Scale Systems Research Articles

A flexible short recurrence Krylov subspace method for matrices arising in the time integration of port-Hamiltonian systems and ODEs/DAEs with a dissipative Hamiltonian

For several classes of mathematical models that yield linear systems, the splitting of the matrix into its Hermitian and skew Hermitian parts is naturally related to properties of the underlying model. This is particularly so for discretizations of dissipative Hamiltonian ODEs, DAEs and port-Hamiltonian systems where, in addition, the Hermitian part is positive definite or semi-definite. It is then possible to develop short recurrence optimal Krylov subspace methods in which the Hermitian part is used as a preconditioner. In this paper, we develop new, right preconditioned variants of this approach which, as their crucial new feature, allow the systems with the Hermitian part to be solved only approximately in each iteration while keeping the short recurrences. This new class of methods is particularly efficient as it allows, for example, to use few steps of a multigrid solver or a (preconditioned) CG method for the Hermitian part in each iteration. We illustrate this with several numerical experiments for large scale systems.

A double decomposition based coevolutionary algorithm for distributed multi-objective OPF solution

Due to the vast and complex nature of the power systems, the study of distributed solution to multi-objective OPF (MO-OPF) problem is vital. However, the existing distributed MO-OPF approaches are based on mathematical programming techniques. The tedious repetition of algorithmic executions is inevitable. Moreover, they can hardly solve the non-differential problem. In this paper, the coevolutionary multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA), combining the idea of decomposition, is introduced to solve the distributed MO-OPF problem. The decomposition first occurs on decision variables. After segmenting, multiple subpopulations can coevolve in a distributed manner under the support of a new proposed distributed fitness evaluation method. Further, an objective decomposition (OBD) method is applied to the proposed distributed MO-OPF approach. The problem is decomposed again based on objective functions. By this OBD method, the fitness assignment problem is effectively alleviated and a more extensively covered pareto front can be obtained. The experimental results on two systems of different scales first show the effectiveness of the proposed distributed approach and then demonstrate the excellence of the OBD method in large-scale system.

Abstract 17806: Outcome Prediction Score for Mitral Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair in Patients With Concomitant Significant Tricuspid Regurgitation

Introduction: Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) adversely affects the post-procedural course following mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER). We aimed to derive a clinical risk stratification model for patients undergoing TEER for mitral regurgitation while exhibiting significant TR. Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective study of 217 consecutive individuals referred to an isolated mitral TEER who had above-moderate TR at baseline. The primary outcome of interest was the 1-year composite of all-cause mortality or heart failure hospitalizations. The cohort was randomly split in a 75% to 25% ratio, creating train (n=163) and test (n=54) datasets. Model development, discrimination and calibration were based on the train dataset. Internal validation was applied to the test dataset. Results: By 1-year, 81 (37.3%) patients died or were hospitalized for heart failure. After multivariable analysis, a score for predicting the primary outcome was constructed that utilized a 0-3 scaling system, in which each point represented one of three baseline variables associated with this combined endpoint: serum B-natriuretic peptide (BNP) level >1,000 pg/mL, qualitative right ventricular (RV) dysfunction on transthoracic echocardiogram, and a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED). C-statistic of the model for the primary outcome was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.58-0.74, p=0.001) and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.62-0.90, p=0.004) in the train and test datasets, respectively - representing a significantly better discrimination ability than the MitraScore and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons score for mitral valve repair. Conclusions: The BNP-RV-CIED (BRC) score is a simple clinical prediction tool that may aid in the triage of mitral TEER candidate with significant pre-existing TR.

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy of the perineum for male patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a pilot study

BackgroundChronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is a complex condition that is often difficult to treat and may sometimes require a multidisciplinary team. Among the wide array of treatment options is extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT). However, its role in CPPS remains controversial. The purpose of our study is to assess the efficacy and safety of ESWT of the perineum in male patients with CPPS. MethodsFourteen patients aged between 21 and 85 years were recruited in this single-center, single-arm prospective trial from October 2018 to October 2020. ESWT was delivered to the perineum weekly for up to 8 weeks. Assessment was done via International Index for Erectile Function, International Prostate Symptom Score, King's Health Questionnaire, National Institutes of Health – Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index, Visual Analogue Scale, Analgesic Questionnaire, and UPOINT (urinary symptoms [U], psychosocial dysfunction [P], organ-specific symptoms [O], infection-related symptoms [I], neurological/systemic conditions [N], tenderness of skeletal muscles [T]) phenotype system. The parameters are assessed before the start and end of treatment as well as at regular time points on follow-up appointments up to 20 weeks. ResultsThirteen patients completed the study. There was improvement in the Visual Analogue Scale pain score, Tenderness domain on UPOINT, King's Health Questionnaire, and National Institutes of Health – Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index scores. In terms of erectile function, improvement in the erectile function domain of International Index for Erectile Function was observed. There was also significant improvement in lower urinary tract symptoms assessed on International Prostate Symptom Score. There were no adverse events reported post treatment and during the follow-up period. ConclusionsESWT improved pain and quality of life of male patients with CPPS. It can be a safe and effective treatment modality in the armamentarium of CPPS.

Catalytic Gasification and Reforming of Residual Biomass in a Bench Scale System with Low Cost Catalysts.

This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of using of different catalysts for reforming tars contained in the syngas of biomass gasifiers. The conversion of the tar content allows to obtain high quality syngas and to maximize the gas fraction. A bench scale equipment consisting of an autothermal fluidized bed gasifier and a downstream packed bed reformer was used. Pine sawdust was selected as the feedstock for gasification. TGA analysis showed that the temperature must be above 350 °C to ensure the ignition of the biomass and maintain the process in an autothermal steady-state. Dolomite and pyrolysis char were used to test of the fluidized bed catalysts. In the reformer, dolomite, pyrolysis char, iron doped activated carbon and spent HDS catalyst were used. All catalysts decreased the CO2 concentration in the product gas and increased H2 , CH4 and CO. When iron doped activated carbon is used, tar contents below 60 g/Nm3 in the product gas could be obtained, reaching less than 1 g/Nm3 . The best value of LHV (lower heating value) was obtained with pyrolysis char as a catalyst (4.8 MJ/Nm3 ). The results demonstrate that catalytic biomass gasification with downstream tar reforming with low-cost catalysts is a promising solution for energy applications.

178 Tag Your It: Use of Wearable Biometric and Remote Sensing Technology to Monitor Animal Growth, Performance, and Efficiency in Extensively Managed Landscapes

Abstract Energy budgets in grazing cattle are notoriously difficult to study given complex environmental and physiological interactions between plants and animals, each operating according to individual grazing budgets. However, these synergistic energy pathways can be modeled using a series of mechanistic relationships describing forage resource distribution and animal behavior, each which can be observed with high levels of accuracy and precision using biometric sensors and remote sensing technology. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the coordination of data inputs into a coherent framework utilizing biometric and remote sensing technology. Crossbred steers (n = 10) were fitted with GPS and video tracking collars (Vectronic) and accelerometers (Wildbytes technologies), then managed for 286 days as part of a broader research grazing ecology project on pasture (~11.54 hectare) comprised of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and equipped with an automated walk-over-weigh (TruTest) scale system. Distribution of forage quality was sampled monthly with a ½ m2 quadrat using a 20 x 20-meter grid (n = 297) and remotely assessed via an unmanned aerial vehicle (Matrice 100) mounted hyperspectral camera (MicaSense) at 8 cm resolution. Animal behavior was predicted utilizing a trained randomforest prediction algorithm, and linked to geo-location and forage quality at the spatial-temporal scale in Program R. We then constructed animal ethogram, distribution of forage quality, and spatial-temporal distribution of animal behavior across the grazing landscape for a test period. We found steers allocated the greatest proportion of time to grazing and resting behaviors, 30 and 60% respectively, with the remainder dedicated to ruminating and walking behaviors. A diurnal, circadian rhythm in animal behavior demonstrates that steers grazed between 0900 and 1000 in the morning, and again between 1300 and 2000 in the evening, while resting behavior dominated the hours between 0300 and 0900, with a slight increase in grazing behavior noted at 0600, or approximately sunrise. Animal behavior linked forage availability showed steers selectively grazed areas with higher NDVI signatures, while seeking sources of water and cover to practice resting behavior. Given the need to develop robust models predicting forage intake and energy in grazing animals to improve sustainability and environmental metrics, animal tracking and biometric technologies offer a vital solution to improving management of extensively managed grazing livestock.

303 Accuracy of the Smartscale In-Pen Weighing System

Abstract The Beef Improvement Federation recommends repeated body weight (BW) measures in a 70-d test period for accurate assessment of average daily gain (ADG) in growing animals. In-pen automated scale systems enable daily monitoring of BW and ADG without the additional labor, time, and animal stress that is associated with recording static chute BW. The objective of the current study was to determine the utility of partial body weight (pBW) for estimating full BW and average daily gain (ADG) in growing steers. SmartScales (C-Lock Inc.) were positioned in front of water troughs and used to measure front-quarter pBW while animals were drinking. Partial body weight was used to estimate full BW using an internally developed slope-intercept equation. The dataset consisted of pBW, estimated BW, and recorded BW for 300 steers in a 50-d feed performance test. Single-day chute BW were recorded on days 14, 28, 35, and 50. Relationships and errors between estimated BW and recorded BW were evaluated. Individual animal ADG estimates were calculated and compared using estimated and recorded BW measurements. Steers in the study visited the water trough an average of 4.3 ± 2.6 times per day. On average, pBW explained 96.1% variation in recorded BW. Average predicted BW and recorded BW differed by 8.3 ± 6.4 kg, or 0.15 ± 3.0 %-units. Average daily gain calculated from pBW and recorded BW were strongly correlated (r = 0.83). On average, ADG calculated using pBW and recorded BW differed by 0.14 ± 0.12 kg, or 8.8 ± 8.0 %-units. Real-time pBW collected using in-pen weighing systems can be used to accurately estimate full BW and ADG.

IN TUNE or Colonized ART?

The expression 'in tune' is established among musicians and music lovers but is also used allegorically in other contexts. I present a multi-layered model of communication that can unveil the background and diverse logic establishing concepts we use on artefacts and their expressions. The model can be seen as a tilted version of Ogden's triangle, where the fundamental element is the arbitrary connection between the sign and its expression. The model develops several layers of concepts to make an analysis of what colonized art is. Examples from music demonstrate that the expression 'in tune' is a colonized understanding of certain structures of scale systems developed within a historical and socioeconomic context. This kind of understanding makes adjustments to the intentions of a musical expression, as well as to the identification and interpretation of a musical performance.

Evaluation of an Acne Severity Grading Self-Assessment System Suitable for the Thai Population - A Pilot Study.

Patient self-assessment is a potential tool in clinical practice to obtain subjective information of acne severity also in clinical trials to assess the general population in research and epidemiologic studies. The patient self-evaluation of acne severity has not yet been developed in Thailand. We aimed to validate an acne severity grading self-assessment suitable for the Thai population. A pilot study was conducted in 77 volunteers with acne lesions. We developed the Thai Global Evaluation Acne Scale (TGEA) and Thai Global Acne Grading System (TGAGS) by translating and adapting the original version. Patient self-assessment of acne severity was performed in two rounds. A training session about acne was provided to all participants lesions before starting the second round. Reliability between the self-assessment and clinician assessment of acne severity was statistically assessed. For TGEA, 48.05% participants rated their acne severity corresponded with the clinicians (Cohen's kappa coefficient, kappa = 0.26). After receiving the training, 79.22% subjects responded their acne severity corresponded with the clinicians (kappa = 0.66). For TGAGS, 77.92% patients who answered their acne severity corresponded with the clinicians (kappa = 0.52). After receiving the training, 94.80% participants responded their acne severity corresponded with the clinicians (kappa = 0.89). For raw score of the TGAGS, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) during the self-assessment of acne severity compared to the clinician assessments was 0.54 and it increased to 0.79 after the training. Due to the almost perfect reliability, we suggested that TGAGS is a reliable subjective self-assessment of acne severity suitable for the Thai population. The training is essential in enhancing the reliability of this instrument. Our study's findings can facilitate clinical practice and research studies.

Preliminary analysis of a clinical trial of children with autism spectrum disorder treated with DHA-rich marine Schizochytrium sp. oil and multi-vitamin/mineral complex

BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a syndrome characterized by alterations in social interaction and communication, frequently associated with stereotyped patterns, such as repetitive behavior. Inflammation and oxidative stress are frequently observed in patients, and natural products that control these aspects can be an alternative for ASD treatment.Method:In this prospective case series study, we administered in 2–12 years-old children (n = 12) with severe ASD a commercial extract of marine Schizochytrium sp. oil, composed by 200 mg DHA and 2 mg eicosapentaenoic acid, associated to a multi-vitamin/mineral complex, daily for 12 weeks. Patients were evaluated by Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Adaptive Behavior Assessment System Third Edition (ABAS-3) scales before and after the treatment, and had the urine analyzed.Results:Values obtained from CARS, general adaptive composite and social domains from ABAS-3 were statistically different after treatment. Although not statistically significant, conceptual and practical domains from ABAS-3 had the score increased in several patients after the intervention. Among these domains, communication and visual contact improved in all patients, and vocabulary, interaction, feeding, and food selectivity were enhanced in some of them. The total antioxidant capacity in urine increased after treatment, as well as some metabolites, like amino acids, which were exclusive in all patient’s urine after the administration of the product.Conclusions:These preliminary data show that the continuous use of marine Schizochytrium sp. oil and multi-vitamin/mineral complex can help control characteristic symptoms of ASD in children.

4 A Novel Brief Measure of Acculturation and its Association with Subjective and Objective Cognition

Objective:There is equivocal evidence that acculturation is associated with cognition. Various factors may contribute to ambiguous findings in the neuropsychology setting, including psychometric limitations of tools available for assessing acculturation as well as the frequent conflation of bilingualism with acculturation. Additionally, neuropsychological research on acculturation and cognition has largely failed to account for bidimensional models of acculturation, which have greater empirical support over unidimensional models. In response to these limitations and the theoretical literature on acculturation, we developed the Perceived Identity & Ethnicity Scales (PIES), a brief rating scale system to quickly (<2 minutes) capture an individual's perceived acculturative identity across several domains. In the current study, we sought to (1) provide initial psychometric support of the PIES and (2) examine how it relates to cognition in a culturally and linguistically diverse sample.Participants and Methods:We recruited 242 individuals from both university and community samples (age=23.7±7.6, range 18-72; <12 Years of Education=4%; 78% Female; 58% Hispanic/Latin American; 69% middle SES; 22% educated outside the USA). In addition to demographic questionnaires, participants completed the PIES; an established measure of acculturation (the Bicultural Involvement Questionnaire, BIQ) and bilingualism (Bilingual Language Profile, BLP); measures of mood (the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales, DASS; Apathy Evaluation Scale, AES); and of self-reported cognitive functioning (Everyday Cognition, ECog). A subsample of Spanish speakers (n=86) also completed a cognitive battery validated for use in this population (the Spanish English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales, SENAS). For the first aim, we examined the reliability, validity, and dimensionality of the PIES in the full sample. In the Spanish-speaking subsample, we examined the relationship between the tool and both subjective and objective cognition using linear regression controlling for age, education, sex/gender, and premorbid intellectual functioning.Results:Measures of internal consistency and dimensionality supported a bidimensional model of acculturation; identification with culture of family origin (PIES-O) was not related to identification with US American culture (PIES-U; r=0.036, p>0.05). Cultural preference scores from the BIQ were associated with PIES-O (r=-0.322) and PIES-U (r=0.277; both ps<0.001) in the expected directions. PIES-O (r=0.350) and PIES-U (r=-0.432) were associated with the ability to speak a language other than English on the BLP (both ps<0.001). PIES-U, but not PIES-O, was also strongly associated with other BIQ and BLP scores as well as with receiving education outside of the USA at medium to large effect sizes (rs=0.3 to 0.6; all ps<0.001). In the subsample, PIES-O and PIES-U were not associated with subjective cognition as measured by the ECog (AR2=0.016, p>0.05); global cognition as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; AR2=0.046, p>0.05); or SENAS cognitive composite scores (AR2=0.016, p>0.05) after controlling for covariates.Conclusions:Findings provide strong initial psychometric support for the utility of the PIES in the assessment of acculturation. Moreover, these results further support the bidimensional model of acculturation. Acculturation as measured by the PIES was not associated with cognitive abilities in this highly educated and mainly female cross-sectional sample. Longitudinal research accounting for acculturation is needed to elucidate these relationships.

Active fault diagnosis for stochastic large scale systems under non-separable costs

The paper focuses on active fault diagnosis of stochastic large-scale systems decomposed into several coupled subsystems, where the subsystem fault-free and faulty behavior is described in the multiple-model framework. In the active approach, the detector generates optimal excitation input to improve the diagnosis. This paper proposes a solution to the problems with cost functions in a generally non-separable form. Unlike the separable form, the generally non-separable form facilitates penalizing missed detections, false alerts, and incorrect, false identifications involving several subsystems simultaneously. Three approaches are proposed to treat such cost functions in the offline stage of the active fault diagnosis algorithm. Their performance is illustrated using a simple example and an elaborate example involving a power network system.

Simulating Flight Crew Workload Settings to Mitigate Fatigue Risk in Flight Operations

In flight operations, the workload settings refer to the shift work, duty time, flight time, number of sectors, rest periods, time of day, duty patterns, number of time-zone transitions, number of consecutive duty days, and changes in the schedule. Workload factors, together with the biological mechanisms (the circadian rhythm, homeostatic sleep pressure, sleep inertia), can lead to the appearance of fatigue. Fatigue affects numerous tasks, such as performing inaccurate flight procedures, missing radio calls, missing or being too slow to pick up system warnings, forgetting or performing routine tasks inaccurately, and others. The focus of this paper is to determine which flight crew workload settings elements impact the appearance of fatigue. The process of collecting data regarding flight crew workload settings and fatigue is conducted on a sample of four airline pilots using an electronic CRD system of standardized chronometric cognitive tests and subjective self-assessment scales. Causal modeling tools of the IBM SPSS Statistics were used to detect correlations among flight crew workload settings, indicators of the subjective perception of fatigue, and measured fatigue indicators. In the final step, a set of simulations was created using simulation tools of the IBM SPSS Statistics to show how modifications of flight crew workload settings, such as modified duty time, number of days off, and others, can impact the level of fatigue. The obtained results can help improve the future planning of flight crew workload set-up and mitigate or prevent the appearance of fatigue in flight operations.

Exercises for fibromyalgia syndrome: what YouTube tells us as a source of information for patient and physician education.

YouTube, a popular worldwide source to access health information online, may have an impact in enhancing exercise therapy for fibromyalgia patients. This study is aimed to investigate the quality and reliability of exercise videos prepared for fibromyalgia syndrome on YouTube. A thorough search on YouTube using six search terms related to fibromyalgia treatment and exercise was conducted. The videos with content on exercises for fibromyalgia, acceptable audio-video quality, and are in English language were included, whereas duplicates were excluded from the analysis. Quality was determined using the Global Quality Scale (GQS) and JAMA system, and reliability using the mDISCERN criteria. Out of a total of 600 videos, 70 videos that met the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. Physicians were found to produce content mostly in high and medium quality (%70.2), other medical professionals mostly in low and medium quality (93.8%), while non-medical users mostly in low quality (86.7%). Ninety percent of the videos targeted patients, while 10% targeted healthcare professionals as an audience, and the majority (93.7%) of videos targeting patients were of low and medium quality, as most (85.7%) of the videos targeting healthcare professionals were of high quality. YouTube can be used as a tool to increase exercise adherence in fibromyalgia patients, as it offers a wide range of content that is easily accessible and useful at times. To implement this tool, physicians need to upload more content online as they stand for pioneers of high-quality information dissemination on the internet. KeyPoints • This research emphasizes the need for high-quality online healthcare information which is accessed by a vast number of individuals and the implementations that effectively address and prevent the spread of misinformation. • Additionally, it presents suggestions for the future regarding the uploading of such content on the internet. • Physicians hold the key responsibility in ensuring the availability of high-quality online health content, thereby carrying significant implications for its overall impact.

AI‐enhanced iterative solvers for accelerating the solution of large‐scale parametrized systems

SummaryRecent advances in the field of machine learning open a new era in high performance computing for challenging computational science and engineering applications. In this framework, the use of advanced machine learning algorithms for the development of accurate and cost‐efficient surrogate models of complex physical processes has already attracted major attention from scientists. However, despite their powerful approximation capabilities, surrogate model predictions are still far from being near to the ‘exact’ solution of the problem. To address this issue, the present work proposes the use of up‐to‐date machine learning tools in order to equip a new generation of iterative solvers of linear equation systems, capable of very efficiently solving large‐scale parametrized problems at any desired level of accuracy. The proposed approach consists of the following two steps. At first, a reduced set of model evaluations is performed using a standard finite element methodology and the corresponding solutions are used to establish an approximate mapping from the problem's parametric space to its solution space using a combination of deep feedforward neural networks and convolutional autoencoders. This mapping serves as a means of obtaining very accurate initial predictions of the system's response to new query points at negligible computational cost. Subsequently, an iterative solver inspired by the Algebraic Multigrid method in combination with Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, termed POD‐2G, is developed that successively refines the initial predictions of the surrogate model towards the exact solution. The application of POD‐2G as a standalone solver or as preconditioner in the context of preconditioned conjugate gradient methods is demonstrated on several numerical examples of large scale systems, with the results indicating its strong superiority over conventional iterative solution schemes.

Robust low-carbon energy and reserve scheduling considering operational risk and flexibility improvement

With the increase in wind power integration, significant uncertainty leads to enormous requirements for the flexibility and robustness of system operation. To enhance the flexibility of the power system, this paper proposes a robust low-carbon optimization method for energy and reserve scheduling. The system flexibility is improved by various flexible resources including conventional thermal units (CTUs), carbon capture plants (CCPs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and demand response (DR). The operation and regulation characteristics of multiple types of flexible resources are jointly formulated. Moreover, the carbon-capturing mechanism of CCPs is considered to reduce carbon emissions. The operational risk is measured by the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) to coordinate the wind power accommodation and operational economy. A two-stage robust scheduling model with a flexible uncertainty set is established, which optimizes the energy and reserve scheme in the first stage and checks the feasibility of re-dispatch in the second stage. The column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm is utilized to solve the proposed robust model. Simulation results on two different scale systems verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Utilization of lignocellulosic hydrolysates for photomixotrophic chemical production in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942

To meet the need for environmentally friendly commodity chemicals, feedstocks for biological chemical production must be diversified. Lignocellulosic biomass are an carbon source with the potential for effective use in a large scale and cost-effective production systems. Although the use of lignocellulosic biomass lysates for heterotrophic chemical production has been advancing, there are challenges to overcome. Here we aim to investigate the obligate photoautotroph cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 as a chassis organism for lignocellulosic chemical production. When modified to import monosaccharides, this cyanobacterium is an excellent candidate for lysates-based chemical production as it grows well at high lysate concentrations and can fix CO2 to enhance carbon efficiency. This study is an important step forward in enabling the simultaneous use of two sugars as well as lignocellulosic lysate. Incremental genetic modifications enable catabolism of both sugars concurrently without experiencing carbon catabolite repression. Production of 2,3-butanediol is demonstrated to characterize chemical production from the sugars in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. The engineered strain achieves a titer of 13.5 g L−1 of 2,3-butanediol over 12 days under shake-flask conditions. This study can be used as a foundation for industrial scale production of commodity chemicals from a combination of sunlight, CO2, and lignocellulosic sugars.

Transceiver Beamforming for Over-the-Air Computation in Massive MIMO Systems

This paper investigates the transmitter and receiver beamforming (TB and RB) for over-the-air computation (AirComp) in massive multiple-inputs and multiple-outputs (MIMO) systems. First, we propose a two-phase hybrid beamforming algorithm to design TB and hybrid RB. In the first phase, we adopt a projected gradient descent with momentum (PGDM) algorithm to search for the optimal fully-digital TB matrices. Compared with the benchmarks on the mean square error (MSE) performances, PGDM can achieve up to 5 dB gain in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with less algorithm execution time when fully-digital RB is assumed. In the second phase, we plug the TB matrices obtained in PGDM as well as the optimal baseband RB (BBRB) matrix into the MSE objective, and adopt gradient descent to search for the optimal radio-frequency RB (RFRB) matrix. Compared with the state-of-the-arts, the proposed two-phase algorithm reduces up to 30% of the algorithm execution time and 18% of the MSE. Second, we propose a statistical TB algorithm to reduce the communication overheads, in which TB completely depends on statistical channel state information (CSI) and thus does not rely on the feedback from the base station (BS). We prove that orthonormal matrices are asymptotically optimal for statistical TB when uncorrelated <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Rayleigh</i> channels are assumed and the number of receiving antennas approaches to infinity. For correlated channels, experimental results show that the proposed statistical TB can achieve about 5 dB gain in SNR compared with orthonormal matrices in terms of the MSE performance. Third, a large scale system analysis is made in this paper. As the number of the receiving antennas approaches to infinity, asymptotically optimal choices for TB and RB are provided, and upper bounds of MSE are derived in terms of the number of clients and receiving antennas. For hybrid RB, an upper bound of the squared distance between the optimal hybrid RB and the optimal fully-digital RB is also derived.

Severe dust storm/thunderstorm activity over Uttar Pradesh on 13th May, 2018 - A case study

Premonsoon season over Uttar Pradesh is characterized withthunderstorm accompanied with rain, dust storm, gale winds and hail storms etc. These storms generally develop locally in association with convection and moisture convergence and seen as single cells in Doppler Weather Radar, but sometime these thunderstorms are associated with synoptic scale systems viz. Western Disturbance as cyclonic circulation/trough, induced low/ cyclonic circulation or northwest-southeast oriented trough, thereby increasing the spatial extent and severity of these thunderstorms significantly. In the present study, Duststorm/Thunderstorm activity that occurred over the state on large scale on 13th May 2018 and which claimed more than 49 human lives and large number of livestock in Uttar Pradesh has been analyzed. The purpose of this study wasto find out probable dynamic and thermodynamic aspects of this activity. The study indicates that the environment was highly favourable thermodynamically for severe thunderstorm activity with high maximum temperatures (&gt;40C), high CAPE(&gt;1000), high Total Total Index(&gt;50) and high negative Lifted Index values (&lt;-5) over most parts of the northwest Indian plains. The moisture discontinuity line was clearly noticed over south Uttar Pradesh with high moisture contents towards its north. Also 00UTC GFS wind analysis of the day at 925hPa indicated strong southeasterlies of the order of 30-35Kts over Uttar Pradesh resulting high moisture incursion in the lower levels over this region. The Low level wind shear was also high and was about 25-30Kt as evident from Skew-T gram of Lucknow for 12UTC of the day taken from Wyoming site as well as 12UTC wind shear analysis using ERA Interim daily data of ECMWF on 13 May, 2018. These features together with synoptic conditions viz; Western Disturbance (WD) in mid and upper levels and a Cyclonic Circulation (cycir) over south Haryana &amp; neighbourhood as well as an east-west trough extending from this cycir in the lower levels made the environment highly favourable for severe thunderstorm activity over the region.&#x0D;

A Study on the Development and Validation of Three Systems of Action Scale in Home Economics for Middle and High School Students

A Study on the Development and Validation of Three Systems of Action Scale in Home Economics for Middle and High School Students