Free Radical Scavenging Research Articles

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory function of walnut green husk aqueous extract (WNGH-AE) on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) treated with t-BHP.

Oxidative damage, oxidative inflammation, and a range of downstream diseases represent significant threats to human health. The application of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents can help prevent and mitigate these associated diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of walnut green husk (WNGH) as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in an in vitro setting. HepG2 cells were treated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) to establish a cellular model of oxidative damage and inflammation. We assessed the biocompatibility of walnut green husk aqueous extract (WNGH-AE) on HepG2 cells using MTT and LDH assays (WNGH-AE concentration: 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4, and 12.8 mg/mL). Additionally, we measured intracellular oxidative stress indicators, such as ROS and 8-OHdG, along with inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β through ELISA to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of WNGH-AE (concentration: 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 mg/mL) in HepG2 cells. We also determined the free radical scavenging capacity of various extracts of WNGH using DPPH and ·OH methods. The total phenols, total polysaccharides, and total flavonoids in WNGH-AE were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent, the phenol-sulfuric acid method, and the spectrophotometry, respectively. The bioactive components of WNGH-AE were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Our results demonstrated that WNGH-AE was highly biocompatible with HepG2 cells. The antioxidant effect of WNGH-AE involved the scavenging of intracellular ROS, while its anti-inflammatory effect was linked to the down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway. Compared to other extractants (ethyl acetate, n-butanol, 75% ethanol, and petroleum ether), WNGH-AE exhibited the strongest free radical scavenging ability. Through LC-MS/MS analysis, we identified 403 compounds in WNGH-AE, with gentisic acid being the most abundant and possessing high antioxidant capacity, suggesting it may be a key active component contributing to the antioxidant activity of WNGH-AE. In conclusion, our findings indicate that WNGH-AE is a natural, high-quality antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biomaterial deserving further research and development, with significant potential applications in healthcare. (311 words).

Low-sodium Chaya Leaf Seasoning Powder with Potassium Chloride Substitution: Nutritional, Antioxidant, and Microbial Quality Assessment

This study investigates the development of a low-sodium seasoning powder using Chaya (Cnidoscolus chayamansa), popularly known as Mexican spinach, by substituting sodium chloride (NaCl) with potassium chloride (KCl) at various ratios. The antioxidant capabilities of dried Chaya leaves, dried at 60°C for five hours, were tested using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS) techniques, demonstrating excellent free radical scavenging activity and making it suitable for low sodium seasoning compositions. The substitution of 25% KCl was the most favored option, as it effectively balanced flavor and health advantages without causing noticeable changes in appearance, color, and aroma. This recipe successfully reduced the sodium content to 1171 mg/100 g while maintaining Chaya’s original nutritional values, which include 23.57 g/100 g of protein, 4.77 g/100 g of fats, and 54.12 g/100 g of carbohydrates, as well as dietary fibers. Additionally, the formulation demonstrated physicochemical stability, as indicated by an ash content of 14.00 g/100 g, moisture content of 3.51 g/100g, and a total energy of 353.69 kcal/100 g. The safety of this new seasoning is validated by its microbiological quality, which is indicated by a total bacterial count of 2.6×104 cfu/g and the absence of mold and yeast. This emphasizes the potential of the seasoning to promote healthy dietary choices by reducing sodium intake without affecting sensory appeal.

Carbon quantum dots amplify beneficial effects of EGCG against neural injuries by NLRP3 inflammasome after intracerebral hemorrhage.

Neuroinflammation plays an indispensable role in neural damages after ICH, responsible for the induced high mortality and poor prognosis. NLRP3 inflammasome, which is known mediated by ROS, has been widely documented to aggravate brain injuries. Therefore, suppressing neural injuries by ROS/NLRP3 pathway may be beneficial in treating ICH. As the major catechin found in green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) shows excellent anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, EGCG-carbon quantum dots (EGCG-CQDs) were successfully fabricated based on EGCG by hydrothermal synthesis method. EGCG-CQDs exhibited an excellent aqueous solubility, and emerged more abundant phenolic oxygens as well as oxygen-rich functional groups. Importantly, EGCG-CQDs showed superior free radical scavenging activity by DPPH and ABTS assays in vitro than EGCG. In vivo, a significant antioxidative activity was presented by EGCG-CQDs rather than EGCG. Furthermore, the upregulated NLRP3 and the induced inflammatory cascades (NF-κB, Caspase-1 and GSDMD) in ICH were attenuated by EGCG-CQDs. Inflammatory factor productions were also decreased by EGCG-CQDs, such as IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6 and TNF-α. Finally, the disturbed neural viability, disordered cytomorphology, and neurological deficits were significantly improved by EGCG-CQDs rather than EGCG. Therefore, CQDs might be an effective form to amplify the efficacy and bioavailability of EGCG, exerting considerable effects on treating ICH by suppressing ROS/NLRP3.

Comparison of Antioxidant Activity of Stem Bark, Stem Wood, and Leaf Extracts of Bayur Plant (Pterospermum Subpeltatum C.B.Rob)

Antioxidants play a role in preventing and repairing damage to human cells. Searches for antioxidant sources continue to be carried out including in P. subpeltatum plants. This study aims to compare the antioxidant activity of the bark, wood, and leaves of P. subpeltatum C.B. Rob plants. The materials were dried and then shaved to a fineness level of 80 mesh. Materials were extracted using the maceration method with ethanol solvent. The macerate was filtered and the filtrate obtained was concentrated with an evaporator. The three extracts were tested for antioxidants using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) Free radical scavengers method, ascorbic acid was used as a comparison. Absorbances was measured using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Each material was made in 5 concentrations. The IC50 value was calculated using the Blois regression equation. The results of the antioxidant test were obtained consecutively: stem wood with an IC50 value = 3.39 μg/mL, stem bark = 5.15 μg/mL, and leaf = 258.58 μg/mL, the IC50 value of ascorbic acid was 2.79 μg/mL. Based on these data, it shows that the antioxidant activity of stem wood and stem bark is in the high category, although still lower than ascorbic acid, while the leaf are included in the weak category.

Facile one-pot green synthesis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of 7-(substituted phenyl)-7,11-dihydro-6H,8H-chromeno[3′,4′:5,6]pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6,8,10(9H)-trione derivatives

The work aims to develop a simple and efficient protocol for one-pot three-component synthesis to produce a series of poly functionalized 7-(substituted phenyl)-7,11-dihydro-6H,8H-chromeno[3′,4′:5,6]pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6,8,10(9H)-trione derivatives using Sulfonated reduced graphene oxide (rGO-SO3H) as an efficient catalyst via one-pot multicomponent reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin, aromatic aldehydes and barbituric acid under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions in good to excellent yields. The reported protocol is metal-free, highly atom-economic, better yielding in quick reaction time, simple to operate and eco-friendly with reaction conditions comparatively milder. Use of low-cost acidic catalyst under neat conditions makes the reaction an environmentally benign protocol. Additionally, the compounds were screened for their free radical scavenging, antibacterial and antifungal activities which showed good activities when compared than that of standard drugs.

Eksplorasi Endofit Sambung Nyawa: Potensi Mikroba dalam Penemuan Obat dan Bioaktivitasnya

Gynura procumbens, also known as “Sambung Nyawa,” is a medicinal plant known for its various therapeutic properties. This study aims to explore the potential of endophytic microbes living inside Gynura procumbens plants as a source of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical applications. Endophytic microbes are microorganisms that live symbiotically in plant tissues without causing damage, and are known to produce secondary metabolites similar to their host plants. In this study, endophytic microbes in the form of bacteria and fungi were isolated from various plant parts, including leaves, stems, and roots. A total of 12 isolates were obtained, consisting of 7 bacteria and 5 fungi, which were identified using molecular techniques. The isolates were tested for antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The antimicrobial assay showed significant inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, where isolates from the genus Streptomyces and Penicillium had the highest activity. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method, and two bacterial isolates showed strong free radical scavenging ability. Cytotoxic assays on MCF-7 breast cancer cells revealed that the fungal isolates, mainly from the genus Penicillium and Aspergillus, had strong anticancer activity. The results of this study indicate that endophytic microbes from Gynura procumbens contain bioactive compounds that have potential as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer agents. This study confirms the importance of exploring endophytic microbes from medicinal plants in the discovery of new drugs and the development of therapeutic agents. Further research is needed to isolate and characterize the specific compounds responsible for these bioactivities as well as evaluate their potential in clinical applications.

Anti-aging chitosan/gelatin film crosslinked by α-Arbutin for bone regeneration by free radical scavenging to prevent osteoblast senescence.

Osteoblasts play a critical role in maintaining bone homeostasis. Senescence causes by free radical-mediated oxidative stress may affect the viability and osteogenic differentiation potential of osteoblast during bone formation. To eliminate the impacts of senescent cells by free radical scavenging is an optimal option for bone regeneration in age-related bone disease, such as osteoporosis (OP) and periodontitis. In this study, we fabricated an antioxidant film (CG-ARB) by crosslinking chitosan (C) and gelatin (G) using α-Arbutin (ARB) as a crosslinker. The morphological, physicochemical, and radical scavenging characteristics of the films were investigated. Its antioxidative ability to prevent osteoblast senescence for restoration of osteogenic differentiation was analyzed in vitro. A Sprague- Dawley (SD) rat model with critical size calvarial defect was used to evaluate the bone regeneration and biosafety in vivo. The results demonstrated that CG-ARB formed a dense fiber membrane, allowing for the gradual and sustained release of ARB for at least 10 days. ARB exerted antioxidant effect that prevented osteoblast senescence in vitro and promote bone healing in vivo. Furthermore, CG-ARB did not cause hemolysis or organ toxicity, and was therefore, considered biosafe. These results indicated that CG-ARB film could be an ideal drug delivery system (DDS) for sustained released of ARB in bone defect repair.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Using TiO2/CdS on Nickel Foam Under Visible Light and RSM–BBD Optimization

This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) using a TiO2/CdS composite nanocatalyst synthesized on flexible nickel foam via a dipping–pull method. By comparing the photocatalytic degradation of TCH by TiO2/CdS with different precursor ratios, it was found that TiO2/CdS-1.43% exhibited better photocatalytic degradation performance. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the TiO2/CdS composite retains the characteristic peaks of both TiO2 and CdS, indicating the successful formation of the composite. According to the analysis of ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), the absorption edge of TiO2/CdS is approximately 530 nm. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show Cd and S evenly, densely distributed in TiO2/CdS, further validating its successful synthesis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis reveals that Cd and Ti elements exist in the forms of Cd2+ and Ti4+, respectively. TiO2/CdS loading uniformity on the nickel foam was assessed using super-depth microscopy. The removal efficiency of 10 L of 20 mg/L TCH solution achieved 53.89%, respectively, under response surface methodology—Box–Behnken design (RSM–BBD) optimal conditions (28 g catalyst, 325 rpm, pH = 9.04 within 150 min). Furthermore, five successive cycling experiments demonstrated strong stability, with a catalyst loss of only 4.44%. Finally, free radical scavenging experiments revealed that ·O2− radicals are the primary active species. This study highlights the potential of TiO2/CdS composites supported on nickel foam for efficient photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic pollutants in water.

A Review on Benefits of Lycopene in Formulation of Sunscreen

Lycopene which is a carotenoid found in tomatoes and other red and orange fruits, has shown benefits in dermatology and photoprotection. It is a powerful antioxidant and has been proposed as a potential ingredient for sunscreen preparations designed to reduce UV-induced skin damage. The review will discuss the available data regarding the activity of lycopene in sunscreen formulations, mainly in relation to mechanism of action, performance. The photoprotective properties of lycopene depend on its free radical scavenger activity and capacity for neutralizing ROS, produced upon UV activation. ROS plays a key role in damage to structures within skin through DNA mutations, inflammation, photo-ageing, and enhanced risk for skin cancer. Lycopene has antioxidant properties and the capacity to absorb UV radiation in the UVA and UVB spectrum, making it an interesting ingredient in fortified sunscreens. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that lycopene can significantly reduce erythema, DNA damage, and oxidative stress after UV exposure, making it an interesting potential preventive agent against both acute sunburn and chronic, cumulative damage associated with long-term skin ageing. Lycopene remains a highly promising natural photoprotective agent; however, additional clinical studies and safety assessments must be undertaken to establish the best use of lycopene as a participant in the composition of sunscreen ingredients

Enhanced Antioxidant Activity of <i>Vitis vinifera</i> Extract Encapsulated in Nano Chitosan

Metals and minerals play an important role in maintaining a healthy human body. Various metals and minerals absorption in body are affected by the stress created due to reactive oxygen. Hence, it is essential for humans to supplement with a greater number of antioxidants. Polyphenols present in vegetables and fruits provide the antioxidants required for human diet. In recent years, biopolymers have gained tremendous interest in our daily life due to their enhanced pharmacological activity. The biopolymer like chitosan displays wide range of applications. On the other hand, natural plant extracts also gained considerable attention for their potential to treat various diseases. The plant extract encapsulation with chitosan may enhance the enzymatic activity and present study focuses on extraction of phytochemicals from leaf of Vitis vinifera and encapsulation of these phytochemicals in nano chitosan. Tender grape leaf (Vitis vinifera) are rich sources of antioxidant properties and can be extracted using various solvents like methanol, water in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2. Phytochemicals present in the Vitis vinifera extract act as reducing and capping agents while the nano-chitosan act as stabilizers. Leaf extract was carried out in Soxhlet apparatus using methanol as solvent. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy FT-IR was used to confirm the functional groups presence, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to study the surface morphology of the prepared material. Free radical scavenging activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method using UV-visible Spectrometer were carried out for the prepared materials. The enhanced antioxidant property was achieved using a combination of Vitis vinifera extract and chitosan.

Antioxidant, Enzyme-Inhibitory and Antimicrobial Activity of Underutilized Wheat and Maize Crop Residues

Global wheat and maize production, which reached two billion tonnes in 2021, generates significant agricultural waste with largely untapped potential. This study investigates the bioactive properties of ethanol extracts from wheat and maize harvest residues, their ethyl acetate fractions, and their principal compounds. In vitro assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and TRC) revealed variable antioxidant capacities among the samples, with ferulic acid demonstrating the strongest free-radical scavenging and reducing effects, often surpassing those of standard antioxidant controls. Enzyme inhibition assays identified the flavonoid tricin as the most effective inhibitor of α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase, while the flavonolignan mixture of salcolins A and B showed the highest inhibitory activity against α-amylase and tyrosinase. Antimicrobial testing using the broth microdilution method resulted in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 31.25 µg/mL to >1000 µg/mL. Gram-positive bacteria showed the highest susceptibility, Candida albicans exhibited variable sensitivity, and Gram-negative bacteria were resistant in the tested concentration range. Bioactivity increased in the order of extracts, fractions, and then individual compounds. These findings suggest that wheat and maize residues possess notable bioactive properties, highlighting their potential as sources of valuable and pharmacologically active compounds.

Optimization of Extraction Process, Structural Characterization, and Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activity Evaluation of Polysaccharides From the Medicinal and Edible Plant: Cistanche deserticola Ma.

Cistanche deserticola Ma (CD), an edible and medicinal plant native to Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Gansu in China, is rich in bioactive polysaccharides known for their health-promoting properties. The polysaccharides of C. deserticola (CDPs) have been shown to possess a range of beneficial activities, including immunomodulatory, anti-aging, antioxidant, and anti-osteoporosis effects. This study seeks to identify the optimal conditions for extracting CDPs using hot water. Additionally, it aims to evaluate their chemical properties, antioxidant activity, hypoglycemic effects, and cytotoxicity. The findings will provide a theoretical foundation for the potential use of CDPs in functional foods and pharmaceuticals. The study employed response surface methodology to optimize the hot water extraction conditions for CDPs. The extracted CDPs were characterized using a range of chemical, spectroscopic, and instrumental analyses. Furthermore, their antioxidant activity, hypoglycemic effects, and cytotoxicity were evaluated through relevant assays to assess their potential health benefits. Under optimal conditions, the yield of CDPs was 45.85% ± 1.91%. CDPs were identified as acidic heteropolysaccharides with a wide molecular weight distribution, ranging from 0.3 to 128.2 kDa. They were composed primarily of glucose (51.21%), arabinose (32.86%), galactose (17.88%), and smaller amounts of galacturonic acid (4.66%), rhamnose (1.85%), mannose (1.32%), glucosamine hydrochloride (1.08%), and xylose (0.56%). Antioxidant assays demonstrated that CDPs exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity, metal ion chelation, and reducing power. Additionally, CDPs inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase invitro through a mixed-type mechanism, as well as static fluorescence quenching. Cytotoxicity assays showed that CDPs were nontoxic to L02 and AML12 cells. This study offers a theoretical foundation for the potential use of CDPs in functional foods and pharmaceuticals and provides valuable insights for the development of new antioxidant and hypoglycemic agents from natural sources.

Discovery of selective ROCK2 inhibitors with free radical scavenging ability for the treatment of gouty arthritis.

ROCK inhibitors can inhibit IL-1β and NLRP3, and their therapeutic potential for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis has been confirmed, but their impact on gouty arthritis has not been reported yet. By hybridization the structure of Edaravone, a series of ROCK inhibitors with pyrazolone scaffold were designed and synthesized. RM-04 has acceptable selective ROCK2 inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 4.62 µM, and its IC50 values for scavenging DPPH• and ABTS•+ are 16.72 µM and 23.15 µM, respectively, which is equivalent to that of Edaravone. Furthermore, RM-04 exhibits good pharmacokinetic properties and good safety in vivo. Meanwhile, in sodium urate-induced acute gout model, RM-04 at a dose of 5mg/kg exhibited the alleviating effect approximately equivalent to that of Celecoxib, indicating that ROCKs inhibitors with antioxidation activity could reduce the damage caused by gouty arthritis.

A Comparative Study of the Biological Properties of Eugenia uniflora L. Fruits and Leaves Related to the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death globally, emphasizing the need for effective preventive strategies. Plant-based foods, rich in phytochemicals, offer a promising potential in CVD prevention. This study investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive properties of two Eugenia uniflora L. varieties (orange and purple pitanga) and their leaves. Their antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity assays, while their antihypertensive activity was evaluated through angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. Their anti-inflammatory potential was determined via protein denaturation inhibition. Both fruit varieties exhibited similar bioactivities, with the purple variety showing a slightly higher activity, except in the DPPH and ABTS assays. The leaves consistently demonstrated the lowest activities across all assays. Free polyphenols, dominated by gallic acid, were quantified using µ-QuEChERS followed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-PDA). The orange variety contained the highest concentration of gallic acid (13.1 mg/100 g DW). These findings highlight the potential of Eugenia uniflora L. extracts as natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive agents, suggesting their value in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications for promoting human health and preventing CVDs.

Evaluation of the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of Pelargonium graveolens flower extracts

Pelargonium graveolens has garnered attention for its therapeutic properties, especially in treating dermatological conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemicals, antioxidant action and antibacterial effect of its flower extracts obtained through maceration, sonication and infusion. The findings show that the highest total phenolic content was obtained from the hydroethanolic sonication extract (280.39 mg GAE/g), followed by the hydroethanolic maceration extracts (272.87 mg GAE/g). The total flavonoid content varied from 21.51 mg EQ/g (hydroethanolic maceration) to 12.32 mg EQ/g (aqueous infusion). Condensed tannins were highest in the hydroethanolic maceration extracts (8.40 mg/mL). Additionally, the antioxidant action was assessed using the DPPH, FRAP, TAC and ABTS methods. The extracts from hydroethanolic sonication showed a high free radical scavenging capacity (IC50 = 0.31 mg/mL) compared with extracts from aqueous infusion and hydroethanolic maceration. However, antibacterial tests revealed that all extracts had better activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The hydroethanolic maceration extracts showed pronounced sensitivity, exhibiting zones of inhibition ranging from 13 to 24 mm for Gram-negative bacteria and 19 to 24 mm for Gram-positive bacteria. These extracts demonstrated significant efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus. These findings suggest potential applications in the pharmaceutical and dermatological fields, particularly for developing natural antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

A review on oxidative stress in organophosphate-induced neurotoxicity.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, the principal mechanism of acute organophosphorus compound toxicity, cannot explain neuropsychiatric symptoms occurring after exposure to low organophosphate concentrations causing no cholinergic symptoms. Organophosphate-triggered oxidative stress has increasingly come into focus, occurring when the action of reactive oxygen species, generated from free radicals, is not compensated by antioxidant free radical scavengers. Being nucleophilic, organophosphates can easily accept an electron, thereby generating free radicals. Organophosphates inhibit the antioxidant paraoxonase, and reactive oxygen species are produced during organophosphate metabolism. Organophosphates disrupt the function of mitochondria, the principal source of free radicals. Organophosphates also induce neuroinflammation, which generates reactive oxygen species, and reactive oxygen species in turn stimulate neuroinflammation. Markers of reactive oxygen species are elevated in vitro and in vivo after exposure to organophosphates and in individuals professionally exposed to organophosphates. This most probably contributes to the pathogenesis of the intermediate syndrome and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorders occurring in patients after organophosphate exposure. Evidence for beneficial effects of antioxidants in organophosphate poisoning is discussed.

UPLC-MS metabolite profiling and antioxidant activity of Sanghuangporus sanghuang extract.

The objective of the present study is to examine the total phenolic and flavonoid content of an ethanol extract of Sanghuangporus sanghuang and to evaluate its phytochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and capacity to protect DNA from damage. This pharmaceutical/food resource mushroom may serve as a novel substitute functional food for health-conscious consumers, given its promising source of phenolics and flavonoids. S. sanghuang ethanol extract (SEE) was evaluated for total phenolic and flavonoid contents, while UPLC-MS analysis was used for terpenoids, phenylpropanoid, flavonoids, steroidal, phenols identification, and function prediction. Antioxidant and anti-DNA damage activities were tested in vitro using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzotiazolin-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and DNA damage protection assay. Total phenolic content (TPC) in SEE was 385.38 ± 1.36 mg GA/g extract, while total flavonoid content (TFC) was 298.22 ± 2.38 mg QE/g extract. The extracts exhibited high antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities with relatively stronger free radical scavenging activity. A total of 491 metabolites were investigated by Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Most of the top 20 compounds were predicted to have various functions like antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory. This study highlighted S. sanghuang was a beneficial source of phenolics and flavonoids. It contains potential natural antioxidant that could be used as a lead contender in the development of antioxidant medicines for the treatment of a wide range of oxidative stress-related illnesses.

Enhancing Cordyceps Sinensis shelf life: The role of liquid nitrogen spray freezing in maintaining hypha structure and reducing metabolic degradation.

Cordyceps sinensis (C. sinensis) is a valuable edible fungus, known for its therapeutic benefits, including immune enhancement and anti-inflammatory effects, making it an important component in nutritional applications. However, its delicate nature makes long-term storage challenging, with conventional freezing often leading to the loss of bioactive compounds. This study evaluates liquid nitrogen spray freezing (LNSF) at -80°C and-120°C compared to conventional freezing (CF) at -20°C over 90days of storage. Our findings show that LNSF at -120°C (LNSF-120) preserved superior color quality, sensory attributes, and reduced thawing loss at endpoint, while both LNSF temperatures stabilized total sugars, amino acids, cordycepin, adenosine levels, as well as antioxidant enzyme activities and free radical scavenging capacities. These results suggest that LNSF is a superior method for the long-term preservation of C. sinensis, with diverse advantages and their corresponding shelf lives associated with the two different LNSF temperatures.

Optimized Rutin-incorporating PEGylated Nanoliposomes as a Model with Remarkable Selectivity Against PANC1 and MCF7 Cell Lines

This study aims to enhance the delivery of polyphenols using nanotechnology. To develop and evaluate liposomal formulations for improved delivery and stability of polyphenols, specifically focusing on Rutin. Liposomal formulations were meticulously prepared via the Thin-Film Hydration method. Comprehensive physical characterization was conducted, including stability assessments using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The free radical scavenging activity was measured using the DPPH• assay, and MTT cell viability assays were performed to assess cytotoxicity. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in nanoparticle size from 123 nm to 116 nm and an increase in charge from -14 to -22 with rising Rutin concentrations. The formulation achieved enhanced homogeneity at a Rutin concentration of 2.0 mg/mL and showed higher stability. Incorporating Rutin improved the formulation's stability over 30 days, as evidenced by a decrease in the Differential Scanning Calorimetry peak temperature from 58.65 °C to 54.42 °C. Rutin-loaded and co-loaded nanoliposomes exhibited remarkable selectivity against PANK1 and MCF7 cell lines, with IC50 values of 2.13±0.35 μg/mL and 4.75±0.19 μg/mL, respectively. PEGylated Rutin-loaded nanoliposomes offer a promising platform for biodegradable and biocompatible drug delivery systems, enhancing the bioavailability, solubility, and stability of the polyphenols.

Epigallocatechin 3-gallate-induced neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases: molecular mechanisms and clinical insights.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are caused by progressive neuronal death and cognitive decline. Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenolic molecule in green tea as a neuroprotective agent. This review evaluates the therapeutic effects of EGCG and explores the molecular mechanisms that show its neuroprotective properties. EGCG protects neurons in several ways, such as by lowering oxidative stress, stopping Aβ from aggregation together, changing cell signaling pathways, and decreasing inflammation. Furthermore, it promotes autophagy and improves mitochondrial activity, supporting neuronal survival. Clinical studies have demonstrated that EGCG supplementation can reduce neurodegenerative biomarkers and enhance cognitive function. This review provides insights into the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of EGCG in treating various NDs. EGCG reduces oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, aiding neuronal defense. It also protects neurons and improves cognitive abilities by inhibiting the toxicity and aggregation of Aβ peptides. It changes important cell signaling pathways like Nrf2, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK, which are necessary for cell survival, cell death, and inflammation. Additionally, it has strong anti-inflammatory properties because it inhibits microglial activation and downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines. It improves mitochondrial function by reducing oxidative stress, increasing ATP synthesis, and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, which promotes neurons' survival and energy metabolism. In addition, it also triggers autophagy, a cellular process that breaks down and recycles damaged proteins and organelles, eliminating neurotoxic aggregates and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Moreover, it holds significant promise as an ND treatment, but future research should focus on increasing bioavailability and understanding its long-term clinical effects. Future studies should focus on improving EGCG delivery and understanding its long-term effects in therapeutic settings. It can potentially be a therapeutic agent for managing NDs, indicating a need for further research.