Internal Consistency Of Scale Research Articles

Assessing Maternal Attitudes: Development, Validation, and Psychometric Properties of the Mother-Child Reminiscing Scales.

Mother-child participation in conversations about past events in early childhood has an invaluable influence on child development. While previous studies have focused on the investigation of maternal styles of talking about the past, the role of maternal attitudes towards reminiscing has been overlooked. This paper presents two studies on the development and validation of two separate scales that assess maternal attitudes in mother-child conversations: the Maternal Attitudes Towards Mother-Child Reminiscing Scale (MCRS) and MCRS-Context. In Study 1, we have investigated the factor structure of the MCRS (N = 312) and MCRS-Context (N = 278) with a sample of mothers whose children aged between 3 and 7. In Study 2, we aimed to test the factor structure obtained by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in Study 1 using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and we have investigated the psychometric properties of the scales with a different sample of 223 mothers. EFA and CFA results have suggested four theoretically consistent factors of the MCRS (interest, competency, satisfaction and difficulty) and a one-factor structure for the MCRS-Context (general positive attitudes in comparison to other mothers). To test construct validity, the relationships with related independent scales were investigated, indicating generally significant and theoretically expected correlations. The test/re-test, Cronbach alpha and composite reliability scores indicated acceptable internal consistency for both scales. The findings of both studies provided evidence for the validity and reliability of these scales in evaluating maternal attitudes towards mother-child conversations. It is thought that the studies presented here will provide useful insight for future studies for understanding the link between maternal cognitions and reminiscing practices in mother-child conversations and the effect of that link on child development.

Psychometric evaluation of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 among community health volunteers and nurses/midwives in Kenya following a nation-wide telephonic survey.

Nurses/midwives and Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) are exposed to chronic stressors putting them at risk of developing mental health problems. This has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. There is limited empirical evidence of the burden of mental health problems among health care workers partly due to the lack of adequately standardized and validated measures for use among health care workers in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to perform the psychometric evaluation of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 administered to nurses/midwives and CHVs across 47 counties in Kenya. Between June and November 2021, a national survey on mental well-being and resilience among nurses/midwives and CHVs was conducted via telephone interviews. The survey had a total sample size of 1907 nurses/midwives and 2027 CHVs. Cronbach's alpha and MacDonalds' omega were used to evaluate the scale's internal consistency. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to test the one-factor structure of the scales. Multi-group CFA was applied to evaluate the generalizability of the scales across the Swahili and English versions, and among male and female health workers. The Spearman correlation was used to assess the tools' divergent and convergent validity. The internal consistency of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 was good, with alpha and omega values above 0.7 across study samples. CFA results indicated a one-factor structure of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 for both nurses/midwives and CHVs. Multi-group CFA showed that both scales were unidimensional across both language and sex. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were significantly negatively correlated with resilience and work engagement, supporting divergent validity. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were also significantly positively correlated with resilience and work engagement, supporting divergent validity. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 are unidimensional, reliable, and valid tools for screening depression and anxiety among nurses/midwives and CHVs. The tools can be administered in a similar population or study setting using either Swahili or English.

The Korean Version of Pandemic Stress Questionnaire: Validation in Korean Population

The spread of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has acted as a significant stressor among individuals, causing a variety of psychological problems. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of stress caused by COVID-19 by translating and validating the Pandemic Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) in Korean, which measures stressful event caused by COVID-19. A statistical analysis was performed on 167 participants. The scale's internal consistency was verified using Cronbach's α. Furthermore, a correlation analysis was carried out to examine the relationships between Perceived Stress Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire-7, Patient Health Questionnaire-15, and World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument Brief Form. Lastly, a multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of pandemic-related stressful events on depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms. Cronbach's α for Korean version of PSQ (K-PSQ) Severity was 0.79, and that for K-PSQ Event was 0.78. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that pandemic stress events have an effect on anxiety and somatic symptoms. The K-PSQ is a tool in which individuals can simultaneously measure the occurrence of stressful events caused by COVID-19 and the severity of stress that is often experienced as a result. It is expected that this tool will be useful in the mental health field for measuring COVID-19-related stress.

A Pilot Study Assessment of Medical Student Knowledge and System Citizenship Attitudes Pertaining to Health Systems Science.

Health system science (HSS) has been described as the third pillar of medical education. We introduced a new health system science and interprofessional practice (HSSIP) curriculum, and measured students' HSS knowledge and attitudes concerning health system citizenship. This pilot study involved first-year (M1) and fourth-year (M4) medical students in two cohorts across 2 years. Only M1 students in the second cohort participated in the new HSSIP curriculum. We compared student performance on a new National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) HSS subject exam, and student attitudes toward system citizenship via a new attitudinal survey. Fifty-six eligible fourth-year students (68%) and 70 (76%) study eligible first-year students participated in the study. NBME HSS exam performance by M4 students was statistically significantly higher than M1 students for both cohorts, with moderate to large effect sizes. Exam performance for M1 students not experiencing the HSS curriculum was higher than for M1 students who received HSS curricular content. Attitudes toward HSS by M4 versus M1 students were statistically significantly different on several survey items with moderate effect sizes. Scale internal consistency for the HSS attitude survey was strong (0.83 or higher). There were differences among M4 and M1 medical students concerning knowledge of and attitudes toward HSS, with performance on the NBME subject exam similar to a national sample. Exam performance by M1 students was likely impacted by class size and other factors. Our results support the need for increased attention to HSS during medical education. Our health system citizenship survey has potential for further development and cross-institutional collaboration.

Psychometric Properties of the Qualiskope-A for Measuring Patient Satisfaction with Outpatient Medical Treatment: Use in Oncology and Transferability to Inpatient Care

The Qualiskope-A is a German-language PREM (Patient Reported Experience Measure) which, with the help of 27 items allocated to four scales, enables measurement of patient satisfaction with outpatient medical treatment along four dimensions of patient satisfaction. This study examined whether the questionnaire delivers reliable results in an oncological population and whether its application can be extended to inpatient care. Required data was collected as part of the PIKKO study. Initially, descriptive statistics and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the PREM's scales were analyzed. In addition, a sub-sample that assessed the same doctor at two consecutive measurement time points was observed with regard to test-retest reliability (Spearman correlation (rs) between both measurement time points). The measurement model of the Qualiskope-A was then examined using confirmatory factor analysis. To test the transferability to inpatient care, measurement invariance with regard to outpatients and inpatients was computed. A total of 476 patients was included in the study. Every score of the Qualiskope-A showed a left-skewed distribution in the sample and revealed pronounced ceiling effects. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were consistently>0,8. Within the test-retest group (n=197), a strong correlation (rs>0,5) was observed between the measurement time points. The fit indices calculated using confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit (CFI=0,958; RMSEA=0,026; SRMR=0,040; every factor loadings>0,6). The fit indices, calculated as part of the investigation of measurement invariance, consistently met the defined threshold values. The Qualiscope-A shows good reliability in the examined oncological sample. It can be used in both outpatient and inpatient settings (no indications of non-invariance were found). Due to pronounced ceiling effects, however, the item scaling should be revised.

Turkish Adaptation of Dissociative Subtype of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale

ABSTRACT After the changes in DSM-5, dissociative subtype was added to post-traumatic stress disorder. That caused a necessity for a scale to measure the mentioned change. A scale named Dissociative Subtype of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (DSPS) was developed to measure this subtype and help the diagnosis. The purpose of this study is to adapt the Dissociative Subtype of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder to Turkish and examine its reliability and validity. The Dissociative Subtype of PTSD (DSPS) was translated into Turkish. DSPS, Turkish forms of The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale and Dissociative Experiences Scale were sent to participants via Google Forms and data from 279 people aged 18–45 were analyzed. Reliability tests and factor analysis were conducted. Factor analysis showed that scale has good model fit scores and items were loaded to the factors the same as the original study. Scales internal consistency was examined, and a good score was obtained (α=.84). Fit index values of confirmatory factor analysis were found as χ2/df = 2.51, GFI=.90, RMSEA=.07, RMR=.02. As a result of the high reliability scores and sufficient model fit scores, this scale is considered as a dependable measure to evaluate the dissociative subtype of PTSD.

Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the brief version of the difficulty in emotion regulation scale (DERS-16)

BackgroundThe current study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the short form of the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16) in an Arabic-speaking population-based adult sample in Lebanon. In particular, the factorial structure, composite reliability, convergent validity and gender invariance were investigated.MethodsA total of 411 Lebanese adult participants (mean age of 32.86 ± 11.98 years, 75.4% females) took part of this cross-sectional web-based study. The forward and backward translation method was applied.ResultsFindings revealed good internal consistency of the Arabic DERS-16 total scale and five subscales (McDonald’s ω ranging from 0.81 to 0.95). Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the five-factor solution of the scale and demonstrated strong measurement invariance across gender at the configural, metric, and scalar levels. No significant differences were found in all DERS-16 domains between men and women participants. Finally, the DERS-16 scores and sub-scores showed strong correlations with the Borderline Personality Questionnaire (r > .40), thus indicating its convergent validity.ConclusionOverall, the present findings suggest that the Arabic version of the DERS-16 may be a reliable and valid self-report measure that assesses ER difficulties as a multidimensional construct. Making the Arabic version of the DERS-16 available will hopefully strengthen its utilization for clinical and research purposes to benefit the millions of Arabic-speaking people worldwide.

Validation of the NIOSH Worker Well-Being Questionnaire in Italian Language.

This study aimed to validate in Italian the Worker Well-Being Questionnaire developed by US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The questionnaire was independently translated into Italian by two authors. Translations were compared with obtain a synthesis that was back-translated. Back translations were submitted to an expert committee to produce a final version of the questionnaire. The Italian version, after being pretested, was administered guaranteeing anonymity to a total sample of 206 health care workers. Findings obtained are satisfactory, indicating excellent fit (CFI and TLI values ranged from 0.96 to 0.99, RMSEA values ranged from 0.03 to 0.07), sound internal consistency of scales (Cronbach's α values exceeded 0.7) and factor structures consistent with theory. Italian version of the questionnaire is faithful to the original and allows for efficient and robust measurement of workers' well-being.

The internal consistency and validity of marriage values scales among young women

The internal consistency and validity of marriage values scales among young women

Development and Psychometric Validation of a Scale for Measurement of Tramadol Abuse

There are indications that the practices or behaviour involving tramadol use have not been measured with valid and reliable tools in the past. A scale that can be used to identify tramadol abuse practices in both clinical and non-clinical settings would be useful for possible intervention efforts. The objective of this study was, therefore, to develop and validate a scale to measure tramadol abuse. The scale items were sourced from the literature and outcomes from focus group discussions (FGDs) with 16 longterm tramadol users who were screened with Q-cup urine drug test kit (Q-CUDTK). Six experts and 30 long-term tramadol users were engaged for content and face validations of the items respectively. For construct validation, 180 tramadol users participated. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was applied to identify the underlying factor structure of the scale and Cronbach’s alpha was computed for the scale internal consistency. Two items failed to meet the I-CVI (item-content validity index) cut-off point (I-CVIs < 0.83) and were deleted leaving 18 items with the S-CVI (scale-validity index) of 0.93. Three more items were deleted for having factor loadings below 0.50 leaving 15 items. The EFA resulted in the extraction of three factors: frequency of use (7 items), intensity of use (5 items) and pattern of use (3 items) with the reliability coefficients of 0.95, 0.96 and 0.89 respectively. We named this scale ‘Tram-BEHAV’ because it can be used to identify tramadol abuse behaviour for possible intervention. It can also be used for the evaluation of tramadol abuse intervention programmes.

Evaluating knowledge and attitudes scales for the care of older adults among nursing students in Ghana

BackgroundUnderstanding nursing students’ knowledge about and attitudes toward older adults’ using context-specific survey instruments can help to identify and design effective learning and teaching materials to improve the care for persons 60 years and above. However, there are no validated instruments to examine nursing students’ knowledge and attitudes toward the care for older adults in the African context. The study aimed to evaluate the items on the Knowledge about Older Patients Quiz and Kogan's Attitudes towards Old People Scale suitable for the African context.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using second-and third-year nursing students from two public Nursing Training Institutions in Ghana. Using Sahin’s rule of sample size estimate of at least 150 participants for unidimensional dichotomous scales, 170 nursing students were recruited to participate after an information session in their classrooms. Data were collected from December 2019—March 2020 using the Knowledge about Older Patients Quiz and Kogan’s Attitudes Towards Old People Scale. Item response theory was employed to evaluate the Knowledge about Older Patients Quiz difficulty level and discrimination indices. Corrected item-to-total correlation analysis was conducted for Kogan's Attitudes towards Old People Scale. The internal consistency for both scales was examined.ResultsOf the 170 participants, 169 returned completed surveys. The mean age of participants was 21 years (SD = 3.7), and (54%) were female. Of the 30-items of the Knowledge about Older Patients Quiz, seven items were very difficult for most students to choose the correct response, and one was easy, as most of the students chose the correct response. Although 22 items demonstrated appropriate difficulty level, discrimination indices were used to select the final 15- items that discriminated moderately between upper and lower 25% performing students. The Kuder-Richardson-20 reliability was. 0.30, which was low. Considering Kogan's Attitudes towards Old People scale, 10-items were removed following negative and low corrected item-to-total correlation and a high Alpha coefficient if items were deleted. The final 22-items had a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.65, which was moderately satisfactory.ConclusionEvaluation of the scales demonstrated essential content validity and moderate internal consistency for the context of our study. Further research should focus on ongoing context-specific refinement of the survey instruments to measure nursing students’ knowledge about and attitudes toward caring for older adults in the African context.

Digital maturity: Development and validation of the Digital Maturity Inventory (DIMI)

Building on research of psychosocial maturity and self-determination theory, we introduced and investigated the concept of digital maturity as a novel view on young people's digital technology use. We conceptualized digital maturity as the self-determined use of digital technologies supporting psychological growth and well-being while shielding potential threats and considering needs of the social environment. To measure digital maturity, we developed the Digital Maturity Inventory (DIMI). In Study 1 (N = 390, age 12–18), we developed and selected items for the ten dimensions based on an exploratory factor analysis. In Study 2 (N = 558, age 12–18), we examined the scale's factor structure and internal consistency using confirmatory factor analysis, and tested the convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity. The results confirmed that digital maturity is linked to personality maturity (agreeableness, conscientiousness, negative emotionality), and a hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed the unique influence of digital maturity in predicting problematic mobile device use beyond individual differences in personality, age, and amount of mobile device use.

Comparison of eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) and Digital Health Literacy Instrument (DHLI) in Assessing Electronic Health Literacy in Chinese Older Adults: A Mixed-Methods Approach.

This study compared the reliability, construct validity, and respondents' preference of the Chinese version of 8-item eHEALS (C-eHEALS) and 21-item DHLI (C-DHLI) in assessing older adults' electronic health (eHealth) literacy using a mixed-methods approach. A web-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted among 277 Chinese older adults from September to October 2021, and 15 respondents were subsequently interviewed to understand their preference of scale to use in practice. Results showed that the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of both scales were satisfactory. For the construct validity, the C-DHLI score showed stronger positive correlations with having Internet use for health information and higher educational attainments, occupational skill levels, self-rated Internet skills, and health literacy than the C-eHEALS score. In addition, younger age, higher household income, urban residence, and longer Internet use history were only positively correlated with C-DHLI score. Qualitative data suggested that most interviewees perceived the C-DHLI as more readable than C-eHEALS for its clear structure, specific description, short sentence length, and less semantic complexity. Findings revealed that both scales are reliable tools to measure eHealth literacy among Chinese older adults, and the C-DHLI seemed to be a more valid and favored instrument for the general Chinese older population based on the quantitative and qualitative results.

Australian Pelvic Floor Questionnaire: translation, cultural adaptation, and validation.

The aim was to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the APFQ (Australian Pelvic Floor Questionnaire) for the population of Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women. The translation and validation of the APFQ were performed according to Beaton's guideline recommendations, with a sample of 150 patients (75 pregnant, 75 postpartum). Cronbach's alpha assessed the scale's internal consistency and reproducibility with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). To analyze the construct validity, two questionnaires were applied, and the Spearman correlation was performed. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was executed to assess the fit of the data to the theoretical model. The ability to generate diagnosis was analyzed by sensitivity and specificity. Only 1% of the sample scored in the prolapse domain, so it was removed from the validation analyses. Cronbach's alpha values greater than 0.70 were obtained for the bladder and bowel domains, and 0.69 for sexual function. As for reproducibility, the ICC was greater than 0.75 for all domains. Spearman's correlation was good for bowel (r=0.74), moderate for bladder (r=0.58), and poor for sexual function (r=0.23). CFA results showed a non-optimal adherence: despite the Chi-squared value being significant (p<0.001), the CMIN- which is the adherence of the data to the model- value is less than 3. Sensitivity above 80% was obtained, whereas specificity of 43%, 16%, and 12% was obtained for bowel, bladder, and sexual functions respectively. The APFQ was translated, culturally adapted, and validated for Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women. It showed good indexes of internal consistency, construct validity, reproducibility, and sensitivity. However, the prolapse domain could not be validated.

Development and validation of a comprehensive health literacy tool for adults in Hong Kong.

Health literacy (HL) refers to an individual's ability to process and use health information to make health-related decisions. However, previous HL scales did not fully cover all aspects of this concept. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive Hong Kong HL scale (HLS-HK) and evaluate its psychometric properties among Chinese adults. A scale of 31-item covering Nutbeam's framework, namely functional and interactive HL (FHL and IHL), and critical HL (CHL) within three subdomains: critical appraisal of information, understanding of social determinants of health, and actions to address social determinants of health, was developed based on previous literature review and Delphi survey. Cognitive interviews were performed to examine all items' face validity in terms of three aspects: comprehensiveness, clarity, and acceptability. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the scale's psychometric properties, including its internal consistency reliability, factorial structure validity, convergent validity, and predictive validity. Nine interviewees participated in the cognitive interviews in October 2021. Based on the input from respondents, two items were deleted, two items were combined, and several items' wording was revised. The other items were clear and readable. Finally, 28 items remained. A total of 433 adults completed the questionnaire survey between December 2021 and February 2022. After excluding one item with low inter-item correlations, the scale's internal consistency reliability was acceptable, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89. Exploratory factor analysis produced a five-factor model, as shown in the original theoretical framework. These factors accounted for 53% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the fit indices for this model were acceptable (comparative fit index = 0.91, root mean square error of approximation = 0.06, and root mean square residual = 0.06). The scale is also significantly correlated with theoretically selected variables, including education and self-rated health. The HLS-HK is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating HL. Compared with existing tools, this scale extended the operationalization of FHL, IHL, and CHL and fully operationalized the CHL via three subdomains. It can be used to understand the difficulties and barriers that people may encounter when they use health-related information and services.

Attitudes of Young Tri-City Residents toward Game Meat. Development and Validation of a Scale for Identifying Attitudes toward Wild Meat.

Attitudes toward food are one of the most critical factors related to consumer behavior in the food market. Therefore, identifying attitudes toward a specific food product may be essential for identifying factors influencing certain behaviors regarding game. In addition, game meat is a valuable food that can increase the variety of meat and reduce the intensive breeding of slaughter animals. Therefore, a research gap was found regarding the lack of a tool for identifying attitudes toward game that would allow for the acquisition of data valid for studying conditions related to game consumption. The study aims to validate a developed scale for identifying the attitudes of young Tri-City residents toward game. To collect the database, two groups of respondents are involved in the validation procedure. This procedure includes validation of content, response process, and statistical validation. The scale is validated, and four domains are distinguished based on the PCA test. The validated scale consists of 10 statements (initially 11). The estimated Cronbach's alpha (0.6944) indicates good scale internal consistency. The developed scale can be used to identify attitudes of young Tri-City residents toward game and search for links between these attitudes and behaviors related to game consumption.

Association between Migraine and Workplace Social Support in the Social Context of China: Using a Validated Chinese Version of the DCSQ.

Workplace social support might have a protective function against migraine in the social context of China, as close co-worker relationships and collectivism are acknowledged as work values in Chinese society. This paper aimed to analyse the association between migraine and workplace social support. The validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Support scale of the Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire (DCSQ) used were also determined. Following international guidelines, this study was carried out in two stages. Stage I involved translations and pilot testing to assess content and face validity of the Chinese version of the DCSQ Support scale. Stage II was a cross-sectional survey (N = 677 bank employees) to evaluate structural validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Support scale, as well as to examine the association between workplace social support and a migraine-positive diagnosis. A high level of social support in the workplace was associated with a 74% decreased likelihood of migraine (adjusted OR = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.14-0.46). Of the six aspects of workplace social support, co-worker support had the greatest protective effect (adjusted OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.39-0.60). The Chinese version of the DCSQ Support scale established satisfactory content and face validity (I-CVIs ≥ 0.78; S-CVIAVE ≥ 0.90). Confirmatory factor analysis verified its one-dimensional theoretical factor, with adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's α 0.98; item-total correlations ≥ 0.80) and test-retest reliability (weighted Kappa coefficients 0.81-0.87; percentages agreement 85.23-88.92%). In the Chinese social context, workplace social support could protect against migraine, with the strongest benefit coming from co-workers. This study also provides a Chinese-language DCSQ Support scale as a valid and reliable instrument for measuring workplace social support.

Nivo majndfulnesa u interpersonalnim odnosima - validnost i pouzdanost skale procene

Introduction. The multidimensional concept of mindfulness includes voluntary attention, focus on the "present moment", monitoring of mental processes, and inhibition of impulsive reactions. Examining the impact of the level of mindfulness on the quality of the relationship between the special educator and the student requires an instrument with satisfactory psychometric characteristics. Objectives. The goal of this research was to determine the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent and discriminative validity of the Interpersonal mindfulness scale. Methods. The reliability of the Interpersonal mindfulness scale was checked by calculating Cronbach's Alpha in a sample of 114 students (age: M = 20.75, SD = 2.20). For the test-retest reliability check, a sample of 32 students was formed (age: M = 21.41, SD = 2.46). The relationship between the Interpersonal mindfulness scale and the Cognitive and affective mindfulness scale was determined in a sample of 59 students (age: M = 20.93, SD = 1.92). For examining the Pearson correlations of the Interpersonal mindfulness scale and the Perceived Stress Scale-10, the sample included 55 students (age: M = 20.55, SD = 2.47). Results. It was determined that the values of the internal consistency of the Interpersonal mindfulness scale and its subscales were acceptable (a = .69 - .88), the level of test-retest reliability was moderate to high (ICC = .58 -.91), the correlation with the overall results of the Cognitive and affective mindfulness scale was statistically significant and positive (r = .58, p &lt; .001), while it was not statistically significant (p &gt; .05) on the Perceived Stress Scale-10. Conclusion. Based on the established reliability and validity, the Interpersonal mindfulness scale can be recommended as an instrument for obtaining reliable data on the quality and level of mindfulness manifested in social interactions

Adaptation of the Short-form 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) into Turkish.

The short-form 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale is a brief assessment scale developed to determine the level of loneliness from a onedimensional perspective while preserving psychometric properties equivalent to the original 20-item version. This study aimed to adapt the shortform 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale into Turkish and to analyze its validity and reliability. The convenience sampling method was preferred for this methodological study, in which 411 clinical and non-clinical individuals were included. The clinical group included 41 patients with major depressive disorders attending the psychiatric outpatient ward. The study's data were collected with the Descriptive Information Form, short-form 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Beck Depression Inventory, and Trait Anxiety (A-Trait) Scale. The Cronbach's alpha value of the UCLA Loneliness Scale-6 Item Short Form was calculated as 0.884, and the scale's internal consistency level was quite high. For the UCLA Loneliness Scale-6 Item Short Form, the variability level of the items constituting the one-dimensional structure produced from the explanatory factor analysis was 63.411%, and it could distinguish patients with descriptive features and clinical diagnosis (p<0.05). The scores of the UCLA Loneliness Scale-6 Item Short Form and other scales assessing loneliness showed a significant correlation (r=-0.476 - 0.618). The short-form 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale is a simple, easy-to-apply, reliable, and valid scale that can be used in studies assessing loneliness.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Moroccan Arabic dialect version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool

ObjectiveTo adapt the Primary Primary Care Assessment Tool-Adult Edition into the Moroccan Arabic dialect and to assess its reliability and validity from the perspective of Moroccan adult patients. MethodA committee of experts carried out the cross-cultural adaptation of the Primary Care Assessment Tool. The adapted questionnaire was subject to forward and backward translation and a pilot study. Exploratory factor analysis assessed the internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity of items and scales. Finally, descriptive statistics were performed on the final factor structure. ResultsA 43-item Moroccan Arabic dialect version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool-Adult Edition was developed. It consisted of six multi-item scales that represented the four main dimensions of primary care: first contact, continuity, comprehensiveness, and coordination. Four derived dimensions were included: cultural competence, communication, advice, and community orientation. All six scales demonstrated robust internal consistency, item-total solid correlations, and construct validity. The calculated Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.78 to 0.90. ConclusionsComprehensive metric analyses supported the reliability and validity of the Moroccan Arabic dialect version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool-Adult Edition in assessing core primary care domains from the patients’ experience. This tool could be used for future research on primary care in Morocco.