme in the block error rate even for severely frequency-selective channel, while providing considerably lower computational complexity.

Simple Interference Cancellation Technique for Multicarrier DS-CDMA

In this article, we propose a new scheme for multi user detection (MUD) using the parallel interference cancellation (PIC) technique. This technique provides a good complexity, latency, and performance compromise. Among spread-spectrum techniques, the most popular one is the direct sequence-code division multiple access (DS-CDMA), where each active user’s data is modulated (multiplied) by a unique code. This technique is suitable for multicarrier (MC) direct sequence-code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. We offer a new scheme of soft detectors whose performance is superior to that of the other famous suboptimal detectors. On each sub carrier, instead of making hard bit decisions of the other users in the current stage and regenerating and cancelling the interference signal, a weighted sum of the soft outputs of the other users in the current stage is cancelled from the soft output of the desired user. This is the input to the next stage, then at the last stage, the interference cancelled outputs from all the subcarriers are combined (maximal ratio combining) to form the decision statistics. We derived expressions for the bit error rate (BER) on Rayleigh fading channels. Analytical results are found for different stages in the proposed PIC scheme. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme offers good interference cancellation than the other filter receiver. The complexity of this scheme grows linearly with the number of users. Moreover, this scheme is much faster than other receivers such as successive interference cancellation (SIC).

A Double-Stage Multiuser Detector with FFT-Based Equalization for Asynchronous CDMA Ultra-Wideband Communication Systems

A novel multiuser transmission and detection scheme for high-speed asynchronous ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems is proposed. Firstly, a block-spreading code-division multiple-access (BS-CDMA) scheme with zero correlation window (ZCW) is designed for application in asynchronous UWB communication systems with dense frequency selective fading propagation. As a result, multiple access interference can be completely removed by maintaining the spreading code orthogonality. Secondly, the UWB channel model is converted from a block Toeplitz matrix into block circulant matrix. Consequently, the inter-symbol interference is eliminated through the use of a fast Fourier transform (FFT) based minimum mean square error equalization. It is shown that the proposed multiuser transmission and detection scheme for UWB systems can deliver superior performance relative to the existing schemes, with low computation complexity

Minimum Variance Multi-User Detection with Optimum Subband Decomposition over Multipath Channels

This paper presents a linear constrained minimum variance multiuser detection (MUD) scheme for DS-CDMA systems, which makes full use of the available spreading sequences of the users as well as the relevant channel information of the incoming rays in the construction of the constraint matrix. To further enhance the performance, a statistical optimum filter bank in combination with the developed minimum variance MUD with the partitioned linear interference canceller (PLIC) as the underlying structure is also addressed. The determination of the filter bank coefficients, however, calls for computationally demanding nonlinear programming. To alleviate the computational overhead, an iterative procedure is also proposed, which solves the Rayleigh quotient in each iteration. Furthermore, the expressions of the output signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) are also determined to provide further insights into the proposed approach. Conducted simulations validate the new scheme.

Nonblind and Semiblind Space-Frequency Multiuser Detection for Multirate MC-CDMA Systems

Multicarrier code-division multiple access (MC-CDMA) is a promising candidate for the air interface of future wireless communication systems. After the development of a unified signal model that applies to the different multirate MC-CDMA schemes studied in this paper, a novel space-frequency multiuser detection scheme for multirate uplink MC-CDMA systems with multiple receive antennas is proposed. In particular, a space-frequency minimum mean-squared error (MMSE)-based hybrid serial/parallel interference cancellation receiver (SF-MMSE/HIC) is developed which produces the SF-MMSE combiner as a byproduct. The signal processing of this new detector is jointly carried out in space and frequency domains which leads to the advantage of combating the interference resulting from different sources simultaneously. Based on subspace estimation, a semiblind implementation of the receiver is introduced for slow fading channels. Furthermore, the impact of subcarrier interleaving is investigated for variable spreading factor (VSF) MC-CDMA systems. Based on the characteristic function (CF) of a complex Gaussian random vector (CGRV), a method for analyzing the bit error probability (BEP) performance is presented. Several representative simulation examples of the detector are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed receiver. In a fully loaded system, the proposed receiver can offer performance close to the single-user bound. Moreover, the results indicate that multicode and VSF MC-CDMA schemes give very similar performance

Tree Search Detection Based on LLR Using M Algorithm in MC-CDMA Systems

In this paper, we propose a new multiuser detection scheme using Maximum Likelihood (ML) criterion and the M algorithm for Multi Carrier (MC)-Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems in the down-link channel. We first describe an implementation of ML detection separating In- and Quadrature-phase components and using well-known linear filters. In the proposed algorithm, we produce hypothesis symbol vectors in a tree structure by partly changing the sub-optimum hard decisions based on the linear filter output. At each stage, we adopt the best M likely paths with respect to the true log likelihood or distance function as survivors. We determine the symbol vector which minimizes the distance function at the final stage. Although the complexity of ML detector is exponentially increasing as a function of the number of users, the proposed scheme requires by far less complexity. We demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves equivalent Bit Error Rate (BER) performance with lower complexity in comparison with ML detector by computer simulations. Moreover we compare the proposed detection scheme with QRD-M algorithm which is based on QR decomposition combined with M algorithm.

A new symbol-alphabet-aware multi-user detection scheme

In this letter, a new multi-user detection scheme is proposed. It employs a novel nonlinear minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator that exploits the knowledge of symbol alphabet to estimate the interfering signals. After cancelling the estimated interference, a conventional linear multi-user detector such as the MMSE detector or, simply, the matched-filter receiver (MFR) is then used to detect the desired user signal. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed detector significantly outperforms the conventional linear MMSE detector

MBER Space-Time Decision Feedback Equalization Assisted Multiuser Detection for Multiple Antenna Aided SDMA Systems

This paper proposes a space-time decision feedback equalization (ST-DFE) assisted multiuser detection (MUD) scheme for multiple receiver antenna aided space division multiple access systems. A minimum bit error rate (MBER) design is invoked for the MUD, which is shown to be capable of improving the achievable bit error rate performance and enhancing the attainable system capacity over that of the standard minimum mean square error (MMSE) design. An adaptive implementation of the MBER ST-DFE assisted MUD is proposed using a stochastic gradient-based least bit error rate algorithm, which is demonstrated to consistently outperform the classical least mean square (LMS) algorithm, while achieving a lower computational complexity than the LMS algorithm for the binary signalling scheme. Our simulation results demonstrate that the MBER ST-DFE assisted MUD is more robust to channel estimation errors as well as to potential error propagation imposed by decision feedback errors, compared to the MMSE ST-DFE assisted MUD

Application of binary zero-correlation-duration sequences to interference-cancelled WPAN system

In this paper, we present an interference-cancelled wireless personal area network (WPAN) system based on ultra wideband (UWB) wireless communication system using binary zero-correlation-duration (ZCD) spreading sequences. The proposed interference-cancelled WPAN system is based on the direct sequence-ultra wideband (DS-UWB) scheme using special binary spreading sequences with zero-correlation-duration (ZCD) characteristics. After presenting a mathematical model for interference-cancelled WPAN system, we present theoretical bit error rate (BER) performance. Through computer simulation, we verify high system capacity of the proposed system and superior performance over the conventional Walsh-based DS-UWB systems in multi-path and in multiple access environments. Furthermore, outstanding performance of the proposed system is provided under multiple access interference (MAI) and multi-path interference (MPI). Finally, we show that perfect interference cancellation and high system capacity can be achieved without adopting expensive multi-user detection (MUD) scheme or other interference cancellation schemes.

Cross-Layer optimization for LDPC-coded multirate multiuser systems with QoS constraints

In this paper, we propose a new multirate multiple-access wireless system implemented by variable spreading gain and chip-level random interleaving. The receiver employs a flexible chip-level iterative multiuser detection scheme where the variable spreading gain affects only the despreading parameters. Optimization across the physical and network layers in the uplink of such a system is treated. It is assumed that each user employs an low-density parity-check (LDPC) code to protect its data. At the physical layer, the quality of service (QoS) requirement is specified in terms of the target bit error rate (BER) of each user. Optimal user transmit powers are dynamically adjusted according to the current system load and the corresponding rate requirements. At the network layer, the QoS requirements include the call blocking probabilities, call connection delays, packet congestion probabilities and packet loss rates. To maximize the average revenue of the network subject to both call-level and packet-level QoS constraints, a multicriterion reinforcement learning (MCRL)-based adaptive call admission control (CAC) method is proposed that can easily handle multiple average QoS requirements. Unlike existing model-based approaches, the MCRL-based technique does not require the explicit knowledge of the state transition probabilities to derive the optimal policy. This feature is important when the number of states is so large that model-based optimization algorithms become infeasible, which is typically the case for a large integrated service network supporting a number of different service types

Pseudo-user concept for parallel interference cancellation in DS-CDMA system

A simple and elegant multiuser detection scheme in direct sequence code division multiple access systems by using parallel interference cancellation is presented for the synchronous case. It uses the concept of pseudo-user, whose data bits and signature waveform are known a priori to all the users. Under the assumption that all signature waveforms have equal cross-correlation, multiple access interference is completely removed. The new scheme is computationally very light and independent of the number of users.

Blind channel estimation and detection for space–time coded CDMA in ISI channels

In order to accommodate high data-rate applications, there is a significant interest in extending space-time (ST) coding, originally proposed for frequency-nonselective channels assumed known to the receiver, to unknown ISI (inter-symbol interference) channels. In this paper, we consider the problem of blind channel identification and linear multiuser receiver design for ST-coded CDMA (code-division multiple-access) systems operating in frequency-selective fading channels. We investigate the identifiability conditions and present a subspace-based blind channel estimator for such systems. To assess the performance of the proposed and other potential estimators, we derive an unconditional Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) which, similarly to the proposed blind channel estimator, does not assume the knowledge of the transmitted information symbols. We discuss various linear multiuser detection schemes that can be used in conjunction with the proposed channel estimator for symbol demodulation in ST-coded CDMA systems. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed channel estimator and linear detectors in multipath Rayleigh fading channels.

Multipass Channel Estimation and Joint Multiuser Detection and Equalization for MIMO Long-Code DS/CDMA Systems

The problem of joint channel estimation, equalization, and multiuser detection for a multiantenna DS/CDMA system operating over a frequency-selective fading channel and adopting long aperiodic spreading codes is considered in this paper. First of all, we present several channel estimation and multiuser data detection schemes suited for multiantenna long-code DS/CDMA systems. Then, a multipass strategy, wherein the data detection and the channel estimation procedures exchange information in a recursive fashion, is introduced and analyzed for the proposed scenario. Remarkably, this strategy provides, at the price of some attendant computational complexity increase, excellent performance even when very short training sequences are transmitted, and thus couples together the conflicting advantages of both trained and blind systems, that is, good performance and no wasted bandwidth, respectively. Space-time coded systems are also considered, and it is shown that the multipass strategy provides excellent results for such systems also. Likewise, it is also shown that excellent performance is achieved also when each user adopts the same spreading code for all of its transmit antennas. The validity of the proposed procedure is corroborated by both simulation results and analytical findings. In particular, it is shown that adopting the multipass strategy results in a remarkable reduction of the channel estimation mean-square error and of the optimal length of the training sequence.

Multi-User Detection Scheme Based on Hidden Training Sequence for DS-UWB Systems

SUMMARY In this letter, we propose a multi-user detection scheme based on a hidden training sequence for DS-UWB systems. The hidden training sequence, which uses a fraction of the informative sequence’s transmitting power as training information, is utilized for the receiver filter adaptation and channel estimation. By using this, the proposed scheme offers increased bandwidth efficiency (no period dedicated for training) and also shows reasonably good performance and near-far resistance in single

Blind Multiuser Detection Based on Power Estimation

Although the multiuser detection scheme based on Kalman filtering (K-MUD) proposed by Zhang and Wei, is referred to as a blind algorithm, in fact it is not really blind because it is conditioned on perfect knowledge of system parameter, power of the desired user. This paper derives an algorithm to estimate the power of the user of interest, and proposes a completely blind multiuser detection. Computer simulations show that the proposed parameter estimation scheme obtains excellent effect, and that the new detection scheme has nearly the same performance as the K-MUD, there is only slight degradation at very low input signal-to-interference ratios (SIR).

Combined ML and MMSE Multiuser Detection for STBC-OFDM Systems

Performance of the minimum mean square error (MMSE) detection is far below that of the maximum likelihood (ML) detection in a multiuser environment and decreases significantly as the number of co-channel users increases. In this paper, we propose a combined MMSE and ML multiuser detection scheme for space-time block coded (STBC) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (STBC-OFDM) which has improved performance but with low complexity. In particular, we propose a reduced complexity ML post-detection (ML-PDP) scheme which can correct erroneously estimated bits from the outputs of MMSE multiuser detection. The proposed ML-PDP scheme performs sequential search to detect a predefined number of bits with higher probability of error and then uses ML detection to correct them. Upon controlling the number of corrected bits it is possible to balance the system performance with complexity associated with the ML-PDP. We show that significant improvement can be achieved at the cost of only small additional complexity compared with the MMSE multiuser detection.

Soft-PIC multiuser detection in MC-CDMA uplink system

It is necessary for an MC-CDMA uplink receiver to employ MUD (multiuser detection) in a frequency selective fading channel. After analyzing the algorithm of PIC (parallel interference cancellation) MUD, a novel MUD scheme, Soft-PIC (soft parallel interference cancellation) is proposed. Based on the reliability of each detected user signal in the former stage, this Soft-PIC detection scheme substitutes a soft decision of the variable for the hard decision in PIC scheme. Compared with the PIC scheme, it can reconstruct the interference signals more accurately and eliminate MAI (multiple access interference) in a more efficient way. PIC is one of the most practical schemes in numerous multiuser detection technologies. However, Soft-PIC as an improved PIC scheme deserves further study.

Applicability of new radio technologies for advanced UMTS networks

Abstract. An expanded effort is under the way to support the evolution of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System). Apart from delivering high data rates, future UMTS releases will also require to provide high network performance in terms of system capacity, low radiated power, and high coverage. Well promising performance-enhancing technologies are smart antennas as well as multiuser detection. Although these new radio technologies have recently been subject to intense research, main UMTS network integration aspects with their specific constraints have been neglected in many cases. Especially the interaction with UMTS radio resource control being required to meet Quality of Service (QoS) constraints has to be included to assess the applicability of these technologies for UMTS. In this paper, we study the interaction of beamforming concepts as well as multiuser detection with load and power control. We also work out UMTS specific constraints like signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) operating points, pilot power pollution or channel estimation, all strongly limiting network performance. Results are shown for capacity gains and power reduction for all beamforming concepts of interest as well as linear multiuser detection schemes. The results show that fix as well as user-specific beamforming significantly improves network performance gains in downlink. In uplink multiuser detection indicates fairly modest system capacity gains, while it reduces tremendously mobile station power.

A Low-Complexity Joint Synchronization and Detection Algorithm for Single-Band DS-CDMA UWB Communications

The problem of asynchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) detection over the ultra-wideband (UWB) multipath channel is considered. A joint synchronization, channel-estimation, and multiuser detection scheme based on the adaptive linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) receiver is presented and evaluated. Further, a novel nonrecursive least-squares algorithm capable of reducing the complexity of the adaptation in the receiver while preserving the advantages of the recursive least-squares (RLS) algorithm is presented.