Scanning In Children Research Articles

A proposed CT classification of progressive lung parenchymal injury complicating pediatric lymphobronchial tuberculosis: From reversible to irreversible lung injury.

Lymphobronchial tuberculosis (LBTB) is tuberculous lymphadenopathy affecting the airways, which is particularly common in children with primary TB. Airway compression by lymphadenopathy causes downstream parenchymal pathology, which may ultimately result in irreversible lung destruction, if not treated timeously. Computed tomography (CT) is considered the "gold standard" for detecting mediastinal lymph nodes in children with TB. CT is also the best way of imaging the airways of children with LBTB. The CT findings of the parenchymal complications and associations of LBTB on CT have been described, but no severity classification was provided to aid management decisions. Identifying the parenchymal complications of LBTB and recognizing their severity has clinical relevance. Using prior publications on LBTB and post obstructive lung injury we have used an image bank of CT scans in children with pulmonary TB, presenting with airway symptoms, to create a CT severity staging of lung injury in LBTB. The staging focuses on distinguishing nonsalvageable destruction (nonenhancing or cavitated lung) from salvageable lung parenchymal disease (enhancing and noncavitated) to inform the management decisions, which range from bronchoscopic airway clearance to surgical decompression of the compressing nodes.

Investigating the Prevalence of Positional Plagiocephaly With 3D Scan in Children Under One Year of Age in Mofid Hospital

Background and Objectives: Positional plagiocephaly is one of the most common skull deformities that ultimately lead to the asymmetry of the head and face in different ranges. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of plagiocephaly and analyze the relationship between risk factors and the severity level of the deformities in children referred to the Mofid hospital. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, the cranial vault asymmetry index was calculated from a routine head scan with a noninvasive laser shape digitizer. Data were recorded and categorized by the type and severity of deformation. Also, for the analysis of risk factors, data about sitting, feeding, and sleeping positions were gathered from parents. Results: The study participants included 90 children, and the prevalence of head deformity was 35% (32 infants) with mild to moderate severity. According to the risk factors, infant positions are significantly correlated with the severity of plagiocephaly. Conclusion: Parents’ awareness of changing the head position plays an important role to reduce the risk of plagiocephaly in children.

A study to determine risk factors for renal scarring as detected by dimercaptosuccinic acid scan in children with urinary tract infection

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors for renal scarring detected by DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid) scan in children with culture-proven urinary tract infection (UTI).Methods: A hospital based observational case-control study was conducted from 2018 June to 2020 June in children aged between 1 month to 5 years who underwent a DMSA scan following culture-proven UTI (N=72). Of the children fulfilling the criteria, 43 had renal scarring in the DMSA scan as a case group and the remaining 29 children who had no renal scarring were taken as a control group.Results: Of the total 72 cases with culture-positive UTI, 59% of patients had renal scarring and the rest and 40% were scar negative. There was no significant difference in the renal scarring observed with respect to age in the two groups. There was significant (p<0.05) the association noted between renal scarring and VUR (vesicoureteric reflux). A significant difference was observed in the renal scarring between the two groups regarding the presence of recurrent UTI (p=0.000). Although most cases (97.7%) had a fever in the DMSA positive group, this was not a significant risk factor for scarring (p>0.05). In DMSA positive group, circumcision was not a significant risk factor for scarring.Conclusions: VUR and recurrent UTI were significant risk factors for renal scarring in children with culture-proven UTI as detected by DMSA scan. The other risk factors like age, sex, fever, leucocytosis and circumcision were not found to be significant.

Size-adjustment techniques of lumbar spine dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements in assessing bone mineralization in children on maintenance hemodialysis.

Growing skeleton is uniquely vulnerable to impaired mineralization in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Continued debate exists about the optimal method to adjust for body size when interpreting dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans in children with CKD given the burden of poor growth. The study aimed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of size-adjustment techniques of lumber-spine DXA measurements in assessing bone mineralization in children with kidney failure on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Case-control study included 93 children on maintenance HD (9-18years; 48 males). Participants were subjected to spinal-DXA-scan to obtain areal bone mineral density (aBMD; g/cm2). Volumetric-BMD (vBMD; g/cm3) was mathematically estimated. Z-scores of aBMD for chronological age (aBMDZ-CA), aBMD adjusted for height age (aBMDZ-HA), and vBMDZ-score were calculated using mean and SD values of age subgroups of 442 healthy controls (7-18years). In short-for-age CKD patients, aBMDZ-CA was significantly lower than vBMDZ-score, while aBMDZ-HA was significantly higher than aBMDZ-CA and vBMDZ-score. In normal height-for-age CKD patients, no significant difference between aBMDZ-scores and vBMDZ-score was detected. aBMDZ-CA was significantly lower and aBMDZ-HA was significantly higher in short-for-age compared to normal height-for-age patients without significant differences in vBMDZ-score. We observed age-related decrements in the percentage of HD patients with normal densitometric Z-scores, the effect of age was less pronounced in aBMDZ-HA than vBMDZ-score. vBMDZ-score correlated negatively with age, but not with heightZ-score. Estimated vBMD seems to be a convenient size-adjustment approach of spinal-DXA measurements in assessing BMD especially in older short-for-age children with CKD. aBMDZ-CA underestimates, while aBMDZ-HA overestimates BMD in such patients.

Burkitt’s Lymphoma of Intestine Presenting as Ileocolic Intussusception

Burkitt lymphoma, as the most common non-Hodgkin Bcell lymphoma of childhood, is rarely detected in the gastrointestinal tract. Intussusception secondary to Burkitt’s lymphoma is an uncommon presentation. We describe an unusual case of intestinal Burkitt’s lymphoma in a four and the half-year-old girl who presented with intermittent colicky pain three times. Imaging studies were suggestive of intussusception. The patient was subjected to the surgery of bowel resection, which revealed a creamy-gray oval-shaped mass. Histopathology through immunohistochemistry study confirmed the Burkitt lymphoma. Owing to rather nonspecific clinical and radiological features, the preoperative diagnosis of Burkitt lymphoma remains a challenging task for pediatric surgeons and radiologists. Therefore, in case of any clinical suspicion, further examinations, such as CT scan in children are recommended.

Potential benefits of functional magnetic resonance urography (fMRU) over MAG3 renal scan in children with obstructive uropathy

Functional renal imaging, most commonly with MAG3 nuclear medicine renal scan, is recommended in the evaluation of children with urinary tract dilation (UTD) suspected of obstructive uropathy. Alternatively, renal function can be evaluated with functional Magnetic Resonance Urography (fMRU), which has superior anatomic detail. However, there are not enough data comparing both methods' equivalency. In this study, we compare the functional and obstruction parameters of fMRU and MAG3 in a pediatric cohort presenting with obstructive uropathy. This is an IRB-approved retrospective review of all children undergoing fMRU at a single, free-standing children's hospital between May 2008 and September 2017. Patients who also underwent a MAG3 renal scan within 6 months and who had no interval surgical intervention were included in the study. Bladder catheterization was performed prior to both imaging studies. 735 children had 988 fMRU studies performed during the study period. 37 unique patients (13 girls and 24 boys) with median age of 6 months (range: 2 mo-19y) were included in the final sample. Median time interval between studies was 70 days (range 6-179 days). The majority of participants (26/37, 70.3%) presented with UTD P3 and had diagnosis of uretero-pelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) in 21/37. Differential renal function (DRF) was used to group 10 fMRU and 9 MAG3 patients as normal; 9 fMRU and 11 MAG3 as mild; 11 fMRU and 6 MAG3 as moderate; and 7 fMRU and 6 MAG3 as severe; Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p=0.5106). Results were similar for DRF among patients with and without duplex kidneys. In the analysis of obstruction, using reference standard T½ MAG3≥20min, a greater or equal than 6min renal transit time (RTT) from fMRU showed a specificity of 94%, a sensitivity of 62%, and an AUC of 0.827. The differential renal function determined by MAG3 and fMRU in children was not statistically different, therefore we concluded that it was similar and potentially equivalent. Better correlation was shown in patients who had normal split kidney function. While the tests are clinically equivalent, the variability of DRF within each clinical category (i.e., normal, mild, moderate, severe) is not surprising, because MAG3 does not clearly differentiate the dilated collecting system from the functional parenchymal tissue, while fMRU does. Using MAG3 as the gold standard, fMRU was 94.74% specific and 5% more sensitive in detecting UPJO with a RTT of 6min vs. 8min.

"Same, same but different": The optimal viewing position effect in developmental dyslexia, developmental coordination disorder and comorbid disorders.

The optimal viewing position (OVP) effect indicates that words are identified most quickly when the eyes fixate near the word centre in alphabetic languages. In two studies, we tested OVP in typically developing readers and children with developmental dyslexia (DD), developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and with both disorders (DD + DCD), using a variable-viewing-position technique. Study 1 showed that typically developing readers had developed highly automatized procedures of left-to-right attentional scanning resulting in an inverted J-shape VP curve comparable to what is observed in adult readers and that dyslexics showed non-prototypical one. In Study 2, we observed more typical procedures of left-to-right attentional scanning in children with DCD, isolated or comorbid, compared to DD. Moreover, given the absence of significant group differences between children with DD + DCD and children with isolated DD or DCD, our results reinforce the idea that the comorbid condition does not add to the severity of OVP anomalies. We then concluded that OVP atypicalities are specific to children with DD. Finally, we discussed the usefulness of the OVP effect as a clinical tool to identify possible OVP atypicalities that could be specific of some neurodevelopmental disorders (i.e., DD, DCD or DCD + DD).

Analysis of Surgical Guidance and Related Predictive Factors of Head CT Scan in Children with Mild Head Trauma

Analysis of Surgical Guidance and Related Predictive Factors of Head CT Scan in Children with Mild Head Trauma

Is the Iliac Cortical Density Similarly Positioned in the Developing Pediatric Pelvis?

The iliac cortical density (ICD) is a critical fluoroscopic landmark for pelvic percutaneous screw placement. Our purpose was to evaluate the ICD as a landmark in pediatrics and quantify the diameter of osseous pathways for 3 screw trajectories: iliosacral (IS) at S1 and transiliac-transsacral (TSTI) at S1 and S2. Two hundred sixty-seven consecutive pelvic CT scans in children 0-16 years of age were analyzed. ICD and S1 vertebral heights were measured at multiple regions along S1. Their height and corresponding ratios, as well as osseous screw corridor dimensions were compared between age groups and by the dysmorphic status. In the nondysmorphic pelvises, S1 height, ICD height, and the ICD to S1 height ratio increased across age groups for all locations (P < 0.001). All 3 screw pathway diameters increased with age (P < 0.001). In the dysmorphic group, there was no increase in ICD to S1 height ratio with age. Except for the age 0-2 group, the ICD to S1 height ratios were significantly larger in the nondysmorphic group. In the dysmorphic group, S1 TSTI pathway remained narrow with age, whereas IS at S1 and TSTI at S2 had a significant increased diameter with age (P < 0.001). The ICD is a useful fluoroscopic landmark for percutaneous screw placement in the pediatric pelvis. For nondysmorphic pelvises, the ICD to S1 height ratio, as well as osseous corridors for IS, TSTI at S1, and TSTI at S2 screw trajectories increase significantly with age. The margin for safe screw placement in S1 is smaller for younger and dysmorphic pelvises.

Risk factors for positive brain CT scan in children with traumatic brain injury and GCS = 15: A retrospective study.

It is controversial whether it is necessary to carry out head computed tomography (CT) examination for children who had a traumatic brain injury (TBI) but are conscious (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) = 15). The present study explored the risk/predictive factors of positive CT results in children with mild closed head injury and GCS = 15.This was a retrospective study of children (0–18 years of age) with TBI and GCS = 15 and treated at the First People's Hospital of Wenling between 06/2013 and 06/2018. The outcome was a positive head plain CT result. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out to determine the factors independently associated with positive CT results.A total of 279 children were included. The majority of the injured were boys (180/279, 64.5%). The top three causes of injury were traffic accidents (100/279, 35.8%), falling from height (92/279, 33.0%), and tumble (72/279, 25.8%). The top three clinical symptoms were headache (201/279, 72.0%), scalp hematoma (133/279, 47.7%), and nausea with or without vomiting (105/279, 37.6%). The multivariable analysis showed that scalp hematoma (OR = 3.040, 95%CI: 1.791–5.159, P < .0001), ear and nostril bleeding or periorbital soft tissue contusion (OR = 2.234, 95%CI: 1.087–4.590, P = .029), and nausea with or without vomiting (OR = 2.186, 95%CI: 1.255–3.810, P = .006) were independently associated with positive results of head CT.For children with TBI and GCS = 15, the factors independently associated with positive CT results are scalp hematoma, ear and nostril bleeding or periorbital soft tissue contusion, and nausea with or without vomiting.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging under Sedation in Pediatric Patients: A Single-Institution Experience

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for children are a challenge for anesthesiologists since the child must be sedated enough to stand still. But anesthetic drugs used for sedation might have serious side effects and monitorization resources and accessibility to the patient during MRI scan is limited. We retrospectively examined 977 pediatric patients' files who had MRI scans in our hospital. We observed that children received one of the four combinations of anesthetic drugs: group 1 received midazolam, propofol, and ketamine; group 2 received midazolam and ketamine; group 3 received midazolam and thiopental; and group 4 received midazolam and propofol combination for sedation. The patients in group 1 had significantly higher vomiting rates than the patients in group 4 (p = 0.005). We observed bronchospasm in patients in group 1 (p = 0.006) and group 3 (p = 0.001), more than in patients in group 4. Nausea and vomiting ratios were lower in group 4. In patients with nausea and vomiting within a week after the procedure, statistically significant lower neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio values (p = 0.012) were observed. All four anesthetic combinations used in the trial provided safe anesthesia for the children, during the MRI scan. The anesthetic choice must be made according to the procedure time and patient's comorbidities. In this trial, we observed minimum side effects with midazolam and propofol combination.

Care and precautions in performing CT Scans in children

Care and precautions in performing CT Scans in children

Trabecular Bone Score has Poor Association With pQCT Derived Trabecular Bone Density in Indian Children With Type 1 Diabetes and Healthy Controls

Background: In children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), low trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (Trab vBMD) has been reported. However, studies using the trabecular bone score (TBS) are scarce. The objective of our study was to assess areal bone mineral density at the lumbar spine (LS aBMD), the TBS and Trab vBMD in children with type 1 diabetes in comparison with healthy controls and to assess the relationship of Trab vBMD with TBS.Methods: A total of 205 children were assessed for their LS bone mineral content (BMC) and LS aBMD by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and Trab vBMD at distal radius by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Machine generated Z-scores for both LS aBMD and Trab vBMD were used. The retrospective DXA LS scans in children with T1DM (n=137, age 13.1 ± 3.2 years) and controls (n = 68, age 13.0 ± 2.7 years) were analysed with a research trial version of TBS iNsight software (Medimaps Group). The established TBS cut-offs were used to categorize TBS.Results: The mean LS BMC, LS aBMD, TBS and Trab vBMDs were lower in children with T1DM. TBS was positively correlated with LS aBMD but not with Trab vBMD in both groups. Distribution of T1DM and control children was similar in the TBS categories. Over a fourth of the T1DM children with low Trab vBMD (below -2 Z score) had normal TBS, while, in children with LS aBMD Z-score > -2 from both groups, >50% had degraded or partially degraded TBS. Degraded TBS was seen in half the control children although none of them had low Trab vBMD.Conclusion: We found poor correlation between TBS and Trab vBMD in paediatric diabetic and healthy population. Our results also suggest establishing paediatric TBS cut offs in improving the classification of children having degraded trabecular bone.

Low-motion fMRI data can be obtained in pediatric participants undergoing a 60-minute scan protocol

Performing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans of children can be a difficult task, as participants tend to move while being scanned. Head motion represents a significant confound in fMRI connectivity analyses. One approach to limit motion has been to use shorter MRI protocols, though this reduces the reliability of results. Hence, there is a need to implement methods to achieve high-quality, low-motion data while not sacrificing data quantity. Here we show that by using a mock scan protocol prior to a scan, in conjunction with other in-scan steps (weighted blanket and incentive system), it is possible to achieve low-motion fMRI data in pediatric participants (age range: 7–17 years old) undergoing a 60 min MRI session. We also observe that motion is low during the MRI protocol in a separate replication group of participants, including some with autism spectrum disorder. Collectively, the results indicate it is possible to conduct long scan protocols in difficult-to-scan populations and still achieve high-quality data, thus potentially allowing more reliable fMRI findings.

Dr. Marilyn Goske: Innovator in pediatric radiation safety and education: One in a series highlighting women recipients of the ACR Gold Medal

Committed to teaching, Dr. Goske developed an academic niche for herself focusing on educational initiatives. She co-created the widely successful Cleveland Clinic Webbased Curriculum for radiology residents, which reached acclaimed success with 65 modules used by 25,000 registrants in 53 countries and over 400 residency programs. With her natural curiosity, enthusiasm and perseverance, Dr. Goske subsequently had the vision to develop a worldwide coalition that included people from all aspects of radiology to broadcast a simple message, image gently. The influential and longstanding campaign, Image Gently, served to educate radiologists, medical physicists, radiologic technologists and most importantly, parents. Dr. Goske wanted to empower parents and the radiology community to improve pediatric patient safety and work towards decreasing radiation exposure in children. She continued her impactful work by establishing the Quality Improvement Registry in CT Scans in children in 2011 and worked as the pediatric radiology representative on the American College of Radiology's Dose Index Registry in 2013. Focused on compassionate patient care, Dr. Goske's overarching goal was to improve the patient experience throughout the many advancements in radiology. Her excellence in patient care, innovative approaches to education and safety, and collaborative ability to bring out the best in radiology led to her being the 2018 recipient of the ACR Gold Medalist, only the ninth woman ever to do so.

Clinical use and indications for head computed tomography in children presenting with acute medical illness in a low- and middle-income setting.

Computed tomography (CT) imaging is an indispensable tool in the management of acute paediatric neurological illness providing rapid answers that facilitate timely decisions and interventions that may be lifesaving. While clear guidelines exist for use of CT in trauma to maximise individual benefits against the risk of radiation exposure and the cost to the healthcare system, the same is not the case for medical emergency. The study primarily aimed to retrospectively describe indications for non-trauma head CT and the findings at a tertiary paediatric hospital. Records of children presenting with acute illness to the medical emergency unit of Red Cross War Children's Hospital, Cape Town, over one year (2013) were retrospectively reviewed. Participants were included if they underwent head CT scan within 24 hours of presentation with a non-trauma event. Clinical data and reports of CT findings were extracted. Inclusion criteria were met by 311 patients; 188 (60.5%) were boys. The median age was 39.2 (IQR 12.6-84.0) months. Most common indications for head CT were seizures (n = 169; 54.3%), reduced level of consciousness (n = 140;45.0%), headache (n = 74;23.8%) and suspected ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) malfunction (n = 61;19.7%). In 217 (69.8%) patients CT showed no abnormal findings. In the 94 (30.2%) with abnormal CT results the predominant findings were hydrocephalus (n = 54;57.4%) and cerebral oedema (n = 29;30.9%). Papilloedema was more common in patients with abnormal CT (3/56; 5.4%) compared with none in those with normal CT; P = 0.015; while long tract signs were found in 42/169 (24.9%) and 23/56 (41.1%) of patients with normal and abnormal CT findings, respectively; P = 0.020. Post-CT surgery was required by 47(15.1%) of which 40 (85.1%) needed a ventricular drainage. A larger proportion of patients with VPS (25/62; 40.3%) required surgery compared to patients without VPS (22/249; 8.8%; P<0.001). A majority of head CT scans in children with medical emergency with acute neurological illness were normal. Patients with VPS constituted the majority of patients with abnormal CT scans that required subsequent neurosurgical intervention. Evidence-based guidelines are required to guide the best use of head CT in the management of children without head trauma.

Возрастные особенности решетчатой кости у детей и их клиническое значение

Objective. To determine the variability of morphometric parameters of ethmoid bone structures in childhood and to identify the most significant of them to optimize surgical interventions. Materials and methods. Craniometry of 87 native samples of children's skulls aged 1-21 years without gender identity, and 85 computer tomograms (CT) scans of children of the same age were carried out. Measurements on skulls were made with caliper gage, metal ruler. The CT scan was performed on «Toshiba» 4-slice computer scanner «Asteion-S4» with a 0.5-1.0 mm increment. To assess the validity of the differences between the rows, the t-criterion was used for independent samples. Results. The ethmoidal labyrinth at the age of 1-1.5 and 2-3 years has the smallest size: length - 26.9-28.7 mm, width - 7.1-7.7 mm, height - 14.1-15.9 mm. However, the cribriform plate reaches in infancy almost the same size as an adult (length 21.7 mm, width 10.4 mm at the front and 11.2 mm at the back) and is rectangular or oval in shape. By adolescence, its shape changes to trapezoidal or triangular. Frequency of pneumatization of crista galli (8.3-82.4%) increases in children's age groups similar to that of sinuses. Trans-ethmoid access to the base of the skull during endonasal operations is significantly difficult in children under 4 years old. Transcribriform access to the anterior cranial fossa and crista galli can be used from infancy. Conclusion. The ethmoid bone is mostly formed by the time of birth. The increase is observed by the age of 2 years, and then in 13-16 years, in 17-21 years the growth of the ethmoid bone stabilizes.

The Cameriere method using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans for dental age estimation in children

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the accuracy of Cameriere’s method based on normalized measurement of open apices of developing permanent teeth (xi ) and a number of teeth with closed apices (N0 ) in a sample of 121 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of children (60 males and 61 females), aged between 5 and 13 years from Krakow, Poland. Intra-class correlation coefficient on randomly selected 30 CBCT scans showed good to exceptional intra-observer, and inter-observer agreement of normalized open apices, while Kappa score showed an absolute agreement of the number of teeth with complete maturation. Dental age overestimated by 0.17 years (p = 0.120) and 0.18 years (p = 0.149) in males and females, respectively. The mean absolute errors between dental and chronological age of MAE between dental and chronological age of the complete sample were 0.73 years and 0.77 years in males and females, respectively. In conclusion, the present results support usage of Cameriere’s method for age estimation in Polish children in cases where CBCT scans are available and previously taken for a specific clinical indication and taking into account the more demanding procedure of measuring variables in a non-orthogonal projection of teeth compared to a panoramic image.

Clinical indications for the use of computed tomography in children who underwent frequent computed tomography: a near-13-year follow-up retrospective study at a single institution in Japan.

Recent studies suggest a causal link of childhood leukemia and brain tumor with repeated computed tomography (CT) scans. The reasons why frequent CT scans are taken in a specific child remain unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the medical reasons why frequent CT examinations in children, and the characteristics of the diseases of those children that required multiple CT scans. A long-term follow-up retrospective study was conducted over a 12.75-year period at a single institution. Radiological reports were investigated that contained the indications for the CT scans. The clinical indications were classified for the examination of children under 16 years of age who underwent more than three CT scans into trauma, tumor, inflammation, and others. This study showed that 8.5% of CT examinations were done three times or more. The numbers of patients by indication were 23.3% for trauma, 5.3% for hydrocephalus, and 2.3% for appendicitis. The frequencies of trauma and inflammation decreased rapidly with an increasing number of CT scans. In particular, hydrocephalus brought high frequency more than ten scans. Regarding the frequencies of clinical indications by age groups, there was a significant difference (p<0.05). The near-13-year follow-up study indicated the main clinical indications for frequent CT scans in children were trauma and hydrocephalus. Multiple follow-up CT scans in children with hydrocephalus would be traded off against the resultant increase in brain tumor risk associated with CT exposure.

COVID-19 in Children: An Ample Review.

The aim of this review was to describe the current knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including knowledge on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. An extensive literature search was performed to identify papers on COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 infection) in children, published between January 1, 2020 and April 1, 2020. There were 44 relevant papers on COVID-19 in children. The results showed that COVID-19 occurs in 0.39–12.3% of children. Clinical signs and symptoms are comparable to those in adults, but milder forms and a large percentage of asymptomatic carriers are found among children. Elevated inflammatory markers are associated with complications and linked to various co-infections. Chest computed tomography (CT) scans in children revealed structural changes similar to those found in adults, with consolidations surrounded by halos being somewhat specific for children with COVID-19. The recommended treatment includes providing symptomatic therapy, with no specific drug recommendations for children. The prognosis is much better for children compared to adults. This review highlights that COVID-19 in children is similar to the disease in the adult population, but with particularities regarding clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, chest imaging, and treatment. The prognosis is much better for children compared to adults, but with the progression of the pandemic; the cases in children might change in the future.