Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Research Articles

In vitro Antiplasmodial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxicity Activity of Terminalia macroptera Traditionally Used in Cameroon Against Malaria

BackgroundThe alarming expansion of drug resistance, as well as the scarcity of effective antimalarial medications currently accessible, highlights the importance of finding novel antimalarial chemicals. This study was undertaken to evaluate the antiplasmodial efficacy, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity of Terminalia macroptera stem bark in order to justify it as an antimalarial agent for the local population. MethodologyAqueous and ethanol extracts of the stem bark were prepared using standard procedures. The antimalarial activity of the plant extract was investigated in culture using the fluorescence-based SYBR Green assay against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) Plasmodium falciparum strains. The antioxidant activity was determined by measuring ferric reducing antioxidant power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, free radical scavenging, and nitric oxide radical scavenging. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was conducted against RAW 264.7 cell line and red blood cells. ResultsThe aqueous and ethanolic extracts of T macroptera were active with inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) for 3D7 strains of 3.46 ± 0.48 and 4.10 ± 0.39μg/ml for the aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively. The same activity was obtained with the Dd2 strain with IC50 of 6.15 ± 1.46 and 7.47 ± 0.03μg/ml for the aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively. The aqueous extracts showed good free radical scavenging property. The IC50 of the aqueous extract was found to be 0.87, 8.49, 72.78, and 25.92μg/ml for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, H2O2, and ferric reducing antioxidant power, respectively. For the cytotoxicity test, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of T macroptera were non-toxic with a CC50 value of 292.55 ± 1.35 and 223.25 ± 2.75 µg/ml for ethanolic and aqueous, respectively. Regarding the cytotoxicity of the extracts on red blood cells (haemolysis), the two extracts showed very low toxicity compared to the positive control. Phytochemical screening of the plants extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, anthocyanins, anthraquinons, saponins, flavonoids, and phenolics. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that extracts of T macroptera can serve as antimalarial agents. Further in vivo, antimalarial, antioxidant, and toxicity studies are required to scientifically validate the use of T macroptera as an antimalarial agent.

Antiglycation and antioxidant activity of herbal medicines used in the treatment of climacteric symptoms

ObjectivesThis work had the objective to evaluate the antiglycation and antioxidant potential of Cimicifuga racemosa L., Trifolium pratense L., Humulus lupulus L. and Morus nigra L., commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of climacteric symptoms. MethodsAntioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power, inhibition of lipid peroxidation thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging and inhibition of oxidative haemolysis test. The evaluation of antiglycation activity was performed by the determination of relative electrophoretic mobility of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with ribose and BSA with methylglyoxa in the presence and absence of Cu2+ ion. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were determined by spectrophotometric methods. ResultsThe highest antioxidant activity for DPPH and ferric reducing antioxidant power test was detected in Humulus lupulus (83.56% and 46.95 µM TE/g dry extract, respectively). For the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, the lowest percentages of TBARS were found in M. nigra (4.82%) and H. lupulus (18.26%). C. racemosa presented the lowest nitrite formation (34.57 µmol/mL nitrite formed) in nitric oxide test. T. pratense presented the highest polyphenol (24.61 mg GAE/g dry extract) and flavonoid (22.79 mg RE/g dry extract) contents. For the oxidative haemolysis assay, the extracts showed concentration-dependent inhibitory capacity, while for the antiglycation activity all extracts showed antiglycation potential against glycation of BSA promoted by Ribose evaluated by the electrophoretic profile. ConclusionsIn view of the results obtained in this study, it was possible to verify that the dry extracts of herbal medicines used for climacteric symptoms present antioxidant and antiglycation activities, mainly due to the presence of phenols compounds in their composition.

In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, and Antidiabetic Activities of Synthesized Chitosan-loaded p-Coumaric Acid Nanoparticles.

p-Coumaric acid is a phenolic compound widely distributed in fruits and vegetables that displays an array of therapeutic properties, including antidiabetic effects. Prominent application in diabetes is limited due to its suboptimal pharmacokinetics, poor aqueous solubility, and poor bioavailability. Nanotechnology-based delivery methods have been developed to address these limitations and improve the therapeutic uses of p-coumaric acid, and the nanoencapsulation method is emerging as a feasible alternative. The objective of this study is to synthesize p-coumaric acid nanoparticles (PCNPs) and to evaluate their In Vitro activities. The PCNPs were synthesized by the nanoprecipitation method and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, zeta potential, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with dispersive energy X-ray (EDX) analysis. In addition, the PCNPs were analyzed for In Vitro antioxidant activity using six different free radical scavenging assays and were also analyzed for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antidiabetic effects. The formation of PCNPs was confirmed by UV-visible spectra at 283 nm, and FTIR analysis revealed the reduction and capping of the chitosan nanoparticles. SEM was used to assess the size and shape of the PCNPs, and the high absorption property of the PCNPs was investigated using EDX analysis. The PCNPs had significant antioxidant, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging power activities, and showed potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antidiabetic activities. The present study suggests that PCNPs can be used as a potential medication delivery approach to provide a greater nephroprotective effect in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt at the synthesis of chitosan-loaded PCNPs.

Extraction, characterization of polyphenols from certain medicinal plants and evaluation of their antioxidant, antitumor, antidiabetic, antimicrobial properties, and potential use in human nutrition.

Dietary medicinal plants are among the most sought-after topics in alternative medicine today due to their preventive and healing properties against many diseases. This study aimed to extract and determine the polyphenols from indigenous plants extracts, i.e., Mentha longifolia, M. arvensis, Tinospora cordifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Foeniculum vulgare, Cassia absus, Camellia sinensis, Trachyspermum ammi, C. sinensis and M. arvensis, then evaluate the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial properties, besides enzyme inhibition of isolated polyphenols. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, Superoxide radical, Hydroxyl radical (OH.), and Nitric oxide (NO.) scavenging activity; the antidiabetic activity was evaluated by enzymatic methods, and anticancer activity using MTT assay, while the antibacterial activity. The results showed that tested medicinal plants' polyphenolic extracts (MPPE) exhibited the most significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, hydroxyl, nitric oxide, and superoxide radical scavenging methods because of the considerable amounts of total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. UHPLC profile showed twenty-five polyphenol complexes in eight medicinal plant extracts, categorized into phenolic acids, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The main polyphenol was 3-Feroylquinic acid (1,302 mg/L), also found in M. longifolia, C. absus, and C. sinensis, has a higher phenolic content, i.e., rosmarinic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, catechin, luteolin, 7-O-neohesperideside, quercetin 3,7-O-glucoside, hesperidin, rutin, quercetin, and caffeine in the range of (560-780 mg/L). At the same time, other compounds are of medium content (99-312 mg/L). The phenolics in C. sinensis were 20-116% more abundant than those in M. longifolia, C. absus, and other medicinal plants. While T. cordifolia is rich in alkaloids, T. ammi has a lower content. The MTT assay against Caco-2 cells showed that polyphenolic extracts of T. ammi and C. citratus had maximum cytotoxicity. While M. arvensis, C. sinensis, and F. vulgare extracts showed significant enzyme inhibition activity, C. sinensis showed minor inhibition activity against α-amylase. Furthermore, F. vulgare and C. sinensis polyphenolic extracts showed considerable antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and S. enterica. The principal component analysis demonstrated clear separation among medicinal plants' extracts based on their functional properties. These findings prove the therapeutic effectiveness of indigenous plants and highlight their importance as natural reserves of phytogenic compounds with untapped potential that needs to be discovered through advanced analytical methods.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Fibroblast Migration Activities of Fractions Eluded from Dichloromethane Leaf Extract of Marantodes pumilum.

(1) The complexity of diabetes and diabetic wound healing remains a therapeutic challenge because proper and systematic wound care and management are essential to prevent chronic microbial infection and mechanical damage to the skin. Marantodes pumilum, locally known as 'Kacip Fatimah', is an herb that has been previously reported to possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive and antipyretic properties. The current study aims to assess the antioxidant and fibroblast cell migration activities of the fractions eluded from the dichloromethane extract of M. pumilum leaves. (2) The total antioxidant capacity of M. pumilum was assessed using the total proanthocyanidins and phosphomolybdenum assays, while DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide free radical scavenging assays were tested to determine the antioxidant potential of M. pumilum. An in vitro scratch wound assay was performed to measure the fibroblast cell migration rate using normal and insulin-resistant human dermal fibroblast cells. (3) All M. pumilum fractions exhibited good antioxidant and fibroblast cell migration activity, among which fractions A and E displayed the greatest effect. (4) M. pumilum's fibroblast migration activity could be attributed to its strong antioxidant properties along with its previously reported properties.

Biological activities and ecological aspects of Limonium pruinosum (L.) collected from Wadi Hof Eastern Desert, Egypt, as a promising attempt for potential medical applications

Abstract Very few researchers have focused on the biological efficacy of Limonium plants. In this concern, no investigations were commenced to delve into the in vitro and ex vivo biological actions of Limonium pruinosum in Egypt. Therefore, this work aims to assess for the first time the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities of Limonium pruinosum extract in addition to studying its ability to suppress the transcription of cell cycle–stimulating genes. L. pruinosum ethyl acetate extract exhibits considerable antibacterial and antibiofilm activity versus E. coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Results revealed that L. pruinosum exerts antioxidant effectiveness concerning DPPH, nitric oxide (NO), and hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenging ability with an IC50 (35.88 ± 2.2, 51.31 ± 1.06, and 65.87 ± 1.19 μg/mL) respectively. The results proved the effectiveness of L. pruinosum in closing wounds in gastric epithelial cells (GES-1) by (79.9343 ± 1.98%) compared with control (68.3637 ± 2.32%) in 48 h. Additionally, L. pruinosum had anticancer activity contrary to breast cancer MCF-7 and liver cancer HepG-2 cell lines with IC50 values of 96.73 ± 2.18 and 81.81 ± 0.99 μg/mL, respectively, while it had no cytotoxic activity against (Wi-38) normal cells. Also, L. pruinosum extract provoked considerable early- and late-apoptotic cell populations and was effective in inducing cell death of MCF-7. Our findings evoked that L. pruinosum has promising antibacterial, antioxidant, and wound healing activities and a good breast tumor suppressor arresting the cell cycle-stimulating genes, which may be an auspicious approach for the treatment of breast cancer.

Myrothamnus flabellifolius Welw. (Myrothamnaceae) essential oil scavenges free radicals and inhibits carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes in vitro

ABSTRACT Myrothamnus flabellifolius is an important medicinal plant traditionally used in southern Africa to treat an array of diseases, including diabetes mellitus. This study investigates the chemical compositions, antioxidant activity, and the inhibition of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes by essential oil from Myrothamnus flabellifolius leaves (MFEO). The oil extracted by hydrodistillation was analyzed by gas chromatography – flame thermionic detector (GC – FTD) and GC – mass spectrometry (GC – MS). The antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the oil were carried out using standard in vitro methods. MFEO displayed potent antioxidant effects more than standards for superoxide anion, nitric oxide, metal chelation, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values 0.23, 0.71, 0.58, and 0.43 mg/mL respectively. The oil also displayed significantly higher (p < 0.05) inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes than acarbose, with IC50 values of 0.52 and 0.59 mg/mL, respectively. The chemical analysis of MFEO revealed the presence of twenty (20) compounds dominated mainly by monoterpenes and non-terpenoid derivatives. The major oil constituents were β- myrcene (37.1%), mentha-1,5,8-triene (24.9%), and α-pinene (10.80%). Some of these identified components have been reported to be antioxidative and antidiabetic, buttressing the displayed effects of MFEO.

Antioxidant Property and Inhibition of Tyrosinase and Melanin Synthesis of the Korean Fir (Abies koreana Wilson) Needle Extracts

Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson) is traditionally used in folk medicine for its antibacterial, memory-enhancing, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant and skin-whitening effects of the methanol and ethanol extracts of Korean fir needles. The extracts were tested for their antioxidant capacity using various assays, including radical scavenging (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, O2-, H2O2 and NOž), SOD-like, ferrous ion chelating, and reducing power assays. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The non-toxic doses of the extracts were determined by MTT assay using human malignant melanoma SK mel-100 cells, and the tyrosinase activity and melanin contents were measured using an enzyme-substrate assay. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of the Korean fir needle extracts increased in a dose-dependent manner, as confirmed by their radical scavenging activities in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays. The Korean fir needle extract significantly reduced tyrosinase activity and melanin content in a dose-dependent manner (p &lt; 0.01), suggesting its potential use as a skin-whitening agent. The methanol extracts of the Korean fir needles exhibited significantly higher phenolic (8306 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g) content, with higher superoxide (IC50 = 4.22 mg/mL) and nitric oxide (IC50 = 1.50 mg/mL) radical scavenging activities and inhibition of tyrosinase and melanin synthesis than those of ethanol extracts (p &lt; 0.05). Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson) needles as a source of tyrosinase inhibitors and antioxidants for inhibiting melanin biosynthesis, which could have applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Combination of HPLC–orbitrap‐MS/MS and network pharmacology to identify the anti‐inflammatory phytochemicals in the coffee leaf extracts

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the phytochemical compositions and the associated anti‐inflammatory activity of coffee leaf fractions prepared by sequential solvent extraction using high‐performance liquid chromatography–orbitrap‐tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–orbitrap‐MS/MS) combined with network pharmacology. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction (EAC‐L) had the highest nitric oxide (NO), ABTS, and DPPH free radical scavenging abilities due to the higher concentrations of mangiferin, rutin, 3,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5‐diCQA), and 4,5‐diCQA. The extraction solvents had the greatest impact on the anti‐inflammatory activity of coffee leaf fractions, whereas the processing method had the most significant effect on the antioxidant activity of these fractions. Untargeted metabolomics analysis using HPLC–orbitrap‐MS/MS indicated that palmitic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and caffeic acid may be involved in the anti‐inflammatory activity of EAC‐L fraction obtained from fresh coffee leaves. On the other hand, processed coffee leaf fraction exhibited anti‐inflammatory activity that was attributed to the presence of 9S,13R‐12‐oxophytodienoic acid, pinocembrin, and quercetin, which have high degree values associated with the inflammation network. Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment of network pharmacology analysis showed that these 35 differential compounds in the coffee leaf fractions affect cell transcription, apoptosis, phosphorylation, NO synthesis, phosphatidylinositide 3‐kinases‐protein kinase B (PI3K‐Akt) signaling pathway, focal adhesion, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1, hepatitis, cancer, and so on. This result indicated that coffee leaf extract may also function as an inhibitor for inflammation‐related cancers. The findings of our research are valuable in guiding the extraction of anti‐inflammatory components from coffee leaves.

Chemoprofiling and In vitro antioxidant potentials of methanol water extracts from Nigerian ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the popular spices in Nigeria. It is highly utilised over the world as spice as well as for the treatment of inflammation, arthritis and other conditions involving reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to damage human cells. The proximate, phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of the plant are reported in this work. Extraction by maceration was used for the pulverized rhizomes with methanol-water (50:50). Further partitioning of the extract was carried out using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol into different fractions according to their polarity. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with 1,1-diphenyl-2-icrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (NOSA) and lipid peroxidation scavenging activity (LPSA). The proximate content was determined using conventional chemical methods. The FTIR analyses of n-hexane fraction of Z. officinale revealed some functional groups that may be present in two likely classes of secondary metabolites: terpenes and alkaloids. The ethyl acetate fraction produced flavonoid (121.31 mg/100 g; quercetin) and alkaloids because of the functional groups associated with them, while the butanol fraction with functional groups present revealed cardiac glycosides (4.88 mg/100 g; digoxin) and alkaloids (45.19 mg/100 g). The plant also contained reducing sugar (64.62 mg/100 g glucose), steroids (8.65 mg/100 g; cholesterol), tannins (56.82 mg/100 g; tannic acid) and phenolic compounds (110.64 mg/100 g; gallic acid) from the phytochemical analyses. The proximate analysis revealed that it has a high carbohydrate content (54.54%), but a relatively modest crude fibre (10.21%), moisture content (10.02%), total ash (9.30%), crude fat (8.80%) and crude protein (7.12%). The presence of these phyto-compounds could explain its customary use as oxidative stress inhibitor.

PUFA and carotenoid producing thraustochytrids and their anti-microbial and antioxidant activities

Thraustochytrids contribute to the microbiota of mangrove ecosystem, and they hold promise as a potential source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), antimicrobials and antioxidants for their application in pharmaceutical, aquaculture, and human health sectors. However, the thraustochytrids have not been properly studied in Indian mangrove ecosystems for their PUFAs and biological activities, and hence, the present study was carried to isolate the PUFAs-rich thraustochytrids for their pigments, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This work isolated and identified the thraustochytrids that are capable of producing PUFAs from decomposing leaves of mangroves at Pichavaram, southeast coast of India. Two predominant isolates were identified as Thraustochytrium sp. and Aurantiochytrium mangrovei based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Thraustochytrium sp., produced the biomass of 4.72 g L-1, containing total lipids of 42.36% and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of 32.69% of total lipids, whereas, A. mangrovei produced the biomass of 6.25 g L-1 containing total lipids of 49.81% and DHA of 44.71% of total lipids. Astaxanthin pigment accumulated up to 3.2 µg L-1 in A. mangrovei, whereas the pigment was not detected in Thraustochytrium sp. Further, the biomass extracted in organic solvents was tested for antibacterial activity against seven clinical pathogens along with positive control of ampicillin. Thraustochytrium sp., exhibited the highest antibacterial activity with the zone of inhibition of 78.77% against Staphylococcus aureus and the lowest (20.95%) against Klebsiella pneumonia. Thraustochytrium sp., also showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 40 µg L-1 inhibiting the growth of S. aureus. The antioxidant activity of A. mangrovei was tested by using six assays and noted the highest free radical scavenging (87.37 ± 1.22%) and the lowest nitric oxide radical scavenging (75.12 ± 2.22%) activities. Hence, it is clear that the extracts of Thraustochytrium sp., and A. mangrovei are promising sources of lead compounds for biopharma and food industries.

Pharmacological Prospects of Morin Conjugated Selenium Nanoparticles-Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Thrombolytic, and Anticancer Activities.

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have gained wide importance in the scientific community and have emerged as an optimistic therapeutic carrier agent for targeted drug delivery. In the present study, the effectiveness of nano selenium conjugated with Morin (Ba-SeNp-Mo) produced from endophytic bacteria Bacillus endophyticus reported in our earlier research was tested against various Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacterial pathogens and fungal pathogens that showed good zone of inhibition against all selected pathogens. Antioxidant activities of these NPs were studied by 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2-), and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging assays that exhibited dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values 6.92 ± 1.0, 16.85 ± 1.39, 31.60 ± 1.36, 18.87 ± 1.46, and 6.95 ± 1.27 μg/mL. The efficiency of DNA cleavage and thrombolytic activity of Ba-SeNp-Mo were also studied. The antiproliferative effect of Ba-SeNp-Mo was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in COLON-26 cell lines that resulted in IC50 value of 63.11 μg/mL. Further increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels up to 2.03 and significant early, late and necrotic cells were also observed in AO/EtBr assay. CASPASE 3 expression was upregulated to 1.22 (40 μg/mL) and 1.85 (80 μg/mL) fold. Thus, the current investigation suggested that the Ba-SeNp-Mo has offered remarkable pharmacological activity.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Asystasia Chelonoides var.chelonoides Nees.(Acanthaceae)

The ethanolic leaf extract of Asystasia chelonoides var. chelonoides Nees. was evaluated using various in vitro and ex vivo assays. Evaluations were made for DPPH radical scavenging activity, NO radical scavenging activity, Super oxide radical scavenging activity ,Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) assay, Total antioxidant activity , Reducing Power activity and Lipid Peroxidation inhibition. Over all findings revealed that A.chelonoides leaf exhibited four extracts namely (AC HEX, AC CHL, AC ETH and AC CRD) and were selected for the study, AC ETH and AC CRD showed potent antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH radical in a concentration dependent manner . The nitric oxide radical scavenging activity of all the samples increased as their concentration increased from 20 µg/mL to 320 µg/ mL. AC CRD showed its maximum superoxide radical scavenging of 78.56 % at 320 µg/mL and the EC50 was found to be 93.26 µg/mL. The extracts exhibited a dose dependent reducing power activity within the applied concentrations (20 µg/mL to 100 µg/mL) and AC CRD at 100 µg/mL concentration showed highest activity, which was almost comparable to standard ascorbic acid. In FRAP assay the crude extract of A. chelonoides (AC CRD ) showed 138.14 µg trolox equivalent/g of dry extract respectively. Total antioxidant activity of AC CRD, AC HEX, AC CHL and AC ETH were found to be 98.27, 14.86, 20.16 and 72.56 µg of ascorbic acid equivalent/mg of dry extract respectively. A.chelonoides crude extract and ethanolic fraction showed potent inhibition of FeCl2AA stimulated rat liver lipid peroxidation in concentration dependent manner.

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant potential of Lepidagathis spinosa Wight ex Nees., Whole plant - In vitro method

Aim: To assess the phytoconstituents, total flavonoid, phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of Lepidagathis spinosa wight ex Nees. (L.spinosa). Objective: To assess the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of L. spinosa with different solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hydro alcohol extracts. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed using spectrophotometric method. The total antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activities of various extracts were estimated against DPPH, Hydroxy radical and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. Results: The hydro alcohol extract of the whole shrub revealed the maximal polyphenol content when correlated with the other solvent extracts. Total phenolic content of the hydro alcohol extract was found to be 33.53 of GAE/g dry weight of samples. Flavonoid content was found to be 19.63333 mg of quercetin equivalents/g dry weight of the extract. All the extracts were exposed significant antioxidant activity and hydro alcohol extract showing highest antioxidant ability in association with the polyphenol contents. Based on the IC50 values, hydro alcohol extract of the plant revealed the potent DPPH, Hydroxy radical, Nitric oxide radical scavenging ability. Conclusion: This study suggests that hydro alcohol extract of L. spinosa could be a potential source of natural antioxidant and justifies its traditional use in ethnomedicine.

Methanolic fraction of Cassia fistula L. bark exhibits potential to combat oxidative stress and possess antiproliferative activity

ABSTRACT Cassia fistula L. is well known for its traditional medicinal properties as an anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antifungal, antibacterial, antimutagenic, and wound healing agent. The aim of the present study was to determine antioxidant, genoprotective, and cytotoxic potential of different fractions of C. fistula bark including hexane (CaMH), chloroform (CaMC), ethyl acetate (CaME), and methanol (CaMM). Among all the fractions studied, CaMM exhibited maximal radical scavenging activity in antioxidant DPPH assay, Superoxide anion radical scavenging assay and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay displayed an IC50 value of 18.95, 29.41, and 13.38 µg/ml, respectively. CaMM fraction possessed the highest phenolic (130.37 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight of extract) and flavonoid (36.96 mg rutin equivalent/g dry weight of fraction) content. Data demonstrated significant positive correlation between polyphenol levels and radical scavenging activity. Single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) exhibited genoprotective potential of C. fistula bark fractions against DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in human lymphocytes. CaMM fraction displayed highest protective ability against H2O2 induced-toxicity as evidenced by significant decrease in % tail DNA content from 30 to 7% at highest concentration (200 µg/ml). CaMM was found to be rich in catechin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and kaempferol. The phenolic content and antioxidant ability of the fractions was markedly negatively correlated with H2O2- induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Cytotoxic potential was evaluated against dermal epidermoid carcinoma (A431), pancreatic (MIA PaCa-2) and brain glioblastoma (LN-18) cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Results showed that C. fistula bark fractions possessed highest toxicity against the skin carcinoma cells. CaMM fraction reduced over 50% cell growth at the concentration of 76.72 µg/ml in A431 cells. These findings suggest that fractions of C. fistula bark exhibit potential to be considered as therapeutic agents in various carcinomas.

Chemical Composition, Synergistic Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Leaves Essential Oil and Its Major Compound

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant and synergistic antimicrobial potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (China rose) leaves essential oil and its major compound, Dioctyl phthalate (DOP). The essential oil was extracted from leaves by hydro-distillation using the Clevenger apparatus. The essential oil was characterized by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis which revealed the presence of DOP as a major compound. The essential oil and DOP were tested for antibacterial activity against Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the disc plate method, antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum by agar well diffusion method, and antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) and 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) free radical scavenging assays. The synergistic antimicrobial interaction of essential oil and DOP was also tested against standard antimicrobials: tetracycline, chloramphenicol, fluconazole, and clotrimazole. The maximum antimicrobial potential was exhibited by China rose leaves essential oil with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 18.5, 11.5, and 23.0 μg/mL against Klebsiella sp., P. aeruginosa, and F. oxysporum respectively. Moreover, the essential oil exhibited synergistic interaction with standard antimicrobials with a 3.75 to 10 times decrease in their MIC values. The essential oil also exhibited median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 780, 800, and 860 μg/mL in DPPH, NO, and ABTS free radical scavenging assays respectively. Hence it can be concluded that China rose leaves essential oil has a huge significance in pharmaceutical industries as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants and antimicrobials in near future.

Phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant and alpha amylase inhibitory properties of Celosia leptostachya

Plant based phytoconstituents of great importance in the development of drugs and treatment of several health diseases.In this study, the phytochemical constituents of ethanol extract of Celosia leptostachya leaves, invitro antioxidant and alpha amylase inhibitory properties were investigated. Gas chromatography-mass spectrum analysis was used to identify varying percentage composition of phytochemical constituents in the extract. In vitro models were used to evaluate the ability of varying concentrations of the ethanol extracts to exhibit antioxidant activity by free radical scavenging using nitric oxide (NO) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Major constituents are cis-3-Butyl-4-vinyl-cyclo pentene n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) , Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 7,7-dimethyl-2-methylene, octadecanoic acid (7.47%), arachidonic acid and 9-octadecenoic acid (E) (5.40%). Many of the constituents are also representative compounds belonging to fatty acid esters and volatile oils. Invitro antioxidant studies using DPPH and NO radical scavenging activity indicated that the extract exhibited &gt; 50% inhibition at concentrations of 500 µg/ml and 600 µg/ml. IC50 values obtained for the extracts indicated strong antioxidant activity. Alpha amylase inhibition showed that increase in concentration of the extract exhibited a corresponding increase in percentage inhibition of the enzyme similar to acarbose used as standard. The kinetic studies under inhibitory conditions showed a decrease in Km and Vmax from slope and noncompetitive. Thus, it can be deduced that ethanol extract of Celosia leptostachya leaves contained essential phytochemical components that can be explored for broad spectrum bioactivity, pharmacological and nutritional applications. The inhibition mechanism is noncompetitive and can be utilized as strategy in control and treatment of hyperglycemia.

Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus eryngii.

In this study the antioxidant and neuroprotective activity of an enriched polysaccharide fraction (EPF) obtained from the fruiting body of cultivated P. eryngii was evaluated. Proximate composition (moisture, proteins, fat, carbohydrates and ash) was determined using the AOAC procedures. The EPF was extracted by using, in sequence, hot water and alkaline extractions followed by deproteinization and precipitation with cold ethanol. Total α- and β-glucans were quantified using the Megazyme International Kit. The results showed that this procedure allows a high yield of polysaccharides with a higher content of (1-3; 1-6)-β-D-glucans. The antioxidant activity of EPF was detected from the total reducing power, DPPH, superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities. The EPF was found to scavenge DPPH, superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals with a IC50 values of 0.52 ± 0.02, 1.15 ± 0.09, 0.89 ± 0.04 and 2.83 ± 0.16 mg/mL, respectively. As assessed by the MTT assay, the EPF was biocompatible for DI-TNC1 cells in the range of 0.006-1 mg/mL and, at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 mg/mL, significantly counteracted H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species production. This study demonstrated that polysaccharides extracted from P. eryngii might be used as functional food to potentiate the antioxidant defenses and to reduce oxidative stress.

Antioxidant, Anti-Oral Cancer, and Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts: Development of Mouthrinse Formulations

Nowadays, there is growing interest in using medicinal plants as antimicrobial agents to treat microbial infections in the oral cavity. This study was aimed to evaluate phytochemical properties, anti-oral cancer and antimicrobial activity against C. albicans and some potential oral lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum). Plant extracts including Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon), Acorus calamus (sweet flag), Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle), Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Alpinia officinarum (lesser galangal) were tested and used to formulate mouthrinses for oral health care. Cinnamon extract possessed the highest phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content, and antioxidant activity (1,152.58 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g by phosphomolybdenum assay and 39.64 % nitric oxide radical scavenging activity), while roselle extract had the highest total alkaloids. Only lesser galangal extract displayed anti-oral cancer activity with 97.83 % cytotoxicity. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed the presence of galangin and kaempferide in the lesser galangal rhizome extract. The cinnamon extract showed the strongest inhibitory activity against Candida albicans (4 mg/mL MIC). Cinnamon extract (24 mg/mL) and cinnamaldehyde (0.08 mol/L) exhibited the best killing effect and the highest cellular protein leakage in C. albicans. In addition, these plant extracts were used to develop mouthrinse formulations. The extracts of cinnamon and ginger at 10 % in mouthrinse formulations could strongly inhibit the growth of C. albicans. In comparison, 8 and 10 % roselle extracts showed the best inhibitory effect against Lactobacillus casei. In summary, cinnamon and lesser galangal were potential plants with antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-biofilm and anti-oral cancer activities, and thus can be utilized to formulate oral care products. HIGHLIGHTS Lesser galangal was found to be a prominent anti-oral cancer plant Cinnamon was shown to be an interesting anti-Candida albicans plant Cinnamon, ginger and roselle extracts at 10 % in mouthrinse formulations exhibited strong antimicrobial activity. These plants can be used to incorporate into oral care products for treatment and prevention of oral diseases GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SYZYGIUM JAMBOS FRUIT AND ITS SEED

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the phytochemical screening of different solvent extracts, total phenolic, and flavonoid content and 13 different methods of in vitro antioxidant activity of Syzygium jambos fruit and its seed. Methods: The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of S. jambos fruit and its seed was carried out by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ABTS radical scavenging activity, site-specific and non-site-specific hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical scavenging, potassium ferricyanide reducing assay, ferric thiocyanate, total antioxidant capacity, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and cupric reducing antioxidant Cusing standard procedures. Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening has revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, saponin, and carbohydratesexcept for steroids and terpenoids. The total phenolic content and flavonoid content of S. jambos fruit and its seed was found to be (S. jambos fruit – 127.61 mg of GAE/100 g, S. jambos seed – 217.34 mg of GAE/100 g) and (S. jambos fruit – 8.64 mg of QE/100 g, S. jambos seed – 15.97 mg of QE/100 g), respectively. The fruit and its seed also showed significantly strong antioxidant activity in different in vitro methods. Conclusion: The Syzygium jambos fruit and its seed have anadequate quantity of phytochemicals that act as an antioxidant and scavenge free radicals efficiently. Hence, the fruit and its seed may be considered as effective in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-induced diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, arthritis, gout, neurodegenerative diseases, and respiratory tract infections.