Scavenging Research Articles

Identification of anticancer compounds from Linum usitatissimum seed extract and their effect on HeLa cells

Aim: The aim of the study is to analyze the phytoconstituents and to determine the anticancer potential of Linum usitatissimum seed against Human cervical cancer cell line is the correct expansion (HeLa). Materials and Methods: The seeds of L. usitatissimum were extracted with methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform by cold maceration method. These extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis, free-radical scavenging ability (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and flow cytometric analysis for studying their cytotoxic and apoptotic effect on HeLa cell. Ethyl acetate extract of L. usitatissimum seeds was subjected to liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS analysis for identifying its phytoconstituents. Results: Qualitative analysis of the different extracts of the seed revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, phenols, steroids, and anthraquinones. Free-radical scavenging activity of chloroform extract was found to be more than methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts. Further, methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts exerted cytotoxic effect with an 50% inhibitory concentration value of 21 μg/ml, 17.5 μg/ml, and 20 μg/ml, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the number of proapoptotic and late apoptotic cells were found to increase with the increasing concentration of seed extract. LC-MS/MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of glabranine, protocatechuic acid-O-hexoside, and naringenin. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the anticancer effect of the seeds of L. usitatissimum , and the presence of glabranine and naringenin, well-known anticancer agents, is being reported for the first time in L. usitatissimum seed. The antioxidant and anticancer potential of the seed could be due to the presence of glabranine and naringenin.

Anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing activities of edible bird's nest in human skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts

Background: The “bird's nest soup” is a kind of luxury or tonic food prepared from edible bird's nest (EBN), which is used as an extremely nutritious medicine to improve health. However, its skin anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects are still not fully understood. Aim: In this study, the skin-protective effects of two geographical types of EBN (EBN-A and EBN-B) were investigated. Materials and Methods: The anti-aging effect was assessed in ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs), while the anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated in tumor necrosis factor alpha/interferon gamma (TNF-α/IFN-γ)-stimulated human skin keratinocytes (HaCaTs). The wound-healing activity was investigated in scratched NHDFs and hyalorunan production was examined in HaCaTs. Results: In this study, EBN showed good efficiency in scavenging free radicals. EBN notably decreased the UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression and promoted procollagen type I synthesis that resulted in the protective effect of EBN against UVB-induced skin damage. Overexpression of thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine and macrophage-derived chemokine induced by TNF-α/IFN-γ was significantly decreased after treatment with EBN at 1–10 μg/ml. The most effective wound healer was EBN-B at 1–10 μg/ml, based on the high expression of hyaluronan that has long been associated with the remodeling extracellular matrix in wound healing. Conclusion: These results indicate that EBNs have the potential to ameliorate UVB-induced skin photo aging and NF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated inflammation as well as wound injuries, resulting in rapid healing effects.

Salicylic acid effects on some physiochemical properties and secondary metabolite accumulation in Mentha piperita L. under water deficit stress

Salicylic acid (SA) play important roles in different physiological processes of plants such as plant growth, stress response, plant adaptation and secondary metabolite accumulation. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous SA applications on the growthmeasurements such as fresh and dry weight of aerial part and lead dry weight, biochemical properties (membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation, Proline content and ROS scavenger enzymes) and secondary metabolite accumulation(total phenolic and the flavonoid and essential oil content) in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) plants grown at different levels of water deficit stress (Field capacity: FC). For this aim, three different water deficit stress (no stress (100% FC), mild stress (75% FC) and moderate stress (50% FC)) and four different SA concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 2.5 mM) were applied to peppermint plants. Results showed that all of the measured parameters were affected by the water deficit stress and SA application. By elevating the level of water deficit stress, fresh and dry weights of aerial parts and dry leaf weight decreased. Increasing in the water deficit stress level from mild to moderate stress resulted to reduce the essential oil content while proline, lipid peroxidation, total phenolic contents, flavonoid content, and antioxidant enzyme activities increased depending on water deficit stress. Exogenous application of SA obstructed the negative effects of water deficit stress by decreasing the lipid peroxidation and membrane permeability and improving the antioxidant enzymes activities. Essential oil content increased significantly in plant treated with SA grown under water deficit stress conditions. Application of 2 or 2.5 mM of SA enhanced the plant growth and development without any toxic effects and increased significantly the total phenolic content, dry leaf weight, and the essential oil content in stressed and even in control (100% FC) peppermint plants.

Hygrophorus eburneus, edible mushroom, a promising natural bioactive agent.

It is known that many edible mushrooms have important medicinal properties, including effects on different types of cancers. This is the first report regarding the neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidative and anticancer activities of the acetone extract of edible mushroom Hygrophorus eburneus. Neuroprotective potential was evaluated by measuring the capacity of the extract to inhibit acetylcholinesterase. In this assay, the tested extract showed activity against acetylcholinesterase in a dose-dependent manner where the percentage of inhibition ranged from 13.19 to 46.44 %. The antimicrobial potential was determined by the microdilution method against five species of bacteria and eight species of fungi and the results of this method exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity of H. eburneus with MIC values ranging from 6.25 to 25 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the scavenging capacity of the tested sample on DPPH and superoxide anion radicals, by the reducing power assay and by measuring the amounts of total phenolics in extract. As a result of the study, H. eburneus extract showed a potent antioxidant activity (IC50 were 102.93 μg/mL for DPPH radical scavenging activity and 123.27 μg/mL for superoxide anion radicals scavenging) while absorbances for reducing power assay were from 0.0235 to 0.1161. The total phenolic content in the extract was 9.27 µg PE/mg. Finally, anticancer effects were evaluated by MTT test for cytotoxicity, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining for detection of the type of cell death and wound healing assay for antimigratory effects on human colorectal cancer cell line (HCT-116) and human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). The results for cytotoxicity and apoptosis were measured after 24 and 72 h and for anti-migratory effect after 12 and 24 h. The tested H. eburneus mushroom extract expressed cell selectivity, with notable cytotoxic effects observed on HCT-116 cells, with a strong proapoptotic potential. The migration of HCT-116 cells was significantly inhibited, while MDA-MB-231 cells were less sensitive to the treatment. The results of this study revealed that the tested extract had relatively strong neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. It suggests that this mushroom can be proposed as a novel source of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.

Biological Activity of Chemical Constituents Isolated from Strain Chlamydomonas sp. KSF108 (Chlamydomonadaceae)

This study focused on investigation of the immunosuppressive inhibitory effect through determination of IL-2 production of nine compounds (1 - 9) isolated from Chlamydomonas sp. KSF108. Among them, compounds 1, 5, and 6 displayed moderately inhibitory effects on IL-2 production at a concentration of 100 μM. In addition, the related ones including cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities were also elucidated. 6 further displayed cytotoxic activity against the MCF-7 cell line, with an IC50 value of 17.2 μM and 4, 6 - 7, and 9 possessed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity, with IC50 values ranging from 3.1 to 4.4 μM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the bioactivity of isolated chemical constituents from the genus Chlamydomonas. Compounds 1 and 5 investigated for the first time in the activity of immunosuppressivity and 6 may come to serve as the most important marker in broad-spectrum activities of the secondary metabolites identified from C. sp. KSF108.

Reduced EGFR Level in eIF2α PhosphorylationDeficient Hepatocytes Is Responsible for Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a significant role in intracellular signaling and regulation, particularly when they are maintained at physiologic levels. However, excess ROS can cause cell damage and induce cell death. We recently reported that eIF2α phosphorylation protects hepatocytes from oxidative stress and liver fibrosis induced by fructose metabolism. Here, we found that hepatocyte-specific eIF2α phosphorylation-deficient mice have significantly reduced expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and altered EGFR-mediated signaling pathways. EGFR-mediated signaling pathways are important for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in many tissues and cell types. Therefore, we studied whether the reduced amount of EGFR is responsible for the eIF2α phosphorylation-deficient hepatocytes’ vulnerability to oxidative stress. ROS such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxides induce both EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation and eIF2α phosphorylation. eIF2α phosphorylation-deficient primary hepatocytes, or EGFR knockdown cells, have decreased ROS scavenging ability compared to normal cells. Therefore, these cells are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress. However, overexpression of EGFR in these eIF2α phosphorylation-deficient primary hepatocytes increased ROS scavenging ability and alleviated ROS-mediated cell death. Therefore, we hypothesize that the reduced EGFR level in eIF2α phosphorylation-deficient hepatocytes is one of critical factors responsible for their susceptibility to oxidative stress.

Review: Garbage: The Saga of a Boss Scavenger in San Francisco, by Leonard Dominic Stefanelli

Review: Garbage: The Saga of a Boss Scavenger in San Francisco, by Leonard Dominic Stefanelli

Extraction of Swietenia macrophylla Seed Oil using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technique and Its Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Toxicity Properties

Swietenia macrophylla has been used in treatments for diabetes, asthma, premenstrual syndrome and migraine traditionally. The seeds of S. macrophylla have been proven to possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal and hyperglycemic activity. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction is a recent extraction process technology that has been developed to provide better extraction yield, safer and easier process. This study aimed to extract S. macrophylla seed oil by using SC-CO2 and investigate the antioxidant, antidiabetic activity and toxicity content of the oil extracted. Antioxidant analysis was performed by using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and in vitro antidiabetic analysis was done by using the inhibitory of α-amylase and α-glucosidase to validate antidiabetic activity of S. macrophylla seed oil. Toxicity test of S. macrophylla seed extract was performed using MTT assay on human skin fibroblast cell (HSF 1184). The result showed that S. macrophylla seed extracts at studied concentrations of 10 to 0.0001 mg/mL are non-toxic with cell viability above 80 %. α-amylase and α -glucosidase inhibition (%) of the S. macrophylla seed extracts was 100.0 ± 0.3 % and 4.1 ± 2.0 %. S. macrophylla seed extract was proven to have promising antidiabetic activity to act as an alternative to the commercial antidiabetic drugs.

Influence of different traditional production processes on the antioxidant capacity and vitamin C content of baobab (Adansonia digitata) juice

This study aims to assess the effect of traditional production processes of baobab juice on its antioxidant and vitamin C content. A survey was conducted in the North region of Cameroon and the 4 main processes identified were subsequently used to prepare juice samples at two different baobab pulp/sugar ratios per litre (42 g/62 g and 87.5 g/231 g) that were analysed. The main difference between the 4 processes reported by the 92 respondents was at the steeping step. Steeping was mostly done for 6 h in fresh water (84.3% of them); 3 h in warm or boiling water; or by boiling the pulp-water mixture for ± 5 min. A high pulp/water ratio and temperature led to a significant increase in the antioxidant properties of the juice. The juice with the highest pulp content produced using the last steeping approach had the highest quality (Total Antioxidant Capacity, 5.76 ± 0.26 g AAE/100 ml; Total Phenolic Content, 46.72 ± 0.61 mg GAE/100 ml; Radical Scavenging Activity: 33.08 ± 2.48% of DPPH. Inhibition/100 ml; Vitamin C, 38.51 ± 5.34 mg/100 ml). High temperature of water during the production of baobab juice is recommended to optimize health value of baobab juice. Key words: Adansonia digitata, juice, production process, antioxidants, vitamin C.

Free Radical Scavenging Principles of Salvia reuterana Boiss. Aerial Parts.

Salvia reuterana Boiss. is an aromatic perennial plant traditionally used for its anxiolytic and sedative properties. In the present study, various fractions and essential oil of S. reuterana aerial parts were investigated to find its free radical scavenging principles. Hydroalcoholic fraction with IC50 value of 112.6 ±3.2 μg mL-1 in DPPH assay demonstrated the highest free radical scavenging activity and was selected to further phytochemical investigation. RP-18 and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography of the hydroalcoholic fraction resulted in the isolation and structural elucidation of four phenolic derivatives, including apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), rosmarinic acid (3), and luteolin (4). Isolated compounds showed potent free radical scavenging activities (5.1-34.2 μg mL-1), compared with BHT (21.30 ± 1.9 μg mL-1). Twenty four compounds were also identified in GC-MS analysis of the plant essential oil, of which benzyl benzoate (26.64%), n-hexyl benzoate (22.99%) and n-hexyl isovalerate (6.04%) were the main compounds. The results of the present study introduced S. reuterana as a valuable source of natural phenolic antioxidants which can be utilized in prevention of oxidative stress related diseases. Moreover, interesting composition of S. reuterana essential oil, dominated by non-terpenes compounds (76.17%) especially aromatic derivatives, make it an appropriate candidate for more detailed studies.

Assessment on rural poultry production and marketing system of Horro chicken ecotypes in Western Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess production and marketing system of Horro chicken ecotypes, and to determine poultry health and marketing constraints across different agro-ecologies of western Ethiopia. A total of 360 householders were interviewed for the survey in Horro area (western Ethiopia) where the Horro chicken ecotypes are mainly found; the sample size was determined using proportionate sampling technique. Household characteristics studied indicated that 87.45% household heads were males and about 90.32% of householders’ age group were between 20 and 60 years. Household heads whose ages lie below 20 and above 60 yrs were very small (9.68%). The low proportion of these age group might be because of the age category below 20 yrs and above 60 yrs are age groups before marriage and after retirement, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of the family size of the study area was 6.19±2.16; where a mixed crop-livestock production system was the main stay in the area. Agricultural landholding ranges between 0 and 10 hectares and per-household landholding was 1.68±1.50. The mean per household landholding in the highland agro-ecology is 2.36 ±1.59; however, the mean chicken flock size was the least. The large per household landholding at highland matches the largest mean cattle herd size (10.64 ± 4.93) as opposed to chicken flock size. This might be because of the use of cattle for cropland preparation. About 90.85% producers rear chickens for sale, which was for an immediate income generation and savings. Horro chickens in addition to low productive performance were constrained with poor housing (where only 7% of producers had separate poultry houses), insufficient feed supplement and poor health management. Chickens were exclusively scavenging for feed and about 83.82% of poultry producers interviewed responded that they were not satisfied with veterinary services delivery. Key words: Agro-ecology, chicken-ecotypes, Ethiopia, Horro chicken, traditional-management.

The Metabolic Effect of Walnut in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Background: Herbal therapy play a documented role now in preventing and preventing different diseases and may alternate medicinal treatment. The aim of the study was evaluation the high dose of walnut ingestion on metabolic syndrome in the polycystic ovarian patient as lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, and insulin in comparison with metformin. Conclusion: treatment with high dose walnuts have a beneficial effect on oxidative stress, not by scavenging free radicals generation only, but also by protecting antioxidant status, that leading to decrease oxidative damage to lipids, so it serves in improving metabolic disturbances and to decrease the side effects of chemical treatment of PCOs. How to cite this article: Rashid, A.I., Mohammed, I.K., Kadhem, R.A., Al-Bayati, N. and Al Mukhtar, E.J. (2019). The Metabolic Effect of Walnut in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 9(4): 593-596. Source of support: Nil. Conflict of interest: None.

Free radical scavenging effect of various extracts of Root of Shirisha (Albizia lebbeck (L.)Benth.) by DPPH method

The study of antioxidants and free radicals in biology is producing medical revolution that promises a new age disease and health management. The present study was performed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant effect of the methanol, ethyl acetate, hydro alcohol and water extracts of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. by using DPPH method. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited significant inhibition in DPPH free radical formation with IC 50 values of 70.5206. The ethyl acetate extract showed potent activity on DPPH, which is compared to that of ascorbic acid (IC 50 = 36.8582) taken as standard. The lesser IC 50 value indicates larger antioxidant activity. The results of the present comprehensive analysis demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. is a viable source of nature antioxidant and might be exploited for functional foods and nutraceutical applications.

EFEK LAMA PERENDAMAN EKSTRAK KALAMANSI (Citrus microcarpa) TERHADAP AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN TEPUNG PISANG GOROHO (Musa spp.)

ABSTRACT Kiay et al., 2011. The effect calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) extract on antioxidant activity of goroho banana fluor (Musa spp.). Banana is local food commodity that used as sources of carbohydrate beside paddy. Fresh mature banana can be produced as banana flour to prolong its lifetime and minimalize its nutrition degradation. Callamansi (Citrus microcarpa) contained antioxidant compound. Does callamansi extract improve antioxidant activity of goroho banana flour. The aim of this research was to determine antioxidant activity of goroho banana flour which immersed with calamansi extract. This research using laboratory experiment methods to analyze total phenolic content, free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant and vitamins C of calamansi and goroho banana flour using spectrophotometer UV-vis. This research using complete random design (rancangan acak lengkap, RAL), thus obtained data were analyzed using statistic. Significant difference between groups were analyzed using ANOVA with p 0,05) compared with vitamin C, citric acid and blank. Its caused by callamansi antioxidant diffuse into banana flour. Banana flour immersed with vitamins C possess to total phenolic content 1,66 mg/kg gallic acid, free radical scavenging activity 41,98%, total antioxidant 22,8 ppm and vitamins C 0,09 mg/100 g sample, Banana flour immersed with citric acid possess to total phenolic content 1,42 mg/kg gallic acid, free radical scavenging activity 36,66%, total antioxidant 15,15 ppm and vitamins C 0,09 mg/100 g sample and blank possess to total phenolic content 1,49 mg/kg gallic acid, free radical scavenging activity 39,94%, total antioxidant 16,63 ppm and vitamins C 0,09 mg/100 g sample. Antioxidant activity from calamansi extract and goroho banana flour caused by it phenolics compound that act as antioxidant. As conclusions of this research, calamansi possess an antioxidant activity. Then goroho banana flour immersed with calamansi extract possess high antioxidant activity. This research suggested that calamansi extract can be used to produce banana flour with antioxidant activity.. Keywords : callamansi, goroho banana, flour, antioxidant

PRODUKSI DAN FRAKSINASI ASAP CAIR DARI LIMBAH TONGKOL JAGUNG UNTUK PENGHAMBATAN PEROKSIDASI LIPIDA IKAN LAYANG (Decapterus russelli)

ABSTRACT Mongan et al., 2011. Production and fractionation of liquid smoke from corn cob to inhibit lipid peroxidation of laying fish (Decapterus russelli). Corncob is a cellulose material and can be made to liquid smoke by pyrolysis. Liquid smoke from pyrolysis can be purified using adsorbent. Chitin is an adsorbent produced by crustacea shell. Liquid smoke purified by chitin can act as antimicroba and antioxidant. Layang fish is very abundantly in Gorontalo Province, so preservative techniques were needed to prevent lipids peroxidation in fish. The aims of this research was to determine antioxidative activity of liquid smoke from corncop to prevent lipids peroxidation on layang fish. This research using laboratory experiment methods to analyze total phenolic content, free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant and lipids peroxidation on layang fish by spectrophotometer UV-vis. This research using complete random design (rancangan acak lengkap, RAL), thus obtained data were analyzed using statistic. Significant difference between groups were analyzed using ANOVA with p<0,05. If there is significant difference between groups, data were analyzed using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). The results showed that liquid smoke can be produced using corncop by pyrolysis is 31,7 %. Fractioned liquid smoke using chitin obtained 4 fractions were fraction I, II, III and IV. Liquid smoke and fractioned liquid smoke contain total phenolic content are 280, 273, 280, 286 and 301 mg/kg gallic acid, respectively. Free radical scavenging activity from liquid smoke and fractioned liquid smoke are 87,39, 86,08, 89,29, 89,90 and 93,73%, respectively. Although, total antioxidant from liquid smoke and fractioned liquid smoke are 59, 35, 51,32, 51,57, 52,74 and 53,58 ppm, respectively. Fraction IV of liquid smoke fractioned with chitin was used in antioxidative activity of laying fish test. Fraction IV with concentration 25% can inhibit lipid peroxidation on fresh layang fish by 19 mikromolar for two days. Although layang fish without liquid smoke shows high lipid peroxidation by 24,96 mikromolar. Fraction IV with concentration 25% can inhibit lipid peroxidation on layang fish by 18,28 mikromolar for two days. Antioxidative activity from liquid smoke caused by it phenolics compound that act as antioxidant. As conclusions of this research, liquid smoke can be produced from corncob and fractioned with chitin. Liquid smoke contain phenolics and act as antioxidant. Liquid smoke can inhibit lipids peroxidation in layang fish. This research suggested that liquid smoke can be used to inhibit lipid peroxidation on layang fish. . Keywords : liquid smoke, corn cob, peroxidation, layang fish

Chemical constituents, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity of essential oils of Piper arborescens and Piper caninum

Essential oils of the stem bark of Sarawak's wild pepper species namely the Piper arborescens and Piper caninum were extracted by using Clevenger's water distillation method, and analysis using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) have identified a total of 54 and 57 chemical components in the essential oils, respectively. Three major compounds have been identified in the essential oil of Piper arborescens namely the pentadecanal (18.88%), guaiol (11.19%), and β -guaiene (11.12%). In the essential oil of Piper caninum , four main compounds identified were isocaryophyllene (20.60%), ( E )- α -bergamotene (13.74%), ( E )-isoeugenol (13.46%), and ( E,Z )-3,6-nonadien-1-ol (9.35%). Evaluation of antioxidant properties showed the EC 50 values of essential oils of Piper arborescens and Piper caninum were 249.30 and 238.70 µg/mL, respectively, indicating low scavenging activity against DPPH as compared to ascorbic acid as standard with EC 50 value of 2.72 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity assay showed that average death of Artemia salina brine shrimp in the essential oil of Piper arborescens was higher, with LC 50 57.95 µg/mL, as compared to 249.74 µg/mL of essential oil of Piper caninum. The cytotoxic level does not always indicate its outright toxicity but may also indicate the presence of potential natural cytotoxic components, especially in essential oil of Piper arborescens as suggested by Elumba et al. (2013).

Enhancement and bioavailability of phenolic content in Kappaphycus alvarezii through solid substrate fermentation

Known as carrageenan, Kappaphycus alvarezii is a popular species of red edible seaweed which is mainly cultivated for its hydrocolloids. K. alvarezii is a good source of phenolics which are considered to be natural antioxidants that promote myriads of health benefits. Extraction of phenolic compounds using conventional solvent extraction may result in hazards and toxicological effect and low yield of bound phenolics. Therefore, this study was conducted to increase the release of bound phenolics through solid substrate fermentation. In the present study, three different varieties of K. alvarezii were fermented with Aspergillus oryzae through solid substrate fermentation (SSF) at 30 ℃ for 2 to 6 days. The changes of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity due to the effects of SSF were investigated. Results obtained revealed that the highest total phenolic content for green (10.022 mg GAE/g) and purple (4.037 mg GAE/g) varieties of K.alvarezii were on the fourth day of fermentation while for yellow (4.479 mg GAE/g) variety was on the sixth day of fermentation. A remarkable enhancement of antioxidant activity was discovered through DPPH radical scavenging activity on the fourth day of fermentation for all varieties of K. alvarezii tested. Total phenolic content also showed a significant correlation with antioxidant activity of fermented seaweed. Cellulase, xylanase, and β-glucosidase enzymes produced by A.oryzae during SSF were also investigated to see the relationship with the release of phenolic compounds after fermentation. The highest cellulase activity was observed on the fourth day of fermentation. The similar observation was also found for xylanase enzyme in yellow and purple varieties of K. alvarezii , except for green variety where the highest xylanase activity was on the sixth day of fermentation. The maximum β-glucosidase activity in yellow and green varieties was observed on the fourth day of fermentation while purple variety exhibited the maximum β-glucosidase activity on the sixth day. There are positive correlation between the enzymes studied and the polyphenols content in all varieties of K. alvarezii . This study demonstrated that fermented K. alvarezii contained more phenolic content compared to non-fermented seaweed.

In vitro Antioxidant, Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Chemometric Approach to Reveal Variability in Different Solvent Extracts From Selected Mangroves of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

ABSTRACT Sivaramakrishnan, T.; Swain, S.; Saravanan, K.; Rajendran, K.S., and Dam Roy, S., 2019. In vitro antioxidant, free radical scavenging activity and chemometric approach to reveal variabilit...

The Effect of Crystalline Phase on the Simultaneous Degradation of Phenol and Reduction of Chromium (VI) Using UV/TiO 2 Photocatalysis

Chromium (IV) contamination in industrial wastewater has been on the rise due to increased anthropogenic activities. Similarly, typical industrial wastewater contains high levels of phenol as a result of the direct disposal on phenol into industrial effluent or as degradation products from phenolic compounds. Both these contaminants have adverse effects to human health and the environment and it is therefore necessary to develop technologies to remove them in a sustainable manner. Photocatalysis using TiO2 catalyst activated by UV light is one such technology as it can either oxidize and mineralize organic pollutants or reduce heavy metals contaminants into a noble form. Degussa P25 TiO2 is normally used in photocatalysis due its ability to reduce electron-hole recombination. It has been theorized that the addition of organic compounds as hole scavengers during the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) aids in the reduction efficiency. This study investigated the use of anatase-form TiO2 on the reduction of Cr(VI) in the presence of phenol and compared the results to similar work carried out by our group out Degussa P25 as catalyst. The anatase was shown to be an effective catalyst in the reduction of Cr(VI) with as much as 32 % reduction occurring at neutral pH with no phenol present. Adjusting the solution pH to 3 increased the percentage reduction to 40.7 % whilst addition of 100 ppm of phenol at pH 3 resulted in a 52.3 % Cr(VI) reduction. Comparison of the results obtained for anatase and Degussa P25 TiO2 at the same pH revealed approximately the same Cr(VI) reduction efficiencies with the Degussa P25 having a slight edge. This suggests that the nature of the crystal phase of the two TiO2 investigated does not significantly influence the reduction efficiency of Cr(VI) in the presence of phenol.

Modulatory Effects of Vitamin C on Enrofloxacin Induced Chromosome Damage and AgNOR Counts in Chick Bone Marrow Nuclei

Quinolones are broad spectrum antibiotics and are widely used in veterinary practice. But because of continuous improvement in their bactericidal and metabolic properties, it resulted in an increased amount of genotoxicity among animals. Vitamin C is a well-known antioxidant and a free radical scavenger and protects the cell from endogenous oxidative DNA damage. The aim of the study was to find the modulatory effect of Vitamin C against the enrofloxacin induced chromosomal aberrations and nuclear damage. The toxicity includes a significant decrease in mitotic index and increases in the number of chromosomal aberrations like break, deletion, centromeric attenuation, centric fusion and AgNOR counts in chicken bone marrow nuclei. The combined administration of enrofloxacin and Vitamin C resulted has markedly increased the mitotic index and reduced the chromosomal aberrations and AgNOR counts in the bone marrow cells.