Conceptual Schema Research Articles

Pressure Injuries in Critical Care Patients: A Conceptual Schema.

To outline a conceptual schema describing the relationships among the empirically supported risk factors, the etiologic factors, and the mitigating measures that influence pressure injury (PI) development in the critical care population. This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. After participating in this educational activity, the participant will: 1. Choose a static intrinsic factor that increases the risk for the development of PI. 2. List several dynamic intrinsic risk factors for developing a PI. 3. Identify dynamic extrinsic risk factors that may predispose a patient to developing a PI. 4. Explain the pathophysiology of PI development.

Pressure Injuries in Critical Care Patients: A Conceptual Schema.

Pressure Injuries in Critical Care Patients: A Conceptual Schema.

Third Annual Pressure Injury Issue: Insights to Improve Practice.

Our journal was founded in February 1988 by Dr Roberta Abruzzese to gather the latest evidence on pressure injuries (PIs) in one resource for busy clinicians.1 In keeping with this mission, this is our third annual themed issue on PIs. As is fitting for an international journal, our authors come from several countries including China, Iran, and the US. The articles cover a range of PI topics; there are some common themes, and some of the theoretical frameworks described by authors in their articles may be controversial. We have highlighted a few of the articles below to contextualize these advances. In the continuing education article by Cox and colleagues, they propose a conceptual schema for PIs in critical care patients. After their comprehensive literature review, they separate risk factors into three categories: static intrinsic (eg, older age), dynamic intrinsic (eg, respiratory failure), and dynamic extrinsic (eg, mechanical ventilation). This schema “illustrates complex relationships between risk factor duration and intensity and the underlying etiology of PI development.” They suggest that “focusing on the etiologic bases for PI development… may also provide a framework to explore alternatives to current formal PI risk.” From California come data about a new proposed PI risk assessment tool. These researchers retrospectively reviewed the data from 406,032 hospital admissions for a 3-year period. From the 1,299 PI cases, they developed a decision tree and selected predictors from the demographic and clinical variables to construct what they have named the Shieh Score. Based on these data, hospital-acquired PIs were more common in men. Several other factors were more than doubled in individuals who developed PIs: length of stay (median, 8 vs 2 days), lower glomerular filtration rate (median 32 vs 66 mL/min), diabetes (57.3% vs 29.9%), and coronary artery disease (32.2% vs 16.0%). These data may serve as a research base for considering other factors in addition to the Braden Scale to prospectively identify patients at highest risk of hospital-acquired PIs. In their online-only article, Singh and colleagues provide data from their retrospective review of hospital records for a 1-year period in their level 2 US trauma center on community-acquired PIs (CAPIs). There was an increased incidence of CAPI in older adult men with low body mass index. These CAPIs were located on either the sacrum or coccyx and were either at stage 1 or 2. They report that the majority of the injuries had healed prior to discharge. The articles from Shieh and Singh support earlier research discussing PI risk beyond formal risk assessment scales. For example, two studies by Delmore and colleagues2,3 reported that other independent factors beyond those listed in the Braden Scale (diabetes, vascular disease, perfusion issues, impaired nutrition, age over 65 years, mechanical ventilation, and surgery) should be considered for patients at risk of heel PIs. The extent of the global PI problem is illustrated in the article by Wang and colleagues. They report PI prevalence and incidence for a 10-year period in their retrospective analysis of patient records in their tertiary hospital in China. From 2009 to 2018, the prevalence increased from 0.19% to 1.00%, increasing with patient age. Further, Qin and colleagues provide data about risk factors for 156 intubated ICU patients over 1 year in their hospital in China. There was an endotracheal (ET) intubation-related PI rate of 23.7%; the most common location was the lip. Factors involved the type of ET intubation, amount of time the ET catheter was in place, catheter fixation, and fixator types (P < .05). Among their conclusions are the importance of early identification of risk factors and interventions to prevent medical device-related PIs. Finally, knowledge that is based on clinical practice is essential. The significance of nutrition in PI prevention and treatment is highlighted in this issue with a succinct, useful installment of our Practice Points department in a table format (enabler for translation to practice). This issue (print and online) is jam-packed with new insights into PI prevention, management, and treatment for practice. Through our assemblage of international, interprofessional viewpoints and focus on a variety of aspects of PI care, we hope that our readers are challenged with new concepts to improve patient care. Elizabeth A. Ayello, PhD, MS, BSN, RN, CWON, ETN, MAPWCA, FAAN Gary R. Sibbald, MD, DSc (Hons), MEd, BSc, FRCPC (Med Derm), FAAD, MAPWCA, JM

The LADM Valuation Information Model and its application to the Turkey case

Spatial data in a Land Administration (LA) establish a fundamental geospatial data theme (see UN GGIM, 2018) and the integrated geospatial information framework for any Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). Domain-specific standards, an integral component of the SDI, play an essential role to represent the semantics of domains, specify links between distributed registries and databases, and stimulate the development and implementation for Land Administration Systems (LAS). As an international descriptive standard providing an abstract conceptual schema, the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) has been used and is being used as a reference for the implementation of LAS. Various approaches have been used for the LADM implementation that includes elaborating (via a country profile) and realizing a technical model suitable for the implementation (van Oosterom and Lemmen, 2015).LADM focuses on a specific function of LA that is interested in Rights, Responsibilities and Restrictions (RRR) affecting land, and the geometrical components thereof. The land value function of LA is considered outside the scope in the first edition. Recently, for extending the flexible and modular basis of the LADM, a valuation information model is developed for the specification of valuation information maintained by public authorities. It identifies the links between property valuation and the other LA registries and databases (e.g., cadastre, land registry, building and dwelling registries) that may enable interoperability across systems. The conceptual schema of the model provides a common basis to direct the development of local and national valuation databases and information technology products and services, following an approach similar to the LADM implementation. The proposed LADM Valuation Information Model is on the agenda of the development of the second edition of LADM within ISO/TC211.The operability of the newly proposed conceptual model needs to be evaluated through technical implementation. This paper describes the development of a prototype for the implementation of the LADM Valuation Information Model and assesses its operability through a case study for Turkey. The primary aim of the paper is to test the capabilities of the LADM Valuation Information Model using the required and produced data in recurrent valuation processes, but not to build a specific information management system for Turkey. As the implementation of a LADM compliant prototype initially requires the development of a country profile at conceptual level, methodologies applied for LADM profile development are examined and then a Turkish LADM Valuation Information Model country profile is proposed using the Conceptual Schema Languages (CSL) of the Unified Modelling Language (UML) and INTERLIS. INTERLIS is a formal language as well as a set of software tools that support LADM implementations. Subsequently, approaches and tools used in the LADM implementation are investigated and utilized for the automated transformations from the country profile to several technical models. In this context, the article presents the experiences gained during the implementations. Moreover, strategies for implementing and managing property valuation information more efficiently (e.g. bi-temporal aspects of valuation information management) are also studied and applied to the implementation. The generated technical models are then populated with sample datasets related to recurrent property valuation including the geometries of valuation units, as well as valuation information covering several years. The developed prototype is then tested through a number of queries to assess whether the LADM Valuation Information Model fulfils information management needs of recurrent valuations. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a holistic approach on how to develop an LADM conformant prototype for managing property valuation information.

Painting with data: Alternative aesthetics of qualitative research

In this article I outline an original creative method for qualitative research, namely the painting with data technique. This is a participatory methodology which brings creativity and participation through to the analytical phase of qualitative research. Crucially, I acknowledge but also challenge the dominant aesthetic that currently shapes qualitative research and renders life in a monochromatic palette. The painting with data method evidences an alternative aesthetic to the predominant one and I argue that we can understand this methodology by adapting Jennifer Mason’s concept of ‘layering’ to conceptualise how different aesthetics help us to see the different shapes, forms and moulds that make us, our relationships and our worlds. The process moves away from traditional ways of treating transcribed data, and prioritises addition above extraction; juxtaposition over thematisation; and collaging rather than ordering. This alternative aesthetic for qualitative research offers an evocative form and a conceptual schema through which to interpret the world, providing a route to novel insights, that enlivens the interpretative work of the analyst and offers opportunities to make and witness potent connections.

Putting the case for a pluralistic economic geography

AbstractOver the past decade or so, concern has grown in economic geography over whether the discipline has become too pluralised, characterised by the proliferation of conceptual schemas, theoretical approaches and local narratives, between which there is often little communication or coherence, thereby militating against the identification of a clear and generally agreed disciplinary identity and ‘core’ research agenda. In response, some economic geographers have argued that what is now needed is an ‘integrative turn’, in order to arrest and reverse this process of pluralisation. This article explores the complex issue of pluralism and argues there are convincing arguments in support of pluralism, on pragmatic grounds, as a purposive–strategic endeavour, and on normative–melioristic grounds. At the same time, the article explores in some detail the ideas of ‘integrative pluralism’ and ‘boundary objects’ as ways of achieving communication between different perspectives while preserving the advantages of pluralism.

Retracted] Schema‐Based Mapping Approach for Data Transformation to Enrich Semantic Web

Modern web wants the data to be in Resource Description Framework (RDF) format, a machine‐readable form that is easy to share and reuse data without human intervention. However, most of the information is still available in relational form. The existing conventional methods transform the data from RDB to RDF using instance‐level mapping, which has not yielded the expected results because of poor mapping. Hence, in this paper, a novel schema‐based RDB‐RDF mapping method (relational database to Resource Description Framework) is proposed, which is an improvised version for transforming the relational database into the Resource Description Framework. It provides both data materialization and on‐demand mapping. RDB‐RDF reduces the data retrieval time for nonprimary key search by using schema‐level mapping. The resultant mapped RDF graph presents the relational database in a conceptual schema and maintains the instance triples as data graph. This mechanism is known as data materialization, which suits well for the static dataset. To get the data in a dynamic environment, query translation (on‐demand mapping) is best instead of whole data conversion. The proposed approach directly converts the SPARQL query into SQL query using the mapping descriptions available in the proposed system. The mapping description is the key component of this proposed system which is responsible for quick data retrieval and query translation. Join expression introduced in the proposed RDB‐RDF mapping method efficiently handles all complex operations with primary and foreign keys. Experimental evaluation is done on the graphics designer database. It is observed from the result that the proposed schema‐based RDB‐RDF mapping method accomplishes more comprehensible mapping than conventional methods by dissolving structural and operational differences.

A Conceptual Model-Based Approach to Improve the Representation and Management of Omics Data in Precision Medicine

Precision medicine has emerged as a disrupting medical model to transform a historically reactive medicine into a proactive one that focuses on delivering individualized treatment. A relevant challenge of precision medicine is to integrate the large amount of omics data that exists. This data has a high degree of heterogeneity, dispersion, and isolation. In addition, there is a lack of a solid ontological commitment regarding domain concepts and definitions, and a unified guideline of how to transform data into knowledge is missing. In this work, we report our experience applying conceptual modeling to deal with these challenges in a specific genomics dimension, i.e., Precision Medicine. To do so, we have applied conceptual modeling techniques. The use of these techniques allows us to create representations of the world (i.e., conceptual schemes) that can be used for the purposes of understanding, communicating, and problem-solving. They also help to establish a common ontological framework to facilitate both communication and knowledge evolution in complex domains. We identify a set of limitations that emerged after working in a precision medicine context, and we describe how we have solved them using conceptual modeling. Thus, the main contribution of this work is to present the subsequent Conceptual Schema that allowed us to overcome these limitations, which provides a better representation of proteomics data and eases its integration.

Wanted: Standards for FAIR taxonomic concept representations and relationships.

Making the most of biodiversity data requires linking observations of biological species from multiple sources both efficiently and accurately (Bisby 2000, Franz et al. 2016). Aggregating occurrence records using taxonomic names and synonyms is computationally efficient but known to experience significant limitations on accuracy when the assumption of one-to-one relationships between names and biological entities breaks down (Remsen 2016, Franz and Sterner 2018). Taxonomic treatments and checklists provide authoritative information about the correct usage of names for species, including operational representations of the meanings of those names in the form of range maps, reference genetic sequences, or diagnostic traits. They increasingly provide taxonomic intelligence in the form of precise description of the semantic relationships between different published names in the literature. Making this authoritative information Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR; Wilkinson et al. 2016) would be a transformative advance for biodiversity data sharing and help drive adoption and novel extensions of existing standards such as the Taxonomic Concept Schema and the OpenBiodiv Ontology (Kennedy et al. 2006, Senderov et al. 2018). We call for the greater, global Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) and taxonomy community to commit to extending and expanding on how FAIR applies to biodiversity data and include practical targets and criteria for the publication and digitization of taxonomic concept representations and alignments in taxonomic treatments, checklists, and backbones.

POR QUE DEFINIR A PERGUNTA FOCAL DOS MAPAS CONCEITUAIS É IMPORTANTE? A IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE MAPAS SUPERFICIAIS SEM ERROS CONCEITUAIS

Os mapas conceituais (MCs) são redes de proposições integradas com o objetivo de responder a uma pergunta focal. Infelizmente, a literatura da área tende a negligenciar o papel da pergunta focal e a identificação de mapas conceituais superficiais, ainda que conceitualmente corretos, não acontece. Nesse trabalho foi conduzida uma análise de agrupamentos a partir do desempenho de estudantes em um questionário contendo itens relacionados aos temas pensamento científico, astronomia clássica e astronomia moderna que permitiu delimitar diferentes níveis de entendimento conceitual. O desempenho dos estudantes de cada grupo foi utilizado para discutir as características dos MCs construídos por eles em uma tarefa avaliativa vinculada a uma disciplina no ensino superior. Os MCs foram analisados a partir da clareza semântica e correção conceitual das proposições e da aderência à pergunta focal proposta. Os estudantes que melhor representaram os seus esquemas conceituais, construíram mapas com grande número de proposições apropriadas e responderam em maior proporção à pergunta focal, foram também aqueles que obtiveram os melhores desempenhos no questionário. A partir dos resultados é possível concluir que a leitura do conteúdo semântico dos MCs revela o entendimento conceitual dos alunos. O papel crítico da pergunta focal deve ser considerado nas atividades envolvendo a construção de mapas conceituais para identificar mapas superficiais sem erros conceituais.

Фигура субъекта в протокатегориальных представлениях Древнего Китая

This article is devoted to the analysis of the subject’s place in the proto-categorical language constructions of Ancient China. Fundamental conceptual schemas called basic classifications refer to such constructs. The key schemes include binary, ternary and quinary classifications, which defined the main features and further development of the entire Chinese mentality and civilization. The main methodological technique used in conducting historical and philosophical research is the reliance on text primary sources. The most important and most reliable source of knowledge about the philosophical views of such a remote historical period (we are talking about the Zhou era, approximately 1045 – 221 BC) is the “Book of Changes” or “I-Ching”(易经). Structural analysis is used to identify the elements and numeral schemes in the considered figure of the subject. According to the language picture of the world, reconstructed on the basis of texts from ancient Chinese sources, the position of the subject appears to be initially embedded in the worldview paradigm of archaic China. The main characteristics of a man that reveal themselves in the studied constructions of proto-categorical thinking are centrality and emptiness. These properties appear to be the most essential for understanding the role assigned to the man in the deployed model of the universe. A dual image is formed from the predicates of the subject revealed as a result of the research. Man, from the point of view of the ancient Chinese, occupying a Central position in the vertical of the “three fundamental forces” of the San Cai (Earth-Man-Sky) and possessing, due to its dominant position, the features that are crucial for the successful knowledge of natural laws, appears to be devoid of his own, personal content. The initial emptiness of the subject of knowledge, which is its essential property, entails the absence of its individual content. The author makes a conclusion about the conditionally human position of the individual in the universe. Man turns out to be derived from natural, cosmic principles that form, according to the proto-categorical representations of Ancient China, not only the foundations of the world order, but also the principles of world relations.

Establishment of Conceptual Schemas of Surface Synoptic Meteorological Situations Affecting Fine Particulate Pollution Across Eastern China in the Winter

AbstractIn the present study, the characteristics of weather conditions and local meteorological variables over the Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei (BTH) and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions in the winter are analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA) method and daily PM2.5 accumulation rate. Typical synoptic weather patterns over China in the winter can be classified into four types. During the Type 1 synoptic weather pattern, China is under the influence of the Siberian High, and northerly winds prevail; this situation is beneficial to the transport of pollutants from north to south. However, when the Siberian High is weak, southerly winds prevail which may result in the transport of pollutants from south to north. The Type 2 weather pattern refers to a weak high pressure located in the BTH resulting in the accumulation of pollutants. During the Type 3 weather pattern, an intense cold Siberian High moves to the south and affects the northern areas of China. The associated front brings heavy precipitation in the YRD resulting in the wet deposition of pollution. During the Type 4 weather condition, the weak Siberian High is blocked by the northeast cold vortex and moves towards the south, causing the accumulation of pollution in the YRD. The PCA model shows that there are two transport pathways for pollutants to the BTH (YRD) area: one from the YRD (BTH) and Shandong during Types 1 and 2 (Types 1 and 3) situations and the other one from the central provinces during Type 4 (Types 1 and 4).

“Uma Terceira Coisa”

Assumindo que a arquitetura e o pensamento filosófico a seu respeito são elementoes essenciais para a auto-compreensão do humano, este artigo defende três pontos acerca do papel do espaço e do tempo na arquitetura funcionalista e na sua crítica. (1) Dois exemplos significativos na História da Filosofia, nomeadamente, o conceito platónico de espaço (chōra) e o conceito kantiano de esquema (Schema) mostram que o espaço e o tempo como elementos básicos da experiência humana estão intimamente relacionados com a sensibilidade e a imaginação e não podem ser reconduzidos a uma funcionalização exclusivamente objetiva. (2) Defendo, em segundo lugar, que o funcionalismo arquitetónico não tomou deliberadamente em consideração os aspectos do espaço e do tempo que os ligam à sensibilidade e à imaginação. (3) Como resultado dos pontos precedentes, complementados por referências à posição do funcionalismo em relação ao tempo histórico e à relação de meios e fins, e considerando alguns autores importantes do séc. XX (Heidegger, Bachelard, J. Pallasmaa, G. Böhme), um terceiro ponto é defendido, a saber que as insuficiências atribuídas ao funcionalismo derivam do facto de que este ignorou o espaço e o tempo na sua relação com a sensibilidade e a imaginação. Estas teses mostrarão, finalmente, que a arquitetura pode ser entendida como um esquema sensível da auto-compreensão humana.

An Expected Error: An Essay in Defence of Moral Emotionism

This work draws an analogical defence of strong emotionism—the metaethical claim that moral properties and concepts consist in the propensity of actions to elicit emotional responses from divergent emotional perspectives. I offer a theory that is in line with that of Prinz (The emotional construction of morals. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007). I build an analogy between moral properties and what I call emotion-dispositional properties. These properties are picked out by predicates such as ‘annoying’, ‘frightening’ or ‘deplorable’ and appear to be uncontroversial and frequent cases of attribution error—the attributing of subjective emotional states as mind-independent properties. I present a linguistic analysis supporting the claim that moral properties and their related concepts are reducible to a subset of emotion-dispositional properties and concepts. This is grounded in the observation that utterances featuring moral predicates function linguistically and conceptually in analogous ways to emotion-dispositional predicates. It follows from this view that asserted moral utterances are truth-apt relative to ethical communities, but that speakers misconceive the extensions of predicates. I show how the framework of Cognitive Linguistics allows us to explain this error. Further analysis of moral and non-moral utterances exposes the deeper conceptual schemas structuring language through cognitive construal processes. An understanding of these processes, coupled with an emotionist elucidation of moral properties and concepts, makes the attribution error an expected upshot of the emotionist thesis, rather than an uncomfortable consequence.

Leadership-in-teams, ready, willing and able: perspectives of international accounting students

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the reasons why international accounting students in higher education in Australia do not accept leadership roles in academic teams, considering the importance employers attach to leadership and teamwork graduate attributes.Design/methodology/approachAdopting the Keating et al. (2014) ready, willing and able (RWA) leadership framework, this qualitative study uses a narrative textual approach to analyse the data from responses to open-ended questions recorded in interviews with a sample of Master of Professional Accounting (MPA) students (N = 12) undertaking leadership-in-team roles in a management and cost Accounting unit (N = 110) within an Australian higher education accounting program.FindingsThe results of this study suggest that a lack of past work experience disadvantages accounting students in being ‘ready’ to adopt leadership roles in teams. Self-interested behaviour results in students not being ‘willing’ to adopt leadership roles. Students perceive business simulation and work-integrated learning activities to hold the potential to improve their ‘ability’ to lead.Practical implicationsThe study offers a conceptual schema for student leadership development, suggesting that accounting curricula in higher education should include the assessment of scaffolded leadership development activities. Mentorship roles in academic teams should also be explored.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first application of the RWA framework to explore accounting students’ predisposition to accepting leadership roles in teams. Informed by the student narrative, the authors offer a future focused RWA schema as a practical guide for educators to embed leadership development in the accounting curriculum.

Transitions from One Electronic Health Record to Another: Challenges, Pitfalls, and Recommendations.

We address the challenges of transitioning from one electronic health record (EHR) to another-a near ubiquitous phenomenon in health care. We offer mitigating strategies to reduce unintended consequences, maximize patient safety, and enhance health care delivery. We searched PubMed and other sources to identify articles describing EHR-to-EHR transitions. We combined these references with the authors' extensive experience to construct a conceptual schema and to offer recommendations to facilitate transitions. Our PubMed query retrieved 1,351 citations: 43 were relevant for full paper review and 18 met the inclusion criterion of focus on EHR-to-EHR transitions. An additional PubMed search yielded 1,014 citations, for which we reviewed 74 full papers and included 5. We supplemented with additional citations for a total of 70 cited. We distinguished 10 domains in the literature that overlap yet present unique and salient opportunities for successful transitions and for problem mitigation. There is scant literature concerning EHR-to-EHR transitions. Identified challenges include financial burdens, personnel resources, patient safety threats from limited access to legacy records, data integrity during migration, cybersecurity, and semantic interoperability. Transition teams must overcome inadequate human infrastructure, technical challenges, security gaps, unrealistic providers' expectations, workflow changes, and insufficient training and support-all factors affecting potential clinician burnout. EHR transitions are remarkably expensive, laborious, personnel devouring, and time consuming. The paucity of references in comparison to the topic's salience reinforces the necessity for this type of review and analysis. Prudent planning may streamline EHR transitions and reduce expenses. Mitigating strategies, such as preservation of legacy data, managing expectations, and hiring short-term specialty consultants can overcome some of the greatest hurdles. A new medical subject headings (MeSH) term for EHR transitions would facilitate further research on this topic.

Item-Based Acquisition of Dislocation in Early Child French

This study tests whether the usage-based concept of item-based schema can explain the development of constructions other than verb-argument constructions (VACs). Through a corpus study of 600 dislocations produced by two French children between age 1;7.12 and 2;5.11, and 600 from their input, we show that the concept of item-based schemas can indeed be extended to other types of constructions. We also show that the earliest item-based schemas produced by children are similar to specific syntactic featuress of dislocations in their input, and that the dislocations produced by the adults of our corpus can also be described in terms of item-based schemas. Based on these results, we make the hypothesis that the dislocations of adults may not necessarily be produced based on a more abstract construction, and that the radical exemplar model developed by Ambridge (2019) could also explain our data.

Semantic and Syntactic Interoperability Issues in the Context of SDI

Interoperability is one of the core concepts of Spatial Data Infrastructure due to the fact that exchange and access to spatial data is the foremost aim of any SDI. These issues are closely related to the concept of application schema that plays a significant role in interchanging spatial data and information across SDI. It is the basis of a successful data interchange between two systems as it defines the possible content and structure of data, thus it covers both semantic and syntactic interoperability. These matters also appear in a couple of questions concerning SDI including, among others, a model‑driven approach and data specifications.&#x0D; Spatial data exchange through SDI involves UML and GML application sche­mas that comprise semantic and syntactic interoperability respectively. How­ever, working out accurate and correct application schemas may be a challenge. Moreover, their faultiness or complexity may influence the ability to valid data interchange.&#x0D; The principal subject of this paper is to present the concept of interoperability in SDI, especially semantic and syntactic, as well as to discuss the role of UML and GML application schemas during the interoperable exchange of spatial data over SDI. Considerations were conducted focusing on the European SDI and the National SDI in Poland.

Characterizing seasonal groundwater storage in alpine catchments using time‐lapse gravimetry, water stable isotopes and water balance methods

AbstractAlpine areas play a major role in water supply in downstream valleys by releasing water during warm and dry periods. However, the hydrogeology of alpine catchments, which are particularly exposed to the effects of climate change, is currently not well understood. Increasing our knowledge of alpine hydrogeological processes is thus of considerable importance for any forward‐looking hydrological investigations in alpine areas. The objectives of this study are to quantify seasonal groundwater storage variations in a small Swiss alpine catchment and to evaluate the capabilities of time‐lapse gravimetry in the identification of zones of high groundwater storage fluctuations. Time‐lapse gravimetric measurements enable rapid localisation of zones of dynamic groundwater storage changes and help to highlight aquifers with a higher storage decrease. Temperature sensors enable measurement of the temporal trend in stream and spring drying in the post‐snowmelt period. Stable isotope measurements allow us to identify the origin of surface water exiting the catchment. The results improve our comprehension of a conceptual schema highlighting two different hydrogeological systems: (a) a shallow, rapidly depleted one fed directly by snowmelt and (b) a deeper one, with a slower recession, fed by main recharge during peak snowmelt and emerging at the lower part of the catchment below the talus and moraine of the catchment where bedrock is exposed. These dynamics confirm the high variability of storage in the talus and moraine aquifers and highlight the dominant role of Quaternary deposits and their connectivity to store water over seasonal and multi‐year time‐scales. The mechanisms explaining the importance of Quaternary deposits are the combination of moraine and talus with different permeabilities allowing the storage of sufficient quantities of water permitting continuous release during drier periods of the year.

Representations, Schemas, and Living-in-the-World

Responding to Kenneth Frank’s paper on therapeutic action, the present paper focuses especially on Frank’s emphasis on emotion schemas as a central therapeutic target across the spectrum of approaches. While strongly agreeing with the value and importance of the emotion schema concept as a unifying foundation for understanding therapeutic action, this paper highlights the differences between primarily one-person versions of the concept and conceptualizations of emotion schemas more rooted in contextual, two-person, and bidirectional interactive models. In elaborating on this distinction, the paper addresses as well as differences between a primarily representational psychology and one focused on living-in-the-world.