Human Body Scanning Research Articles

Rapid simulation-based uncertainty quantification of flash-type time-of-flight and Lidar-based body-scanning processes

Lidar and other time-of-flight technologies have recently received significant attention in both academic and industrial biomechanics communities, driven by technological advances in human body scanners. This paper develops an efficient and rapid computational method to simulate fast flash-type single-pulse Lidar, based on decomposition of a Lidar pulse into a group of rays, which are then tracked and processed. This allows one to quickly quantify the uncertainty in the response by identifying regions where the return signal will be erroneous due to multiple reflections.

Body scanning oriented 3D object modelling method based on multi-view depth camera

To implement the human body scanning process, in this paper, we propose a novel 3D object modelling method based on multi-view depth camera. The main innovations of this paper lie in that we model 3D object via fusing several depth images captured from depth cameras. Different from the 3D scanner-based 3D object modelling, this proposed method is much cheaper and easier to operate. To construct the multiple depth camera system, a camera is located at the centre point, and others are positioned at four directions with the same intervals. Afterwards, a cost function is defined to fuse the multiple views of depth images based on depth map of the surface points. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively 3D scan the human body, and our method is slightly inferior to 3D scanner. However, the proposed depth camera based method is much cheaper and easier to master.

LOW-COST 3D DEVICES AND LASER SCANNERS COMPARISON FOR THE APPLICATION IN ORTHOPEDIC CENTRES

Abstract. Low-cost 3D sensors are nowadays widely diffused and many different solutions are available on the market. Some of these devices were developed for entertaining purposes, but are used also for acquisition and processing of different 3D data with the aim of documentation, research and study. Given the fact that these sensors were not developed for this purpose, it is necessary to evaluate their use in the capturing process. This paper shows a preliminary research comparing the Kinect 1 and 2 by Microsoft, the Structure Sensor by Occipital and the O&P Scan by Rodin4D in a medical scenario (i.e. human body scans). In particular, these sensors were compared to Minolta Vivid 9i, chosen as reference because of its higher accuracy. Different test objects were analysed: a calibrated flat plane, for the evaluation of the systematic distance error for each device, and three different parts of a mannequin, used as samples of human body parts. The results showed that the use of a certified flat plane is a good starting point in characterizing the sensors, but a complete analysis with objects similar to the ones of the real context of application is required. For example, the Kinect 2 presented the best results among the low-cost sensors on the flat plane, while the Structure Sensor was more reliable on the mannequin parts.

A Review on 3D Printable Techniques for Tissue Engineering

A rapid revolution in the medical health care sector is expected due to the use of medical products fabricated from 3D printer technology. Several researches have been carried on the innovative achievements of biomaterials using 3D printing. This advancement in biomaterials leads to an increasing trend in the use of 3D printer even in medical research. During 3D printing, the materials are transformed into desired shape with the application of heat, laser, or other energies. Hence, as per the mechanical property, materials react towards the external energy to define the design capability. 3D printing technology has the ability to convert the two-dimensional image obtained from non-invasive scanning imaging of human body, i.e., computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan into a 3D digital model of any shape. The combined uses of biomaterials and 3D printing technologies have made significant improvement in the field of tissue engineering. Due to shortage of donor organs and also lack of facility to preserve them leads to the demand of artificial tissues. In this review paper, we firstly introduce about the various types of conventional and recent 3D printing technologies, biomaterials, and additives which changes its physical properties. And finally, summarize the applications of 3D printing technique in medical applications. There is the possibility to increase resolution and print single cell layer using piezoelectric transducer at the printer head in FDM-based printing technique which is described as the proposed technique in the paper.

ВІКОВА ДИНАМІКА ЛІНІЙНИХ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ЖОВЧНОГО МІХУРА ТА ПОЗАПЕЧІНКОВИХ ЖОВЧНИХ ШЛЯХІВ У ОСІБ РІЗНОЇ СТАТІ

The increase in the pathology of the hepatobiliary system in the structure of somatic diseases induces the search for morphological features of the structures of this system, in order to prevent the development of pathological processes and reduce the iatrogenic complications in the process of treatment of diseases. Improvement of life-style examination techniques allows to identify individual peculiarities of morphometric parameters of internal organs and structures. In the course of our research, we used the method of computer tomography (CT). With the help of this method, a human body scan is carried out by a fan beam of X-rays in a directional motion of the source and X-ray receiver with its subsequent transformation into electronic signals, computer processing of the received data and synthesis of images. It allows to detect not only pathological formations, but also the location of small elements of organs and topographical neighborhoods.As a result of the analysis of computer tomograms, the following features of the linear size of the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile duct in men and women of different periods of mature age are revealed: the ratio of the studied indices in men and women of different age groups, as well as their age dynamics are different and characteristic, as for each indicator, and for individuals of each gender; the conducted analysis of the obtained indicators has shown the gender peculiarities of the size of the surveyed structures. In particular, the length of the gall bladder and the width of his neck are higher in men, and the width of the bottom of the gall bladder and its widest part – in women. Indicators of the thickness of the wall of the gall bladder in persons of different sex vary minimal, with a slight superiority in men; linear measurements of the length and width of the right and left hepatic ducts, as well as the angle of their ascent in women, are greater than that in men; the length and width of the cystic duct in women are also higher than that in men, but the inclining angle of the bladder duct is higher in men; the linear dimensions (length and width) of the common liver duct, as well as the total bile duct, are higher in men, exceeding the size of the same structures in women by 5-8 times.

Clinical effect of three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc in the evaluation of burn wound area

Objective: To validate the clinical effect of three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc developed by our research team in the evaluation of burn wound area. Methods: A total of 48 burn patients treated in the outpatient department of our unit from January to June 2015, conforming to the study criteria, were enrolled in. For the first 12 patients, one wound on the limbs or torso was selected from each patient. The stability of the system was tested by 3 attending physicians using three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc to measure the area of wounds individually. For the following 36 patients, one wound was selected from each patient, including 12 wounds on limbs, front torso, and side torso, respectively. The area of wounds was measured by the same attending physician using transparency tracing method, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Image J method, and three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc, respectively. The time for getting information of 36 wounds by three methods was recorded by stopwatch. The stability among the testers was evaluated by the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Data were processed with randomized blocks analysis of variance and Bonferroni test. Results: (1) Wound area of patients measured by three physicians using three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc was (122±95), (121±95), and (123±96) cm(2,) respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference among them ( F=1.55, P>0.05). The ICC among 3 physicians was 0.999. (2) The wound area of limbs of patients measured by transparency tracing method, NIH Image J method, and three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc was (84±50), (76±46), and (84±49) cm(2,) respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the wound area of limbs of patients measured by transparency tracing method and three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc (P>0.05). The wound area of limbs of patients measured by NIH Image J method was smaller than that measured by transparency tracing method and three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc (with P values below 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the wound area of front torso of patients measured by transparency tracing method, NIH Image J method, and three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc (F=0.33, P>0.05). The wound area of side torso of patients measured by transparency tracing method, NIH Image J method, and three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc was (169±88), (150±80), and (169±86) cm(2,) respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the wound area of side torso of patients measured by transparency tracing method and three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc (P>0.05). The wound area of side torso of patients measured by NIH Image J method was smaller than that measured by transparency tracing method and three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc (with P values below 0.05). (3) The time for getting information of wounds of patients by transparency tracing method, NIH Image J method, and three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc was (77±14), (10±3), and (9±3) s, respectively. The time for getting information of wounds of patients by transparency tracing method was longer than that by NIH Image J method and three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc (with P values below 0.05). The time for getting information of wounds of patients by three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc was close to that by NIH Image J method (P>0.05). Conclusions: The three dimensional human body scanning system BurnCalc is stable and can accurately evaluate the wound area on limbs and torso of burn patients.

A study on improving the calibration of body scanner built on multiple RGB-Depth cameras

PurposeThe calibration is a key but cumbersome process for 3D body scanning using multiple depth cameras. The purpose of this paper is to simplify the calibration process by introducing a new method to calibrate the extrinsic parameters of multiple depth cameras simultaneously.Design/methodology/approachAn improved method is introduced to enhance the accuracy based on the virtual checkerboards. Laplace coordinates are employed for a point-to-point adjustment to increase the accuracy of scanned data. A system with eight depth cameras is developed for full-body scanning, and the performance of this system is verified by actual results.FindingsThe agreement of measurements between scanned human bodies and the real subjects demonstrates the accuracy of the proposed method. The entire calibration process is automatic.Originality/valueA complete algorithm for a full human body scanning system is introduced in this paper. This is the first publically study on the refinement and the point-by-point adjustment based on the virtual checkerboards toward the scanning accuracy enhancement.

Easy and Fast Reconstruction of a 3D Avatar with an RGB-D Sensor.

This paper proposes a new easy and fast 3D avatar reconstruction method using an RGB-D sensor. Users can easily implement human body scanning and modeling just with a personal computer and a single RGB-D sensor such as a Microsoft Kinect within a small workspace in their home or office. To make the reconstruction of 3D avatars easy and fast, a new data capture strategy is proposed for efficient human body scanning, which captures only 18 frames from six views with a close scanning distance to fully cover the body; meanwhile, efficient alignment algorithms are presented to locally align the data frames in the single view and then globally align them in multi-views based on pairwise correspondence. In this method, we do not adopt shape priors or subdivision tools to synthesize the model, which helps to reduce modeling complexity. Experimental results indicate that this method can obtain accurate reconstructed 3D avatar models, and the running performance is faster than that of similar work. This research offers a useful tool for the manufacturers to quickly and economically create 3D avatars for products design, entertainment and online shopping.

Video-Based Outdoor Human Reconstruction

A human body scanning system of great practical convenience, which can be used in an outdoor environment, is proposed. The system uses only a single conventional video camera without the aid of special sensors or controlled illuminations. We leverage the structure from motion calibration results directly and improve the available video-based dense 3D reconstruction by integrating the surface smoothness constraints. The point cloud reinforcement is proposed to detect and adjust the conflict point data for the slender and shaky body parts. Combined with the silhouette adaptation, the proposed point cloud reinforcement achieves reasonable and plausible mesh reconstruction on these challenging parts. We further introduce the close-shot frames to refine the prereconstructed mesh model, leading to a colored watertight model. The overall system is approximate to automatic since only one or two times of painting brush interaction are required for robust and high-quality multiview image segmentation. The experiment results on various test sequences demonstrate the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed method, even under very challenging scenarios when shaking body, varying illumination, and textureless regions occur.

Multilevel active registration for kinect human body scans: from low quality to high quality

Registration of 3D human body has been a challenging research topic for over decades. Most of the traditional human body registration methods require manual assistance, or other auxiliary information such as texture and markers. The majority of these methods are tailored for high-quality scans from expensive scanners. Following the introduction of the low-quality scans from cost-effective devices such as Kinect, the 3D data capturing of human body becomes more convenient and easier. However, due to the inevitable holes, noises and outliers in the low-quality scan, the registration of human body becomes even more challenging. To address this problem, we propose a fully automatic active registration method which deforms a high-resolution template mesh to match the low-quality human body scans. Our registration method operates on two levels of statistical shape models: (1) the first level is a holistic body shape model that defines the basic figure of human; (2) the second level includes a set of shape models for every body part, aiming at capturing more body details. Our fitting procedure follows a coarse-to-fine approach that is robust and efficient. Experiments show that our method is comparable with the state-of-the-art methods for high-quality meshes in terms of accuracy and it outperforms them in the case of low-quality scans where noises, holes and obscure parts are prevalent.

슬랙스 형태 적합성 평가의 정량적 평가 기준 설정

This study presents quantitative evaluation standards for the shape fitness test, conducted in the process of the slacks fit test. This study aims to quantify appearance sensory test of slacks for the objectification of qualitative evaluation methods in existing shape fitness tests. The subjects were women of standard body type between the ages of 18 and 24. Slacks differing in their ease in waist girth, hip girth, crotch length and knee length were designed to test their shape fitness. The gap volume distribution between the body and slack, angle of the baseline by body part, and ratio of total thickness from the sideline using 3D human body scan data (which reflect the results of the appearance sensory test) were presented as quantitative evaluation standards. There were less wrinkles in the wrinkle/overstretch and ease categories of the appearance sensory test; in addition, ease was adequate and small enough to comfortably perform basic human activities in the standing upright posture. The gap volume distribution analysis between body and slacks showed that curves increased in the slacks surface along with an increase of ease in slacks and suggested that wrinkles also increased. In the baseline's horizontal categories in terms of a <TEX>$0^{\circ}$</TEX> horizontal angle, the range of angles were evaluated as adequate by the clothing expert group. The total thickness ratio of 0.5:0.5 divides into the sideline from the baseline.

Ergonomic 3D Pattern Development of Outdoor T-shirt for Men

In order to improve the activity and fit of outdoor T-shirt based on skin deformation caused by body movement, ergonomic design and pattern of outdoor T-shirt were developed. For completion of the design, we extended the results of previous study on the deformation of skin of upper body caused by movement. In addition, amount of change to skin in the axillary sites from the arm of the abduction angle depending on axilla were analyzed to expand the 3D human body scan data of the inner arm in a 2D pattern. The design of 3D ergonomic pattern included the activity amount in the armhole area. The virtual clothing simulation result indicated that the activities content of 3D pattern of less wrinkled bodice clothes occurred when arm abduction according to grant and ergonomics as well as strain of the clothes was small. In addition, it decreased in size from left and right up the hem height. The proposed ergonomic 3D pattern in this study improved activity without compromising fit.

Analysis of Female Breast Shape Based on 3D Human Body Scan in Shanghai

Through three-dimensional human body scanning, randomly selected from Shanghai 223 young women of 3D scanning measurement data, bra sizes standard to classify the samples according to the screened data represent strong 75 women in the chest. Using SPSS mathematical statistical analysis software, the 75 samples were analyzed by cluster analysis, the 75 samples were divided into three categories, and the chest characteristic parameters of each class were summarized. According to the degree of chest width, breast relative height, breast gather degree can be found breast shape of young women in the Shanghai area as a whole, which has a certain degree of ptosis, external expansion, but the degree is not serious can be modified by wearing the right bra of adjustment and to ensure to breast appearance.

Application of massive 3D head and facial scan datasets in ergonomic head-product design

3D human body scan datasets have been collected and various techniques of post-processing, size and shape analysis, and applications in product design have been introduced. This paper is aimed to introduce techniques and cases of head-product design studies based on massive 3D head scan datasets. 3D scan datasets of the head, face and ear were collected and post-processed by editing, landmarking, alignment and measurement. For useful application of the 3D head scan datasets in head-product designs, we applied several analysis techniques such as development of a sizing system, selection of representative models, analysis of shape variation based on template-registered 3D scans and analysis of virtual fit. This paper can help understand an overview of techniques regarding massive 3D scan datasets and their applications to ergonomic product design.

Two-step Registration in 3D Human Body Scanning Based on Multiple RGB-D Sensors

Two-step Registration in 3D Human Body Scanning Based on Multiple RGB-D Sensors

3차원 인체스캐너를 이용한 거들 착용에 따른 인체 형상 단면도와 실루엣 변화 분석

【The aim of this study was to use a 3D human body scanner to analyze the cross section of different body parts when a girdle is worn. Two types of girdles were selected as experimental garments: a standard type girdle (Garment A) and a high-waist type girdle (Garment B). Their sizes were 88 (S) and 94 (M). Ten female subjects in their twenties who wear girdles sizes 88 (S) and 94 (M) participated the experiment. Their bodies were scanned three times with the 3D human body scanner, before and after wearing experimental girdles. The data were collected by overlapping the cross sections of the 3D scanned body shape data. The space length was measured from the overlapped cross sections. The results show that human body silhouette are changed after wearing the compression type garments and the amount and place of the body change is different by style of garments. First, the waist girth shape became rounder. Second, there was a definite difference in space amount at abdomen girth between two types of girdle. The abdomen area was pushed toward the front after wearing the standard type girdle (A). The high-waist type girdle (B) pushed abdomen area toward the back. Third, there was clear difference at the hip area after wearing two types of girdle. The hip area pushed toward the front with the standard type girdle (A) and pushed toward the back with the high-waist type girdle (B).】

Reconfigurable Array Design to Realize Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-Based Microwave Compressive Sensing Imaging System

This letter presents a design of a principal component analysis (PCA)-based microwave compressive sensing system using reconfigurable array. An iterative beam synthesis process is used to realize the required radiation patterns obtained from PCA. In this letter, a human body scanning system is studied as an example to investigate the compressive sensing performance using PCA-generated radiation patterns. Optical images are used as surrogates for the RF images in implementation of the training PCA dictionary. Compared to random-patterns-based compressive sensing system, this PCA-based compressive sensing system requires fewer numbers of measurements to achieve the same performance .

Estimation of human body shape and posture under clothing

Estimating the body shape and posture of a dressed human subject in motion represented as a sequence of (possibly incomplete) 3D meshes is important for virtual change rooms and security. To solve this problem, statistical shape spaces encoding human body shape and posture variations are commonly used to constrain the search space for the shape estimate. In this work, we propose a novel method that uses a posture-invariant shape space to model body shape variation combined with a skeleton-based deformation to model posture variation. Our method can estimate the body shape and posture of both static scans and motion sequences of human body scans with clothing that fits relatively closely to the body. In case of motion sequences, our method takes advantage of motion cues to solve for a single body shape estimate along with a sequence of posture estimates. We apply our approach to both static scans and motion sequences and demonstrate that using our method, higher fitting accuracy is achieved than when using a variant of the popular SCAPE model [2,18] as statistical model.

Automatic human body segmentation based on feature extraction

Purpose – Automatic segmentation of unorganized 3D human body scan data was developed without heuristic specified values. It was reliable in finding the upper body's primary landmarks. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Quasi boundary point sequence (QBPS) was defined to find the boundary of the human body. Body scan data were categorized by clustering the features extracted from the predefined QBPS. A non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) approximation was used to detect the landmarks of the segmented upper torso. Findings – The segmentation method based on feature extraction was reliable regardless of the scan data's fidelity. It was verified that the landmark detection method introduced in this work is more robust than a previous method that utilizes the position of point data. Originality/value – There are several studies of human body segmentation and body landmark detection. This work, however, aims to automate fully segmentation and develop more reliable searching methods. Unlike previous work that uses only 2D human body information, this work uses 3D body information. Furthermore, previous landmark searching methods were superseded by more robust methods applying NURBS approximations.

3차원 하반신 스캔데이터를 이용한 승마바지의 맞음새 분석

Well-fitting riding breeches provide a comfortable ride. Horse-riding breeches should fit the lower body with patches located on the inside of hip and knees to prevent tears and slips. This study provides information about the fit of women's breeches using 3D human body scan data wearing commercially available two breeches according to posture. To get information about breeches fit, we measured the angle of waist line, the length, and the area of the breeches fit on four 20's women. This research showed the problem which was down for waist back line in the case of the horseback riding pose. The back waistline of the riding breeches should be raised compared to the front waistline; subsequently, an increased waistline angle results in less back waistline decrease. The breeches have plenty of length from back waist to crotch so the breech fit can be improved. The thigh circumference increased when riding in the front; therefore, good elasticity of the weft direction of the fabric is recommended. The length increase and the peripheral increase of the front knee significantly increased the surface area of the knee; consequently, knee patch material should be a two-way elastic fabric in all directions to enhance comfort according to riding motion.