Scarlet Runner Beans Research Articles

Impact of heat stress on flower visitation and pollination of Phaseolus coccineus by honey bees (Apis mellifera)

High summer temperatures caused major crop losses in scarlet runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus) in Austrian agriculture. To evaluate the impact of temperature on pollination, a greenhouse experiment was conducted. Pollination of P. coccineus by Apis mellifera was studied under standard temperature conditions (22 °C) and was compared to heat stress conditions (35 °C) in the greenhouse as well as to natural insect–flower interactions in the field trial. Under heat stress conditions, workers of A. mellifera significantly decreased their flower visitation, while the duration of flower visits significantly increased compared to normal greenhouse temperatures. Heat stress leads to a foraging stop of honey bees on the flowers of runner beans within a few days. It is concluded that the raised ambient temperature that we are facing during global warming may have negative effects on pollination and fruit set of P. coccineus.

Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Scarlet Runner Bean Polyphenols

Scarlet runner beans (SRB) are a valuable source of many nutrients, including proteins, starch, dietary fiber, and oligosaccharides, and are used in various foods in Japan. To extend our knowledge of the effects of SRB on human health, we analyzed the color, polyphenol and procyanidin contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and reducing power of various SRB. The L* and C values were highest for SRB (white) and lowest for SRB (black). SRB (purple) and SRB (brown) showed higher polyphenol and procyanidin contents than those of SRB (white) and SRB (mixed). SRB (brown) and SRB (mixed) showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. SRB (white) had the lowest ratio of oligomeric and polymeric polyphenols and the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. We found a positive correlation between polyphenol content and both DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Moreover, polyphenols from SRB inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase in a dose-dependent manner. The polyphenols (50 µg/mL) of SRB (black) showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (85.7%), and those of SRB (white) showed the lowest inhibitory activity (53.8%). SRB (black) had a lower IC50 value (26.4 µg/mL) and SRB (white) had a higher IC50 value (58.4 µg/mL) than those of other SRB. We speculate that the degree of polymerization for polyphenols affects antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity for SRB. These results suggest that SRB has antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects via its polyphenols and provide a basis for selecting SRB cultivars and for developing SRB-based functional foods with improved health benefits.

Suppressive Effect of Polyphenols from the Seed Coat of Scarlet Runner Beans on Blood Glucose Levels

Scarlet runner beans (SRB) are a valuable source of many nutrients, including proteins, starch, dietary fiber, and oligosaccharides, and are used in various foods in Japan. In this study, we analyzed their polyphenol and procyanidin contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and reducing power. SRB (purple) had a higher polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity than those of SRB (black). The reducing power of SRB (black) (5.1 mg/g) was greater than that of SRB (purple) (4.1 mg/g). Both SRB (purple) and SRB (black) had greater levels of polymeric polyphenols (total Fra.II and Fra.III) than monomeric polyphenols (Fra.I), and inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase in a dose-dependent manner. SRB (black) showed higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50, 26.4 µg/mL) than that of SRB (purple) (IC50, 39.7 µg/mL), and a mixed pattern of inhibition (non-competitive and uncompetitive). The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was greater for polyphenols from the seed coat (>91%) than from the cotyledon (<0.1%) for SRB (purple) and SRB (black). Both 250 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg polyphenols from the coat of SRB (purple) effectively suppressed the elevation of blood glucose levels after the oral administration of starch in mice. These results suggest that the seed coat of SRB has useful properties and, in particular, has potential applications for the treatment of diabetes.

Anti-Obesity Effect of Proanthocyanidins from the Coat of Scarlet Runner Beans on High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Proanthocyanidins are oligomeric or polymeric flavonoids found in several plants. They can be classified into two subgroups, namely A- and B-type proanthocyanidins. The coat of scarlet runner beans contains abundant proanthocyanidins (SRPAs) of the B-type configuration. To evaluate the efficacy of SRPAs as anti-obesity agents, we first examined their effect on lipase activity in vitro and found that they are potent inhibitors of this enzyme. Subsequently, we examined their effect on mice fed a high-fat diet. Male mice were assigned to the following seven-subject dietary groups: (1) high-fat diet; (2) high-fat diet supplemented with 0.5% SRPAs; (3) high-fat diet supplemented with 1.0% SRPAs, and; (4) standard chow for 15 weeks. SRPA supplementation decreased body weight gain; liver and kidney weight; perirenal, peritesticular, and periintestinal fat content; liver cholesterol level, and; serum neutral lipid and cholesterol levels. In contrast, the faecal lipid content and the liver anti-oxidative capacity increased. These findings suggest a potential use of SRPAs as a dietary supplement exerting anti-obesity effects through the inhibition of fat digestive enzymes.

Partial purification and characterization of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from scarlet runner beans (&lt;i&gt;Phaseolus coccineus&lt;/i&gt;) seeds

Partial purification and characterization of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from scarlet runner beans (&lt;i&gt;Phaseolus coccineus&lt;/i&gt;) seeds

Genetic Diversity of Bolivian Accessions of Phaseolus Species Evaluated with Fluorescent Microsatellite Markers

ABSTRACTThe Andes of South America is a center of origin for common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and lima beans (P. lunatus L.) that has been less well studied than other regions due to its high diversity and multitude of subenvironments. The objective of this study was to evaluate 174 accessions from five Phaseolus species native to Bolivia to determine their relationships and total genetic diversity using a set of 36 fluorescent microsatellite markers that are highly polymorphic and differentiate both between and within species. The results showed that the common beans were divided into a range of Andean groups and one disperse group of Mesoamerican accessions. The other species were well differentiated, including two scarlet runner beans (P. coccineus L.), 22 lima beans, and wild relatives P. augusti Harms and P. bolivianus Piper. Within the Andean groups, accessions with bicolor seeds were frequent and were typical of race Peru, subgroup I. These “vaquita” type beans were different from other subrace Peru genotypes without bicolor seeds and were also different from type I growth habit beans from race Nueva Granada. This latter race was unexpected for the region as it is from the northern Andes but occurred with some frequency in Bolivia. The diversity of Phaseolus beans found in Bolivia is high with implications on germplasm conservation and the source of diversity in the Andean gene pool and in surrounding countries.

Hot Air Drying and Vacuum Drying Characteristics of Scarlet Runner Beans

Abstract The drying characteristics and volume changes of scarlet runner beans were measured under various conditions to obtain useful basic information for the optimum drying method and conditions. The sample was dried using two drying methods: hot air drying and vacuum drying. The measured changes in moisture content of the sample with the hot air drying process were in good agreement with the exact solution of the infinite plane sheet model. The estimated diffusion coefficients were 3.8×10 -7 -7.4×10 -7 (m 2 h -1) for hot air drying and were related to absolute temperature by an Arrhenius-type equation. The hull of the scarlet runner bean is hard and thick, and the drying rate of the sample was much slower than that of other beans. To establish an efficient drying method without the quality loss, the vacuum drying characteristics of the sample were measured at several levels for temperature and initial moisture content. For the vacuum drying process, an exponential model could be used to estimate the changes in moisture content of the sample. The values of diffusion coefficient for vacuum drying were approximately twice as much as the values of diffusion coefficient for hot air drying at the same temperature. The effects of drying method, temperature, and initial moisture content on the sample quality were investigated, and the optimum drying method and conditions for scarlet runner beans were proposed. Volumetric changes in the sample were determined by measuring particle density. The specific volume of the sample was represented as a linear function of moisture content.

Phaseococcin, an antifungal protein with antiproliferative and anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities from small scarlet runner beans

From the seeds of small scarlet runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus 'Minor'), an antifungal protein with an N-terminal sequence homologous to those of defensins was isolated. The antifungal protein bound to Affi-gel blue gel and Mono S but it did not bind to DEAE-cellulose. It was further purified by gel filtration on a Superdex peptide column. It exhibited a molecular mass of 5422 Da as determined by mass spectrometry. The protein, designated as phaseococcin, suppressed mycelial growth in a number of fungi including Botrytis cinerea, Coprinus comatus, Fusarium oxysporum, Mycosphaerella arachidicola, Physalospora piricola, and Rhizoctonia solani. It also inhibited proliferation in several Bacillus species and the leukemia cell lines HL60 and L1210 and curtailed the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. It did not affect proliferation of mouse splenocytes and neither did it inhibit protein synthesis in a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte lysate system.

Coccinin, an antifungal peptide with antiproliferative and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from large scarlet runner beans

An antifungal peptide, designated coccinin, with a molecular mass of 7 kDa and an N-terminal sequence resembling those of defensins, was purified from the seeds of large scarlet runner beans ( Phaseolus coccineus cv. ‘Major’). The peptide isolated was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose, and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and Mono S. The peptide excerted antifungal activity on a number of fungal species including Botrytis cinerea, Coprinus comatus, Fusarium oxysporum, Mycosphaerella arachidicola, Physalospora piricola, and Rhizoctonia solani. It also inhibited proliferation in the leukemia cell lines HL60 and L1210, and reduced the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. However, it did not affect proliferation of mouse splenocytes.

Identification of plant food raw material by RAPD-PCR: legumes.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles were used to differentiate between several food and feed legume species. Template DNA was extracted from 63 seed meal samples representing 27 legume species (common, scarlet runner, lima, moth, and adzuki beans; broadbeans; soybeans; swordbeans; jackbeans; Florida velvetbeans; common, pigeon, and broad-leaved peas; chickpeas; grasspeas; green, black, and Bengal grams; horsegram; lentils; alfalfa; lupins; common sainfoin; and birdsfoot and sweet trefoil) with sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing buffer and purified by chloroform/isoamyl alcohol treatment and precipitation with 2-propanol. Amplification was performed with commercial RAPD-PCR beads and six 10-mer primers. Three primers (1, 5, and 6) generated RAPD profiles with all 63 templates. Two of these primers produced identical profiles only for two species of the same genus. Identification of all 27 species in homogeneous food or feed samples such as meals was demonstrated by applying either primer 5 or primer 6 and primer 3 to differentiate between swordbeans and jackbeans.

Species Identification of Beans, Peas and Other Legumes by RAPD-PCR after DNA Isolation using Membrane Columns

Forty legume seed samples representing 11 species were selected to investigate the identification of food legume species by random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). Template DNA was extracted from seed meal and purified using a commercial membrane column kit. Amplification was performed with commercial RAPD analysis beads and six commercially available decamer nucleotide primers. Electrophoresis of the amplicons on polyacrylamide gels and subsequent silver staining resulted in RAPD profiles from all samples of one species with a given primer that differed from those of the other species studied. Unambiguous identification of six food legume species, common beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris), soybeans ( Glycine max), peas ( Pisum sativum), chickpeas ( Cicer arietinum), lentils ( Lens culinaris), and alfalfa ( Medicago sativa), was obtained applying three of the primers. The technique may also be suitable to identify the remaining five species investigated, scarlet runner beans ( Phaseolus coccineus), lima beans ( P. lunatus), green gram ( Vigna radiata), broadbeans ( Vicia faba), and blue lupin seeds ( Lupinus angustifolius). Using a standard protocol, amplification with Taq DNA polymerase instead of RAPD beads generated RAPD profiles only from soybeans, peas, two of four chickpea samples, green gram, and lupin seeds.

Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight amongPhaseolus Species and Common Bean Improvement

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is highly susceptible to common bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye. High levels of cultivar resistance would minimize yield losses, reduce bactericide use and production costs, and facilitate integrated disease‐and‐crop management and the production and distribution of pathogen‐free seed. We aimed to (i) assess the levels of CBB resistance of different Phaseolus species in the tropics, (ii) determine the CBB reaction of resistant cultivars and advanced breeding lines, and (iii) report on CBB resistance of lines developed from P. vulgaris × P. acutifolius (tepary bean) hybridization and gene pyramiding at CIAT. Between 1994 and 1998, we evaluated, in the field, 162 accessions of tepary, scarlet runner (P. coccineus), lima (P. lunatus), and common beans, 119 CBB‐resistant cultivars and advanced breeding lines of common bean, and six lines recently developed by interspecific hybridization and gene pyramiding. For inoculation, we used aspersion, surgical blades, and/or multiple needles. The highest levels (scores of 1.2–2.0) of CBB resistance were found in P. acutifolius accessions, G40029 and G40156, followed by P. lunatus (scores of 4.2–6.2), P. coccineus (scores of 4.8–5.5), and P. vulgaris (scores of 4.5–6.4). Resistance available in P. coccineus and P. vulgaris landraces has already been transferred to common bean. But resistance transferred from P. acutifolius was much lower (scores of 3.8–4.5) than those available. Gene pyramiding produced lines with high CBB resistance (scores of 1.5–2.4), and is thus, a suitable method for developing CBB‐resistant cultivars of different market dasses.

A New Gene for Flower Color Pattern, White Banner (wb), in Progeny of an Interspecific Hybrid between Common and Scarlet Runner Beans

A new gene for flower color pattern, designated white banner (WB), appeared in material derived from the cross `Harvester' snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) × Plant Introduction (PI) accession 273666 of scarlet runner bean (P. coccineus L.). The WB character has a white banner petal and pale violet wings (veronica-violet 639/2). The inheritance of the mutant was studied in crosses involving dry bean breeding line 5-593, which has bishops-violet (wild-type) flowers, and genetic stocks v BC2 5-593 (white flowers) and blu BC2 5-593 (blue flowers). Segregation in F2 and F3 progenies from the cross v BC2 5-593 × WB supported the hypothesis that WB is controlled by a single recessive gene that is nonallelic with the V locus. An allelism test with blu BC2 5-593 gave evidence that WB is not allelic with the blu locus. The gene symbol wb is proposed for the gene producing WB.

Composition and molecular species of ceramide and cerebroside in scarlet runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus L.) and kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComposition and molecular species of ceramide and cerebroside in scarlet runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus L.) and kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)Michiyuki Kojima, Masao Ohnishi, and Seisuke ItoCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1991, 39, 10, 1709–1714Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1991https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00010a002RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views204Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (706 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

The Root Nodulation of Tall and Dwarf Peas and Beans

SUMMARYObservations on the relative degree of root nodulation were made for three successive years on tall and short cultivars of Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris sown at dates appropriate to each cultivar and grown under conditions of ordinary horticultural practice. In P. sativum, it was found that the shorter the cultivar, the greater were the number and weight of nodules per plant and the weight of nodules as a percentage of plant weight; dwarf cultivars also produced a greater weight of nodules per square metre of ground occupied and per square metre per day of crop growth. In Ph. vulgaris, differences in number and weight of nodules per plant between dwarf and climbing cultivars were not consistent between years. In a single comparison between Ph. uulgaris and Ph. multiflorus (scarlet runner beans), numbers and weights of nodules per plant were almost identical. Some agronomic implications of these findings are discussed.

Uromyces appendiculatus . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Uromyces appendiculatus . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Dolichos, Phaseolus and Vigna species. DISEASE: Rust on leaves of French, Lima, and Scarlet Runner beans, and other Phaseolus spp., and cowpeas. The reddish-brown, circular sori may be surrounded by a yellow halo in some varieties. Complete defoliation and total loss of crop results in seasons favouring severe infection. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide wherever beans are grown (CMI Map 290, Ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: By urediospores disseminated by wind, and through contact with animals including man and his implements. Indirect evidence of the possibility of introduction into Sierra Leone on seed imported from Ghana and S. Africa has been given by Deighton (25: 253). Some 40% of urediospores stored for 2 yr. at -60°C, and 16% stored more than 600 days at -18°C, have survived with virulence unimpaired, and it is thought that the rust is thus able to overwinter on bean trash and trellis poles in the United States (42: 167; 43, 299).

Symptoms of Poisoning after Eating Scarlet-Runner Beans

Symptoms of Poisoning after Eating Scarlet-Runner Beans