Scanning Methodology Research Articles

Features of Terrestrial Laser 3D Scanning Technology for Pavement Condition Assessment

Abstract. Problem. Traditional methods of road condition monitoring have limitations in terms of data accuracy and completeness, particularly in the detection of surface defects. There is a need for methods that provide accurate, rapid data collection to support effective maintenance and repair planning. Goal. The goal of this study is to develop and optimise a methodology for terrestrial 3D laser scanning and to provide practical recommendations for its application in road surface monitoring. Methodology. The proposed methodology examines the effectiveness of terrestrial laser scanning on road segments, addressing parameters such as optimal station count, placement and scanning mode to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection. The Trimble TX6 scanner is used as an example, with specifications including a range of up to 120 metres, 2 mm accuracy and an adjustable scanning speed of up to 500,000 points per second. Results. The research identifies optimal setups for different road segments, covering short (~100–150 m) and long (up to 1000 m) sections, as well as complex road infrastructure such as multi-level interchanges. The results demonstrate the ability of the 3D scanning method to detect various linear and areal pavement defects. Originality. This study advances the field by developing specific recommendations for station positioning and scanning protocols, addressing blind spots, and ensuring data integrity for 3D modelling. Practical value. The application of this technology supports detailed analysis of pavement condition, significantly increasing the efficiency of data processing and improving repair planning and material estimation. The results are beneficial for transport infrastructure management, enabling more reliable monitoring and maintenance practices

Where are all the Services: Mapping Community-Based Services for Canadian Autistic Youth with Co-occurring Mental Health Conditions.

Autistic youth are at heightened risk of mental health issues and face several barriers to accessing appropriate supports. A lack of available services is a common barrier that many autistic youth experience, with only 43% of autistic youth from the US who needed mental health services receiving them. Little is known about the availability of these mental health services in Canada, despite the high prevalence of mental health issues in autistic youth. The current study is one of very few that has reviewed the state of community-based programs and services for the support of mental health challenges in autistic people in North America, and the first such study in Canada. Using an environmental scan methodology, we conducted a search of resource listings on various community websites with a filter for "autism". The resulting websites were then reviewed to find what services providers offer for autistic youth (≥ 25 years) and contacted to complete a survey. 267 listings of mental health supports were identified in the initial search, with 94 sites that specifically mentioned serving autistic youth. 43% (n = 40) of service providers completed a survey about the services they offered, therapeutic approaches, and background training. Providers reported that neurodiversity approaches and multi-disciplinary teams were working well in their practices, yet funding access and society's views on autism were barriers they face. Findings add to the growing body of evidence that availability of services is a systemic barrier that many autistic youth experience when accessing mental health supports.

Bridging Theory and Practice in Military Education Through Advanced Technologies

This study presents a comprehensive examination of the developmental trajectory and operational advancement of a pioneering military simulation apparatus explicitly engineered to facilitate the seamless integration of joint fire support principles within the ambit of military education, with a specific focus on artillery students. The Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technology provided by industry leaders such as Microsoft and Meta present solutions for interdisciplinary pursuits situated at the confluence of emergent technologies and contemporary military instructional methodologies. Central to the efficacy of this endeavour is the incorporation of meticulously crafted virtual and augmented reality models of authentic military equipment to imbue the simulation experience with unparalleled realism and fidelity to the principles of artillery fires. Collaborative ventures with private enterprises have facilitated the production of a simulator characterized by its gamification elements and unparalleled verisimilitude, enhancing its efficacy as an educational tool. Augmented by spatial intelligence gleaned from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) sensors, the simulation framework can be further enriched by integrating true-to-life topographic representations meticulously synthesized by amalgamating laser scanning methodologies. Positioned as an indispensable cornerstone within the academic purview of the esteemed Department of Fire Support at the University of Defence, this initiative aspires to impart foundational knowledge and cultivate a proactive ethos of inquiry and engagement amongst the students. Furthermore, the simulator is a pivotal instrument for military training, offering a risk-free environment devoid of the hazards associated with live artillery fire exercises. By mitigating financial burdens and other logistical constraints inherent in conventional training methodologies, this innovative simulation apparatus represents a paradigm shift in contemporary military education and training practices.

Handheld Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Undried Forage Quality Estimation.

This study investigates the efficacy of handheld Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) devices for in-field estimation of forage quality using undried samples. The objective is to assess the precision and accuracy of multiple handheld NIRS instruments-NeoSpectra, TrinamiX, and AgroCares-when evaluating key forage quality metrics such as Crude Protein (CP), Neutral Detergent Fiber (aNDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL), in vitro Total Digestibility (IVTD)and Neutral Detergent Fiber Digestibility (NDFD). Samples were collected from silage bunkers across 111 farms in New York State and scanned using different methods (static, moving, and turntable). The results demonstrate that dynamic scanning patterns (moving and turntable) enhance the predictive accuracy of the models compared to static scans. Fiber constituents (ADF, aNDF) and Crude Protein (CP) show higher robustness and minimal impact from water interference, maintaining similar R2 values as dried samples. Conversely, IVTD, NDFD, and ADL are adversely affected by water content, resulting in lower R2 values. This study underscores the importance of understanding the water effects on undried forage, as water's high absorption bands at 1400 and 1900 nm introduce significant spectral interference. Further investigation into the PLSR loading factors is necessary to mitigate these effects. The findings suggest that, while handheld NIRS devices hold promise for rapid, on-site forage quality assessment, careful consideration of scanning methodology is crucial for accurate prediction models. This research contributes valuable insights for optimizing the use of portable NIRS technology in forage analysis, enhancing feed utilization efficiency, and supporting sustainable dairy farming practices.

Mathematical Modeling for Robot 3D Laser Scanning in Complete Darkness Environments to Advance Pipeline Inspection

This paper introduces an autonomous robot designed for in-pipe structural health monitoring of oil/gas pipelines. This system employs a 3D Optical Laser Scanning Technical Vision System (TVS) to continuously scan the internal surface of the pipeline. This paper elaborates on the mathematical methodology of 3D laser surface scanning based on dynamic triangulation. This paper presents the mathematical framework governing the combined kinematics of the Mobile Robot (MR) and TVS. It discusses the custom design of the MR, adjusting it to use of robustized mathematics, and incorporating a laser scanner produced using a 3D printer. Both experimental and theoretical approaches are utilized to illustrate the formation of point clouds during surface scanning. This paper details the application of the simple and robust mathematical algorithm RANSAC for the preliminary processing of the measured point clouds. Furthermore, it contributes two distinct and simplified criteria for detecting defects in pipelines, specifically tailored for computer processing. In conclusion, this paper assesses the effectiveness of the proposed mathematical and physical method through experimental tests conducted under varying light conditions.

Scanning, modelling and dissemination of the interior appearance of wooden historic churches in the Maramures region of Romania

In the Maramureș region of Romania there is a large number of historic wooden churches dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries. These objects of tangible cultural heritage continue to be exposed to degradation factors. Meanwhile, their interiors hide important and historically valuable artefacts of cultural heritage. Their loss would noticeably impoverish the heritage of local communities. This article presents the problems of 3D scanning the interiors of wooden historic churches, the scanning methodology specifically developed for this occasion, the equipment used and its parameters, and the results of its application. Four examples of wooden churches from the Maramureș region were studied: modern laser scanning technologies with appropriate selection of parameters permits a satisfactorily precise scan of the interior of a wooden religious building, even in difficult lighting conditions. The methodology and equipment choice was proven to be successful and is recommended here for future projects in the region and for structures facing similar challenges.

Application Value of a Novel Micro-Coil in High-Resolution Imaging of Experimental Mice Based on 3.0 T Clinical MR.

The clinical magnetic resonance scanner (field strength ≤ 3.0 T) has limited efficacy in the high-resolution imaging of experimental mice. This study introduces a novel magnetic resonance micro-coil designed to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), thereby improving high-resolution imaging in experimental mice using clinical magnetic resonance scanners. Initially, a phantom was utilized to determine the maximum spatial resolution achievable by the novel micro-coil. Subsequently, 12 C57BL/6JGpt mice were included in this study, and the novel micro-coil was employed for their scanning. A clinical flexible coil was selected for comparative analysis. The scanning methodologies for both coils were consistent. The imaging clarity, noise, and artifacts produced by the two coils on mouse tissues and organs were subjectively evaluated, while the SNR and CNR of the brain, spinal cord, and liver were objectively measured. Differences in the images produced by the two coils were compared. The results indicated that the maximum spatial resolution of the novel micro-coil was 0.2 mm. Furthermore, the subjective evaluation of the images obtained using the novel micro-coil was superior to that of the flexible coil (p < 0.05). The SNR and CNR measurements for the brain, spinal cord, and liver using the novel micro-coil were significantly higher than those obtained with the flexible coil (p < 0.001). Our study suggests that the novel micro-coil is highly effective in enhancing the image quality of clinical magnetic resonance scanners in experimental mice.

Moving beyond the Content: 3D Scanning and Post-Processing Analysis of the Cuneiform Tablets of the Turin Collection

This work and manuscript focus on how 3D scanning methodologies and post-processing analyses may help us to gain a deeper investigation of cuneiform tablets beyond the written content. The dataset proposed herein is a key part of the archaeological collection preserved in the Musei Reali of Turin in Italy; these archaeological artefacts enclose further important semantic information extractable through detailed 3D documentation and 3D model filtering. In fact, this scanning process is a fundamental tool for better reading of sealing impressions beneath the cuneiform text, as well as for understanding micrometric evidence of the fingerprints of scribes. Most of the seal impressions were made before the writing (like a watermark), and thus, they are not detectable to the naked eye due to cuneiform signs above them as well as the state of preservation. In this regard, 3D scanning and post-processing analysis could help in the analysis of these nearly invisible features impressed on tablets. For this reason, this work is also based on how 3D analyses may support the identification of the unperceived and almost invisible features concealed in clay tablets. Analysis of fingerprints and the depths of the signs can tell us about the worker’s strategies and the people beyond the artefacts. Three-dimensional models generated inside the Artec 3D ecosystem via Space Spider scanner and Artec Studio software were further investigated by applying specific filters and shaders. Digital light manipulation can reveal, through the dynamic displacement of light and shadows, particular details that can be deeply analysed with specific post-processing operations: for example, the MSII (multi-scale integral invariant) filter is a powerful tool exploited for revealing hidden and unperceived features such as fingerprints and sealing impressions (stratigraphically below cuneiform signs). Finally, the collected data will be handled twofold: in an open-access repository and through a common data environment (CDE) to aid in the data exchange process for project collaborators and common users.

Enhancing Furniture Manufacturing with 3D Scanning

Product design and manufacturing leverage 3D scanning for various applications. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of 3D scanning in furniture production by surveying the literature and showcasing four real-world case studies. The literature review reveals that 3D data acquired from real-world objects have applications in research, rapid prototyping, restoration, and preservation of antique furniture, optimizing CNC machining processes, and measuring furniture components for quality control. The case study descriptions demonstrated the circumstances, rationale, and methodology for 3D scanning. All the case studies analyzed stem from the collaboration between the Laboratory for Product Development and Design at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Sarajevo and various furniture production enterprises from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The conclusions highlight that 3D scanning in the furniture sector is advantageous for developing computer-aided design models from early-stage design prototypes, validating the dimensional accuracy of manufactured components by comparing with CAD models, safeguarding and reconstructing vintage furniture, and remanufacturing formerly produced goods that lack complete technical records (reverse engineering).

Installation and first results of a 1.1 kW TWT system for the AECR-U based ion source at UMCG-Partrec

To meet the demand for intense highly charged stable ion beams for medical and nuclear physics a traveling-wave-tube (TWT) based RF generator has been installed and is in commissioning at the Advanced Electron Cyclotron Resonance Upgrade (AECR-U) ion source at the UMCG-PAR-TREC facility. The generator comprises 2 x 750W in-phase combining TWT RF generators with an output frequency range of 12.75-14.5 GHz. Frequency scanning routines have been incorporated in the control software which makes it possible to identify intense and stable ion-beam regimes within the plasma-heating frequency domain. The new RF generator replaces a 14.1 GHz fixed frequency klystron. In this paper we present the setup, the scanning methodology, the first measurements, and discuss the frequency scans measured from a helium and a xenon beam. These results improve the stability and increase the beam intensity at the UMCG-PARTREC facility.

The influence mechanisms of re-fused scanning on the surface roughness, microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion processed AlMgScZr alloy

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) stands out as the foremost method for achieving intricate structure with superior design flexibility among additive manufacturing technologies. Within the LPBF process, surface roughness serves as a critical metric governing both fabrication precision and build quality. This study delves into the evolution of the top and side surface roughness as re-fused scanning times increase in LPBF-fabricated AlMgScZr alloy. Concurrently, the investigation evaluates alterations in microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties. Various characterization techniques, including confocal laser scanning microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction, as well as tensile and microhardness tests, are employed. The findings concerning the top surface reveal that the initial application of re-fused scanning contributes to enhanced surface roughness. This improvement stems from refined grain structures and induced lattice distortions, facilitated by rapid heat dissipation and thermal recycling within the solidified layer. Consequently, microhardness increases. However, introducing the subsequent re-fused scanning exacerbates surface roughness and instigates Marongoni flow instability, magnesium depletion, and alterations in lattice structures. Moreover, with increasing the re-fused times, there is a noticeable enhancement in preferential crystallite growth orientation along the (200)α-Al crystal plane. Regarding the side surface, escalating re-fused times correlate with deteriorating roughness and alterations in molten pool shape and size, attributable to successive energy input. Despite these surface variations, minimal differences are observed in yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation. In essence, this research offers valuable insights into selecting optimal scanning methodologies during the LPBF process, thus guiding improvements in fabrication precision and component quality.

In-Home Respite Care Services Available to Families With Palliative Care Needs in Quebec: Novel Digital Environmental Scan.

Caregiving dyads in palliative care are confronted with complex care needs. Respite care services can be highly beneficial in alleviating the caregiving burden, supporting survivorship and dying at home. Yet, respite care services are difficult to locate and access in the province of Quebec, Canada, particularly when navigating ubiquitous sources of online health information of varying quality. This project aimed to (1) compile a list of at-home palliative respite care services in Quebec, Canada; (2) describe key accessibility features for each respite care service; (3) identify accessibility gaps and opportunities; and (4) describe a novel method for conducting environmental scans using internet search engines, internet-based community health databases, and member checking. A novel environmental scan methodology using 2 internet-based targeted databases and 1 internet search engine was conducted. Results were screened and data were extracted, descriptively analyzed, and geographically schematized. A total of 401 services were screened, and 52 at-home respite care services specific to palliative populations were identified, compiled, and analyzed. These respite care services were characterized by various types of assistance, providers, fees, and serviced geographical regions. Accessibility was explored through the lens of service amenability, availability, eligibility, and compatibility. The data revealed important barriers to accessing respite care services, such as a lack of readily available information on service characteristics, limited availability, and a time-consuming, technical search process for potential respite care users and clinicians to identify appropriate services. Both methodological and contextual knowledge have been gained through this environmental scan. Few methodologies for conducting internet-based environmental scans have been clearly articulated, so we applied several learnings from other scans and devised a methodology for conducting an environmental scan using the mixed methods of internet search engines, internet-based community health databases, and member checking. We have carefully reported our methods, so that others conducting community health environmental scans may replicate our process. Furthermore, through this scan, we identified assorted respite care services and pinpointed needs in the provision of these services. The findings highlighted that more easily accessible and centralized information about respite care services is needed in Quebec. The data will enable the creation of a user-friendly tool to share with community support services across Quebec and ultimately help alleviate the added burden caregivers and clinicians face when looking for respite care services in fragmented and complex digital spaces.

Abdominal CT Scan Role out of Fatty Liver Disease: A Study in a Selected Hospital

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Introduction:&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Fatty liver is a hepatic manifestation that can occur as a result of many medical problems and the use of certain drugs. The global prevalence of fatty liver is on the rise due to the escalating obesity epidemic. CT scans have proven to be useful in noninvasively identifying the presence and determining the degree of liver fat. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of CT scan in the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in individuals. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of CT scan in identifying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in individuals. Methodology: The research was carried out in the Radiology and Imaging department of IbnSina Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, spanning from January 2023 to June 2023. The study was conducted using a cross-sectional prospective design. This study encompassed a cohort of 300 individuals, all of whom were above the age of 18 and sought medical attention at the hospital for an abdominal CT scan. These individuals were suspected to have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The hepatic fat level in the patients was assessed using a typical CT scan methodology. The acquired data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, especially version 23.0. The study gained ethical clearance from the Ethics Committee of the School of Public Health &amp; Life Science at the University of South Asia in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Findings: The study included a cumulative total of 300 individuals who were suspected to have the condition. According to age distribution, the maximum 203 (67.66%) of the patients were above 52 years and minimum 3(1%) were between (18-22) years, and followed by 44 (14.66%) (43-52) years, 36(12%), (33-42) years and 14(4.66%) (22-32) years. The majority of the patients were male 160(53.33%) and 140(46.66%) were female. Distribution by clinical presentation, the patients were suffering from Abdominal pain, Nausea-50(16.66%) Abdominal pain, Vomiting- 39(13%), Follow Up-60(20%), U. Abdominal pain-91(30.33%) U. Abdominal pain, Jaundice-53(17.66%) and U. Abdominal pain, Nausea-7(2.33%). According to the evaluation of CT scan, 189(63%) patients had fatty liver and 111(37%) patients had normal liver. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Conclusion:&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; This study investigated 63 % of the study patients were suffering from fatty liver diseases. Therefore, early detection may help them to medicate in a standard approach and to remove health effect in their day to day life.

Building Surface Defect Detection Using Machine Learning and 3D Scanning Techniques in the Construction Domain

The rapid growth of the real estate market has led to the appearance of more and more residential areas and large apartment buildings that need to be managed and maintained by a single real estate developer or company. This scientific article details the development of a novel method for inspecting buildings in a semi-automated manner, thereby reducing the time needed to assess the requirements for the maintenance of a building. This paper focuses on the development of an application which has the purpose of detecting imperfections in a range of building sections using a combination of machine learning techniques and 3D scanning methodologies. This research focuses on the design and development of a machine learning-based application that utilizes the Python programming language and the PyTorch library; it builds on the team′s previous study, in which they investigated the possibility of applying their expertise in creating construction-related applications for real-life situations. Using the Zed camera system, real-life pictures of various building components were used, along with stock images when needed, to train an artificial intelligence model that could identify surface damage or defects such as cracks and differentiate between naturally occurring elements such as shadows or stains. One of the goals is to develop an application that can identify defects in real time while using readily available tools in order to ensure a practical and affordable solution. The findings of this study have the potential to greatly enhance the availability of defect detection procedures in the construction sector, which will result in better building maintenance and structural integrity.

Three-dimensional printing of the human lung pleural cavity model for PDT malignant mesothelioma

ObjectiveThe primary aim was to investigate emerging 3D printing and optical acquisition technologies to refine and enhance photodynamic therapy (PDT) dosimetry in the management of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Materials and methodsA rigorous digital reconstruction of the pleural lung cavity was conducted utilizing 3D printing and optical scanning methodologies. These reconstructions were systematically assessed against CT-derived data to ascertain their accuracy in representing critical anatomic features and post-resection topographical variations. ResultsThe resulting reconstructions excelled in their anatomical precision, proving instrumental translation for precise dosimetry calculations for PDT. Validation against CT data confirmed the utility of these models not only for enhancing therapeutic planning but also as critical tools for educational and calibration purposes. ConclusionThe research outlined a successful protocol for the precise calculation of light distribution within the complex environment of the pleural cavity, marking a substantive advance in the application of PDT for MPM. This work holds significant promise for individualizing patient care, minimizing collateral radiation exposure, and improving the overall efficiency of MPM treatments.

Unlocking The Potential of Lidar: Principles, Applications, And Future Prospects

Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR) has been experiencing a surge in popularity within the realm of high-tech innovations. This article elaborates on the operational principles, structural intricacies, and scanning methodologies of contemporary LiDAR devices. Additionally, this article provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse array of applications that LiDAR technology finds utility in, ranging from remote sensing and transportation to geography, atmospheric science, and astronomy. In the context of Time of Flight (ToF) LiDAR, the underlying operational concept revolves around measuring the temporal delay of the laser beam's journey from the device to the target. Conversely, Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) LiDAR operates by quantifying alterations in the wavelength of the reflected laser in comparison to the originally emitted laser, leveraging the Doppler effect. LiDAR products serve as invaluable tools for geologists, enabling them to generate 3D maps for researching various targets such as forestry, coastline morphology, and river bathymetry. Meanwhile, atmospheric scientists harness LiDAR products to delve into studies concerning atmospheric composition and meteorological phenomena. In the foreseeable future, it is anticipated that LiDAR products will witness widespread adoption across an array of applications, including autonomous vehicles and beyond.

Adapting an Environmental Scan for 'Insights Reporting': Learnings from an Online Brain Cancer Peer Support Platform.

When developing a digital health solution, product owners, healthcare professionals, researchers, IT teams, and consumers require timely, accurate contextual information to inform solution development. Insights Reporting can rapidly draw together information from literature, end users and existing technology to inform the development process. This was the case when creating an online brain cancer peer support platform where solution development was conducted in parallel with contextual information synthesis. This paper discusses the novel adaptation of an environmental scan methodology using codesign and multiple layers of qualitative rigor, to create Insights Reporting. This seven-step process can be completed in two months and results in salient points of knowledge that can rapidly inform the design of a solution, creating a shared understanding of a digital health phenomenon. Project members noted that Insights Reporting surfaces previously inaccessible knowledge, catalyzes decision-making and allows all stakeholders to influence the report agenda, affirming principles of digital health equity.

Study on the Effect of Three-dimensional Reconstruction Technique Based on Human Gait Plantar Transient Data on Rehabilitation of Patients with Abnormal Foot Arch

This research employs non-contact plantar 3D data scanning and gait analysis methodologies to establish a rehabilitation assistance system tailored for foot arch anomalies. The system utilizes a non-contact plantar 3D data model to mitigate dysfunctions within the plantar skeletal-muscular system. Its objectives include facilitating personalized remote diagnosis of foot arch anomalies, enabling patients to monitor their rehabilitation progress, and supporting at-home rehabilitation efforts. A dataset comprising 124 cases of physiological foot arch anomalies in adults aged 18 and above was collected and analyzed. The findings demonstrate the system’s flexibility, high spatial resolution, personalization, and innovation. Notably, the system achieves real-time measurement of positive pressure and shear force distribution at the plantar interface, facilitates the construction of accurate geometric models, and yields high-quality plantar three-dimensional coordinate data. This research contributes theoretical and technical underpinnings for the application of footwork anomaly diagnosis and correction.

Metaverse and Museum: a Case Study

The Metaverse concept has developed so rapidly in recent years that it has also reached the cultural sector by defining new ways of visiting museums, archaeological parks, exhibitions and other events. The objective of this research paper is to present the experience conducted with the MAV - Museo dell’Artigianato Valdostano located in Fènis in Valle d’Aosta, which saw the design and implementation within the Metaverse of an exhibition space containing digital artistic artifacts obtained by digitizing real ones. The purpose of the virtual museum is to create a complementary environment to the real one, expanding its potential for enjoyment and enhancing its contents globally. In this paper, an attempt was first made to define, through a study of the state of the art, which technologies underlie the Metaverse and which make the visit a realistic and immersive virtual experience. Then, the methodology for defining the exhibition space and its art objects was identified based on the studies conducted. As a first step, the objects to be displayed in the virtual museum were digitized and modelled, through dedicated software, using laser scanner-based scanning methodologies. Once the digital element was obtained, the virtual museum environment was modelled within which the objects were placed. Next, an in-depth study of the interaction between humans, space, and objects was conducted to study how the avatar, guided by the user, relates within a virtual space, and based on the feedback provided by the users’ use of the space, the final organization of the museum arrived. At this stage, the fundamental concept of interaction emerged, which was implemented and highlighted by applying motion and audio triggers to make the environment more immersive. For optimal viewing of the space, while also being accessible through classic devices such as smartphones or PCs, a six-degree-of-freedom visor was used to accentuate the sense of presence within the environment.

Advances in Microsphere-based Super-resolution Imaging.

Techniques to resolve images beyond the diffraction limit of light with a large field of view (FOV) are necessary to foster progress in various fields such as cell and molecular biology, biophysics, and nanotechnology, where nanoscale resolution is crucial for understanding the intricate details of large-scale molecular interactions. Although several means of achieving super-resolutions exist, they are often hindered by factors such as high costs, significant complexity, lengthy processing times, and the classical tradeoff between image resolution and FOV. Microsphere-based super-resolution imaging has emerged as a promising approach to address these limitations. In this review, we delve into the theoretical underpinnings of microsphere-based imaging and the associated photonic nanojet. This is followed by a comprehensive exploration of various microsphere-based imaging techniques, encompassing static imaging, mechanical scanning, optical scanning, and acoustofluidic scanning methodologies. This review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the potential applications and future scientific directions of this innovative technology.