Scheduling Mode Research Articles

Economic Capacity Planning of BESS for Electricity Customers Charged Based on Both Energy and Peak Demand

Electricity customers can achieve economic benefits from cost reduction and/or revenue increase using battery energy storage system (BESS). However, different conditions of each customer require different methods to determine the suitable size of BESS. Additionally, different operation strategies of BESS result in the different cost/benefit analysis. Thus, in this study, authors have identified and focused on the electricity customers with TOU rate, varying operation mode with the seasons, and charging scheme based on both energy consumption and the peak demand. The procedures to find the optimal power and energy capacities for the selected customer are formulated. The optimal operation strategy with priority, that is, peak shaving–DR–scheduling modes in summer/winter and DR–scheduling mode–peak shaving modes in spring/autumn, is also proposed. The proposed method is applied to a specific type of customer in Korea in the case study. The results showed that an optimal capacity can be found and the proposed operation strategy with priority is optimal. Moreover, it has been found out that, for this type of customer, the large energy capacity of BESS mostly leads to large economic benefit; in contrast, the small power capacity mostly leads to small economic benefit.

Interruption Cost Evaluation by Cognitive Workload and Task Performance in Interruption Coordination Modes for Human–Computer Interaction Tasks

Interruption is a widespread phenomenon in human–computer interaction in modern working environments. To minimize the adverse impact or to maximize possible benefits of interruptions, a reliable approach to evaluate interruption cost needs to be established. In this paper, we suggest a new approach to evaluate the interruption cost by cognitive workload and task performance measures. The cognitive workload is assessed by pupil diameter changes and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) task load index. Task performance includes task completion time and task accuracy in a series of controlled laboratory experiments. This integrated approach was applied to three interruption coordination modes (i.e., the immediate, the negotiated, and the scheduled modes), which were designed based on McFarlane’s interruption coordination modes. Each mode consists of cognitive and skill tasks depending on the degree of mental demands providing four different task sets of interruptive task environments. Our results demonstrate that the negotiated mode shows a lower interruption cost than other modes, and primary task type and task similarity between primary and peripheral tasks are crucial in the evaluation of the cost. This study suggests a new approach evaluating interruption cost by cognitive workload and task performance measures. Applying this approach to various interruptive environments, disruptiveness of interruption was evaluated considering interruption coordination modes and task types, and the outcomes can support development of strategies to reduce the detrimental effects of unexpected and unnecessary interruptions.

Cellular-V2X Communications for Platooning: Design and Evaluation.

Platooning is a cooperative driving application where autonomous/semi-autonomous vehicles move on the same lane in a train-like manner, keeping a small constant inter-vehicle distance, in order to reduce fuel consumption and gas emissions and to achieve safe and efficient transport. To this aim, they may exploit multiple on-board sensors (e.g., radars, LiDARs, positioning systems) and direct vehicle-to-vehicle communications to synchronize their manoeuvres. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the design choices and factors that determine the performance of a platooning application, when exploiting the emerging cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication technology and considering the scheduled mode, specified by 3GPP for communications over the sidelink assisted by the eNodeB. Since no resource management algorithm is currently mandated by 3GPP for this new challenging context, we focus on analyzing the feasibility and performance of the dynamic scheduling approach, with platoon members asking for radio resources on a per-packet basis. We consider two ways of implementing dynamic scheduling, currently unspecified by 3GPP: the sequential mode, that is somehow reminiscent of time division multiple access solutions based on IEEE 802.11p—till now the only investigated access technology for platooning—and the simultaneous mode with spatial frequency reuse enabled by the eNodeB. The evaluation conducted through system-level simulations provides helpful insights about the proposed configurations and C-V2X parameter settings that mainly affect the reliability and latency performance of data exchange in platoons, under different load settings. Achieved results show that the proposed simultaneous mode succeeds in reducing the latency in the update cycle in each vehicle’s controller, thus enabling future high-density platooning scenarios.

Distributed Dispatch Approach for Bulk AC/DC Hybrid Systems With High Wind Power Penetration

For bulk AC/DC hybrid transmission systems with high wind power penetration, this paper presents a distributed dispatch approach to the security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) problem. To fully use the flexible adjustment capability of the HVDC tie-line to promote inter-regional wind power accommodation, an operation model for the HVDC tie-line is presented. Then, a distributed SCUC approach based on the analytical target cascading technique is proposed, where the day-ahead SCUC problem is decomposed into an upper-level master problem and parallel subproblems of lower level regional dispatch. The master problem is in charge of determining the day-ahead transmission plan for the HVDC tie-line, and the lower-level dispatch centers independently solve their SCUC problems in parallel in accordance with the hierarchical and partitioned power scheduling mode. Simulations show that considering the flexible and controllable nature of the HVDC tie-line, the proposed distributed dispatch approach for bulk AC/DC hybrid systems has the advantages of promoting inter-regional wind power accommodation and improving the economics of the overall system operation while relieving the peak regulation pressure of the receiving-side system.

A Reconfigured Whale Optimization Technique (RWOT) for Renewable Electrical Energy Optimal Scheduling Impact on Sustainable Development Applied to Damietta Seaport, Egypt

This paper studies the effect on the rate of growth of carbon dioxide emission in seaports’ atmosphere of replacing a part of the fossil fuel electrical power generation by clean renewable electrical energies, through two different scheduling strategies. The increased rate of harmful greenhouse gas emissions due to conventional electrical power generation severely affects the whole global atmosphere. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emissions are responsible for a significant share of global warming. Developing countries participate in this environmental distortion to a great percentage. Two different suggested strategies for renewable electrical energy scheduling are discussed in this paper, to attain a sustainable green port by the utilization of two mutual sequential clean renewable energies, which are biomass and photovoltaic (PV) energy. The first strategy, which is called the eco-availability mode, is a simple method. It is based on operating the renewable electrical energy sources during the available time of operation, taking into consideration the simple and basic technical issues only, without considering the sophisticated technical and economical models. The available operation time is determined by the environmental condition. This strategy is addressed to result on the maximum available Biomass and PV energy generation based on the least environmental and technical conditions (panel efficiency, minimum average daily sunshine hours per month, minimum average solar insolation per month). The second strategy, which is called the Intelligent Scheduling (IS) mode, relies on an intelligent Reconfigured Whale Optimization Technique (RWOT) based-model. In this strategy, some additional technical and economical issues are considered. The studied renewable electrical energy generation system is considered in two scenarios, which are with and without storage units. The objective (cost) function of the scheduling optimization problem, for both scenarios, are developed. Also, the boundary conditions and problem constraints are concluded. The RWOT algorithm is an updated Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). It is developed to accelerate the rate of reaching the optimal solution for the IS problem. The two strategies simulation and implementation are illustrated and applied to the seaport of Damietta, which is an Egyptian port, located 10 km to the west of the Nile River (Damietta Branch). The scheduling of PV and biomass energy generation during the different year months is examined for both strategies. The impact of renewable electrical energies generation scheduling on carbon dioxide emission and consequently global warming is discussed. The saving in carbon dioxide emission is calculated and the efficient results of the suggested models are clarified. The carbon dioxide emission is reduced to around its fifth value, during renewable energy operation. This work focuses on decreasing the rate of growth of carbon dioxide emission coming from fossil fuel electrical power generation in Egypt, targeting, sustainable green seaports, through three main contributions in clean renewable electrical energies scheduling,. The contributions are; 1-presenting the eco-availability mode for minimum gifted biomass and PV energy generation, 2-developing and progressing the IRWOT scheduling strategy for both scenarios (with and without storage unit), 3-defining the scheduling optimization problem boundary conditions and constraints.

SVM-based Implicit Stochastic Scheduling Mode for Cascade Hydropower Stations

In view of the uncertainty of inflow of cascade reservoirs, an implicit stochastic joint scheduling function model for cascade hydropower stations based on support vector machine (SVM) was established. Taking the cascade hydropower station on the lower reaches of the Yalong River as an example, according to the long series of optimized scheduling simulation operation data, the Gauss radial basis (BRF) kernel function is utilized by LIBSVM for the scheduling function fitting of the cascade reservoirs in the lower reaches of the Yalong River. Besides, combined with particle swarm optimization algorithm, the support vector machine (SVM) model parametersc(penalty coefficient) andg(relaxation coefficient) were optimized. Eventually, the optimized scheduling function model was used for the cascade hydropower station simulation operation. The results show that compared with the existing scheduling technology, the nonlinear SVM scheduling function is better than the linear regression model, and the effect of the nonlinear SVM scheduling function is equivalent to that of the threshold regression model. Therefore, the SVM-based Implicit Stochastic Scheduling method can provide references for the actual operation of the cascade hydropower station.

Research on the Resource Scheduling Architecture for Service-oriented Space-based Information Systems

On the basis of integrating each subsystem in topological structure, implementation function, operation mode and institutional mechanism, this paper has established a comprehensive service system which could manage various heterogeneous resources and handle kinds of complex missions within the architecture to carry out the research of the resource scheduling architecture for service-oriented space-based information system. Originally, this paper analyzes the characteristics of space-based information system from two aspects of diversity and dynamics. Based on the research, this paper studies the organizational structure of resource scheduling of space-based information system to realize the unified management and scheduling of service-oriented diversification resources following the sequence from resources to missions. Afterwards, this paper has proposed a resource scheduling mode for the service-oriented space-based information system to realize the mapping from resources to missions, and it also has used that mode to block differentiated user requirements and the dynamic changes of the system. In the end, the paper has put forward the implementation plan of the resource scheduling for service-oriented space-based information system, and it also provides a reference for the next construction of the space-based information system.

Analysis of Real-Time Applications Feasibility through Simulation

An approach to estimate feasibility of a real-time multi-task application with various combinations of the scheduling mode and the protocol of access to shared informational resources when run on a multi-core platform is described. The application structure is specified through a simple formalized profile consisting of segments of three types and specifying access to informational resources shared among application tasks, the amount of the required computing resource being estimated for each segment. The approach is based on the notion of application density introduced by the authors which characterizes the use of computational resource by this application and is derived from estimation of the application feasibility for various values of processor performance and the number of its cores in case of a multi-core platform. The overall structure of a simulation tool for estimation of the task response time (and therefore, application feasibility) is described, which provides more exact data compared to the known analytical methods where they are applicable. Two dissimilar implementations of this tool were developed and run on a number of benchmarks, including Liu-Layland configurations specified in the described formalism for application structure; the results in form of charts are presented along with their analysis and interpretation. The suggested approach allows to indentify an optimal combination of the scheduling mode and access protocol for the given multi-task application structure.

Automated and dynamic scheduling for geodetic VLBI – A simulation study for AuScope and global networks

As we move into the next era of geodetic VLBI, the scheduling process is one focus for improvement in terms of increased flexibility and the ability to react with changing conditions. A range of simulations were conducted to ascertain the impact of scheduling on geodetic results such as Earth Orientation Parameters (EOPs) and station coordinates. The potential capabilities of new automated scheduling modes were also simulated, using the so-called ‘dynamic scheduling’ technique. The primary aim was to improve efficiency for both cost and time without losing geodetic precision, particularly to maximise the uses of the Australian AuScope VLBI array.We show that short breaks in observation will not significantly degrade the results of a typical 24 h experiment, whereas simply shortening observing time degrades precision exponentially. We also confirm the new automated, dynamic scheduling mode is capable of producing the same standard of result as a traditional schedule, with close to real-time flexibility. Further, it is possible to use the dynamic scheduler to augment the 3 station Australian AuScope array and thereby attain EOPs of the current global precision with only intermittent contribution from 2 additional stations. We thus confirm automated, dynamic scheduling bears great potential for flexibility and automation in line with aims for future continuous VLBI operations.

Speed Synchronization Control of Integrated Motor–Transmission Powertrain over CAN through Active Period-Scheduling Approach

This paper deals with the speed synchronization control of integrated motor–transmission (IMT) powertrain systems in pure electric vehicles (EVs) over a controller area network (CAN) subject to both network-induced delays and network congestion. A CAN has advantages over point-to-point communication; however, it imposes network-induced delays and network congestion into the control system, which can deteriorate the shifting quality and make system integration difficult. This paper presents a co-design scheme combining active period scheduling and discrete-time slip mode control (SMC) to deal with both network-induced delays and network congestion of the CAN, which improves the speed synchronization control for high shifting quality and prevents network congestion for the system’s integration. The results of simulations and hardware-in-loop experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, which can ensure satisfactory speed synchronization performance while significantly reducing the network’s utilization.

Chemical and Technological Thermally Activated Process Research of Roasting Pellets in Dense Bed of Conveyor Indurating Machine

The work focuses on an important scientific problem of modeling thermal processes of thermal technology, which are complicated with non-isothermal chemical reactions during the thermal preparation of raw materials in a dense layer. A mathematical model is presented for heat and mass transfer in a dense layer. The firing phosphate pellets parameters analysis calculated according to the model and performed on a kiln machinery in the scheduled mode was conducted. The features of the course of processes of drying, agglomeration and dissociation of carbonates in the pellets are revealed at their heat treatment. The received results, allow defining the temperature and gas dynamic condition of roasting the pellets for achievement of the required moisture content, necessary extent of dissociation of carbonates and the acceptable durability.

Exploration and practice of distributed energy network system

China′s energy infrastructure is predominantly fossil fuel based such as coal and petroleum, resulting in the deterioration of surrounding environments. The application of renewable resources, natural gas suppliers and distributed energy systems are a critical component in alleviating the present detrimental situation; by analyzing successful distributed power and micro grid systems internationally and applying it to domestic networks, these systems can be customized and calibrated to maximize efficiency. Furthermore, the demographics of distributed energy users is expanding from exclusive industrial consumers to commercial and residential customers, increasing demand for modular units, attracting the attention of the Chinese central government′s environmental policymakers. Within China, the implementation of distributed energy networks has been limited to industrial parks, economic and technological development zones. In this article, the characteristics of distributed energy networks is defined utilizing case studies involving the Sino German Eco-Park and Langfang City, introducing the mainstream energy networks including infrastructures, system hierarchy, its implementation methods and overall effects. In the Sino German Eco-Park, a distributed energy network is combined with a centralized system composed of one regional and six energy substations, providing electricity for blocks one through eight whose energy scheduling mode being divided into two inter-network and intra-network scheduling. Using the energy operations center, electrical transmission across the blocks is achieved via energy allocation between micro grids combined with the installation of natural gas, renewables and smart power grids; this enables the Sino German Eco-Park technical index to accomplish higher power distribution levels of efficiency. In Langfang City, the first city-level reconstruction and distributed energy project in China, the micro grid at New Chaoyang block is described in detail. Finally, the future of distributed energy network system is the energy internet as summarized an ecological, diversified and multilateral commodity whose logistics are intelligent and standardized.

Distributed Wi-Fi Interference Coordination for Dense Deployments

Unlicensed spectrum is increasingly being used by mobile operators to meet the mobile traffic demand, and Wi-Fi is foreseen as one of the technologies for implementing mobile traffic offloading. However, Wi-Fi efficiency does not scale well as node density increases, and IEEE 802.11ax Task Group (TGax) was created in 2014 for developing Wi-Fi technology enhancements in dense deployments. This paper investigates Wi-Fi performance in the presence of Overlapping Basic Subscriber Set (OBSS) Wi-Fi networks in indoor dense deployments. We observe that Wi-Fi could benefit from scheduled operation with proper OBSS interference coordination. We propose a novel distributed interference coordination scheme for Wi-Fi scheduled mode operation, and evaluate it through system-level simulations. Results indicate that the proposed scheme provides significant improvements over Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) for downlink (DL) traffic.

Strategy Analysis of Demand Side Management on Distributed Heating Driven by Wind Power

Abstract The national claim of the clean heating and the wind power accommodation promote the development of distributed heating driven by wind power. The implementation of distributed energy system provides new possibility to accommodate renewable power. These new features put forward challenges to wind power generation as well as its interaction with energy grid. Demand Side Management (DSM) in the distributed energy system is an effective method to balance the dynamics of power supply and demand at the side of consumption. In this paper, an hour-ahead heating strategy scheduling mode is proposed to accommodate curtailed wind power with a typical wind power output profile. In order to accommodate as much wind power as possible, the energy storage facilities are added into the accommodate model. A typical situation is calculated to illustrate the reasonable of the accommodate strategies, and the results show that all of the wind power are consumed and electricity supplemented by thermal power is reduced substantially due to the contribution of DSM and energy storage. Finally, several reasonable ways to accommodate wind power are presented for future study.

Adaptation of Cascade Hydropower Station Scheduling on A Headwater Stream of the Yangtze River under Changing Climate Conditions

Cascade hydropower stations are effective in water resource utilization, regional water allocation, and flood risk management. Under changing climate conditions, water resources would experience complex temporal and spatial changes, which may lead to various issues relating to flood control and water resource management, and challenge the existing optimal scheduling of cascade hydropower stations. It is thus important to conduct a study on cascade hydropower station scheduling under changing climate conditions. In this study, the Jinsha River rainfall–discharge statistical model is developed based on the statistical relationship between meteorological and runoff indicators. Validation results indicate that the developed model is capable of generating satisfactory simulation results and thus can be used for future Jinsha River runoff projection under climate change. Meanwhile, the Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS) is run to project future rainfall in the Jinsha River basin under two General Circulation Models (ECHAM5 and HadAM3P), two scenarios (A1B and B2), and four periods (1961–1990, 1991–2020, 2021–2050, and 2051–2099). The regional climate modeling data are analyzed and then fed into the Jinsha hydrological model to analyze the trends of future discharge at Xiangjiaba Hydro Station. Adaptive scheduling strategies for cascade hydropower stations are discussed based on the future inflow trend analysis and current flood scheduling mode. It is suggested that cascade hydropower stations could be operated at flood limited water level (FLWL) during 2021–2099. In addition, the impoundment of cascade hydropower stations should be properly delayed during the post-flood season in response to the possible occurrence of increased and extended inflow in wet seasons.

Constructing ICU scheduling mode by two-way selection and decentralized management

Objective To explore nursing scheduling mode in ICU. Methods Grouping was carried out on the basis of nursing decentralized management and the two-way selection between group heads and group members. The research target was the 60 nurses in ICU. Degrees of the nurses' job satisfaction and changes of nursing quality before and after grouping were compared and analyzed. Results The general degree of the nurses' satisfaction towards scheduling was (3.75±0.70) points before grouping while (4.30±0.50) points six months after grouping. The difference had the statistical significance (t=6.564 5, P < 0.01); the scores of nursing quality check on classification management, ward management, nursing security, emergency management and hospital infection management were (91.97±1.47), (93.07±1.66), (93.43±1.50), (94.03±1.10), (94.07±1.39) points respectively before grouping and (95.08±1.63), (95.77±1.55), (96.07±1.41), (97.37±1.56) and (97.07±1.48) points respectively six months after grouping. The differences had the statistical significance (t=6.519 2-10.993 4, P < 0.01). Conclusions The two-way selection among nurses and decentralized management grouping can improve the degree of nurses′ job satisfaction and nursing quality. Key words: Nurses; Quality control; Intensive care unit; Personnel allocation and time arrangement

Prototype observation and influencing factors of environmental vibration induced by flood discharge

Due to a wide range of field vibration problems caused by flood discharge at the Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station, vibration characteristics and influencing factors were investigated based on prototype observation. The results indicate that field vibrations caused by flood discharge have distinctive characteristics of constancy, low frequency, small amplitude, and randomness with impact, which significantly differ from the common high-frequency vibration characteristics. Field vibrations have a main frequency of about 0.5–3.0 Hz and the characteristics of long propagation distance and large-scale impact. The vibration of a stilling basin slab runs mainly in the vertical direction. The vibration response of the guide wall perpendicular to the flow is significantly stronger than it is in other directions and decreases linearly downstream along the guide wall. The vibration response of the underground turbine floor is mainly caused by the load of unit operation. Urban environmental vibration has particular distribution characteristics and change patterns, and is greatly affected by discharge, scheduling modes, and geological conditions. Along with the increase of the height of residential buildings, vibration responses show a significant amplification effect. The horizontal and vertical vibrations of the 7th floor are, respectively, about 6 times and 1.5 times stronger than the corresponding vibrations of the 1st floor. The vibration of a large-scale chemical plant presents the combined action of flood discharge and working machines. Meanwhile, it is very difficult to reduce the low-frequency environmental vibrations. Optimization of the discharge scheduling mode is one of the effective measures of reducing the flow impact loads at present. Choosing reasonable dam sites is crucial.

Star Scheduling Mode—A New Observing Strategy for Monitoring Weak Southern Radio Sources with the AuScope VLBI Array

AbstractThe International Celestial Reference Frame suffers from significantly less observations in the southern hemisphere compared to the northern one. One reason for this is the historically low number of very long baseline interferometry radio telescopes in the south. The AuScope very long baseline interferometry array with three new telescopes on the Australian continent and an identical antenna in New Zealand were built to address this issue. While the overall number of observations in the south has greatly improved since then, a closer look reveals that this improvement is only true for strong radio sources (source flux densities &gt;0.6 Jy). The new array of small very long baseline interferometry antennas has a relatively low baseline sensitivity so that only strong sources can be observed within a short integration time. A new observing strategy, the star scheduling mode, was developed to enable efficient observations of weak sources during geodetic sessions, through the addition of a single more sensitive antenna to the network. This scheduling mode was implemented in the Vienna very long baseline interferometry Software and applied in four 24-h sessions in 2016. These observations provide updated positions and source flux densities for 42 weak southern radio sources and significantly reduce the formal uncertainties for these sources. The star scheduling mode now allows the AuScope very long baseline interferometry array to undertake greater responsibility in monitoring sources in the southern sky, without significantly weakening the session for geodetic purposes.

Separated vehicle scheduling optimisation for container trucking transportation based on hybrid quantum evolutionary algorithm

To optimise the trucking problem with time windows, a multi-objective mathematical programming model was established for separated vehicle scheduling. To compute Pareto solutions, a phased optimal algorithm based on hybrid quantum evolution was put forward. To enhance the convergence rate, a greedy repair operator was designed. To avoid premature convergence, a neighbourhood search based on node switching was performed. To maintain the dispersion of the Pareto solutions, an adaptive grid operator was designed. The effectiveness of the proposed method compared to previous scheduling modes and other algorithms was verified experimentally. For the same transport capacity, the vehicle scheduling method based on a quantum evolutionary algorithm can greatly reduce both the number of vehicles and cost.

Research of Modeling and Simulation for Operation Scheduling Process of Block Stockyard Based on Petri Net

As for the problem of low efficiency and difficulty of the operation of block, a method of modeling and simulation of the operation scheduling process of block stockyard based on Petri net is proposed. Firstly, based on the analysis of the operation scheduling process of block yard, the operation scheduling mode of virtual flow line is presented; Secondly, a virtual flow line model according to the operation scheduling model of block stockyard based on hierarchical-timed Petri net is established and the feasibility of the virtual flow line is proved with the method of invariant; Finally, a block stockyard operation scheduling simulation model based on the digital factory strategy is established and the digital simulation analysis of block yard operation scheduling is carried out. The results show that the mode of virtual flow line operation and the Petri net contribute to improving efficiency of the block stockyard operation scheduling and resources using, the virtual flow line can also avoid the blocking. The effective method and theoretical support are provided in this paper for the block stockyard scheduling.