Stereotype Scale Research Articles

Perceptions of poverty in Spain: differences in the attitudinal profiles between women and men.

Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon that encompasses privation of education, health or housing. Women show more positive perceptions of poor people, making external attributions for the causes of poverty or the circumstances that explain it. The aim of this study is to analyse perceptions of poverty, identifying the differences in attitudinal profiles between women and men, and the influence of their political and religious beliefs. The sample consists of 278 participants (154 women and 124 men), who completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Scale of Attitudes and Stereotypes toward Poverty. The results showed two attitude profiles for women and men, with differences in the first profile, where women or men did not have religious beliefs, had left-wing or centre-left political ideas and favourable attitudes about poverty.

Development and validation of the Female Gamer Stereotypes Scale.

Development and validation of the Female Gamer Stereotypes Scale.

Relación entre estereotipos, rasgos y roles de género con el consumo de drogas ilegales en adolescentes veracruzanos

Introduction: in Mexico, in the last decade, the consumption of psychoactive substances has increased among teenagers, especially the female population (INPRFM et al., 2017). One of the conceptual lines to understand this change is the construction of gender. Objective: we explored the relationship between gender stereotypes, traits and roles, and the use of illegal psychoactive substances in Mexican adolescents. Method: cross-sectional, correlational study, with a sample of 145 high school students from the Veracruz state, Mexico. The participants answered the scales: Traits, Roles, and Gender stereotypes, along with some questions to explore drug use. Results: we found similarities between men and women’s consumption of alcohol and tobacco; however, there was a higher use of illegal drugs in men. Men and women illegal drug users presented negative instrumental traits such as aggressiveness and impulsiveness. Men, both users and non-users, presented a higher score on the gender stereotypes scale, while women users had more negative instrumental roles with their peer group. Negative instrumental traits were predictors of illegal drug use. Discussion and conclusion: findings suggest further analysis of substance use from a gender perspective.

Gender stereotyping in Bangladesh; the development of the Strength of Gender Stereotyping Scale (SGSS)

The investigation of gender stereotypes in Bangladesh is hampered by a lack of measures, making it difficult to gauge where social change is needed and to assess the efficacy of interventions. The objective of the study is to develop a psychometrically sound Bengali language scale measuring strength of belief in culturally pervasive gender stereotypes. 430 participants aged 18-80 years from all eight divisions of the country were recruited by purposive sampling. Standard scale development procedures were followed. From an initial pool of 60 items, 11 were chosen by judge evaluation, item analysis and exploratory factor analysis for the final scale, each item rated on a four-point Likert scale from 1, not agreeing at all with the stereotype, to 4, completely agreeing with the stereotype. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability are satisfactory. It has a two-factor structure related to the expression of emotion and the maintenance of authority respectively, together accounting for 35.04% of the variance. A psychometrically sound instrument has been developed to assess the strength of belief in gender stereotypes in Bangladesh that can be used to explore the strength and distribution of gender stereotypes and to measure changes in their strength over time or in response to interventions.

Adaptation of Accountant Stereotypes Scale to Turkish Language and Culture: Validity and Reliability Study

Stereotip, bireyin, bir grup insanın özellikleri hakkında sahip olduğu olumlu veya olumsuz inançlar kümesi olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu araştırmayla Saemann ve Crooker (1999) tarafından Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki üniversite öğrencileri arasında muhasebe mesleğinin algılarını ölçmek için geliştirilen ölçeğin geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışmaları yapılarak Türk kültürüne uyarlanması ve öğrencilerin algılarıyla muhasebeci stereotiplerinin ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, ölçek uyarlama amacıyla ilgili akademisyenlerden görüş alınmıştır. Bu amaçla hazırlan uzman değerlendirme formunda, ölçekte bulunan her bir soru için, “madde hedeflenen yapıyı ölçmektedir”, “madde yapı ile ilişkili ancak yetersizdir/gereksizdir” ya da “madde hedeflenen yapıyı ölçmemektedir” şeklinde üçlü bir ölçek oluşturulmuştur. Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) yapılmış ve KMO .82 ve Barlett testi χ2 değeri ise (395, N = 441) = 706.066, p < .05, (χ²/df = 1.79, GFI = .90, NFI = 91, TLI = .96, CFI = .96 ve RMSEA = .04 olarak anlamlı düzeyde olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca toplam varyansın % 61.10’unu açıklayan, orijinal ölçekteki gibi, dört faktörlü bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Orijinal ölçekten farklı olarak faktör maddeleri farklı dağılmışlardır. Ancak dilsel, kültürel ve toplumsal değişkenliklerden dolayı, kaynak ve hedef formda böyle bir farklılığın oluşması beklenen bir durumdur. Bu nedenle faktör adları dağılan maddelere göre yeniden adlandırılmıştır. Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) uyum indekslerine bakıldığında GFI = .90, NFI = 91, TLI = .96, CFI = .96 ve RMSEA = .04 olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak Muhasebeci Stereotipileri Ölçeğinin Türkiye’de uyarlanmaya çalışıldığı grupta, orijinal kültürdeki yapısına uygun şekilde çalıştığı söylenebilir.

Revision needed? A social constructionist perspective on measurement scales for assessing gender role stereotypes in entrepreneurship

This article compares contemporary views of who and what constitutes entrepreneurship with dimensions captured in established scales for determining gender role stereotypes associated with entrepreneurship. In so doing, we respond to ongoing debates about the timeliness, contextualisation and predetermination of scales, such as Schein’s Descriptive Index (SDI), Bem’s Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personal Attribute Questionnaire (PAQ). Our empirical study consists of 422 descriptions of an entrepreneurial ideal provided by a sample of young adults, which we analysed using quantitative content analysis. The comparison between participants’ perceptions and the items captured in the gender role stereotype scales shows only a partial overlap. Although masculine qualities are mentioned, we find various androgynous (e.g., passion, team player, willingness to learn) qualities of entrepreneurs not covered in SDI, BSRI or PAQ. Based upon this, we can derive several recommendations on how established scales can be revised through future research.

Contribution of Social Identity, Stereotypes and Prejudice on Intention of Social Conflict

The intention to accurately predict the performance of social conflict behavior is influenced by stereotypes, social identity, and prejudice. Based on the dynamics of the relationship, this research aims to find the relationship between stereotypes, social identity, and prejudice with the intention of doing social conflict. Based on the analysis result, intentions are useful for preventing social conflict. This study used purposive sampling with the participants of 150 students in the 10th grade of State Senior High School (SMAN) 1 Belitang in East Oku Regency, South Sumatra Province. The research data were collected using a social conflict intention scale with a total of 21 items with the item determinant (rit) ranging from 0.274-0.777, a stereotypes scale with a total of 24 items ranging from 0.291 to 0.841, a social identity scale with a total of 21 items ranging from 0.290 to 0.897, and a prejudice scale with a total of 21 items ranging from 0.400. -0.796. The results of data analysis using multiple linear regression showed that the correlation coefficient of R is 0.269 with the p = 0.000 (p <0.05), which showed a significant positive relationship between stereotypes, social identity, and prejudice with the intention of social conflict. Based on the research results, the intention of a social conflict occurs because of stereotypes in which people give negative attributes or traits to other parties, social identity that causes bias to judge other groups, and prejudice that causes hostility to members of other groups. These findings can be used for conflict prevention by minimizing the intention of social conflict by changing stereotypes into positive judgment, knowing that social identity does not affect the objective judgment of other groups, and reducing prejudice so that a peaceful situation can be realized.

Stereotypes Toward Voluntary Singlehood Scale: Development, Validity and Reliability

This study aims to develop a valid and reliable tool that measures stereotypes toward single people. To this end, in the first stage of the study, we conducted a qualitative study with 102 participants (M = 24.32, SD = 3.41) to reveal how individuals who prefer to remain single are perceived in society. Together with the findings of this qualitative study, we created the first form of the scale. We examined the scale's construct validity by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis performed with a sample of 358 participants (M = .29; SD = 7.92), we found that the scale had a single factor structure consisting of 15 items explaining 56.5% of the total variance. This scale structure was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis with another study group of 406 participants (M = 28.72, SD = 7.93). We tested the criterion-related validity of the scale with the Inönü Marriage Attitude Scale. The correlation coefficient calculated between the scores from the two scales was .40. The scale's reliability was examined using Cronbach's Alpha analysis and split-half test. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of the scale was .95. The correlation between the two halves of the test is .87. These findings provide evidence that the stereotypes scale for voluntary singles is a valid and reliable.

Supplemental Material for Development and Validation of the Female Gamer Stereotypes Scale

Supplemental Material for Development and Validation of the Female Gamer Stereotypes Scale

You Are Old, but Are You Out? Intergenerational Contact Impacts on Out-Group Perspective-Taking and on the Roles of Stereotyping and Intergroup Anxiety.

Perspective-taking (PT) is an important ability to imagine the world from another’s point of view. Prior studies have shown that younger adults are more likely to consider the opinions of age-based in-group members relative to out-group members. However, the cause of this priority is still unknown. We conducted three independent studies to explore the effect of intergenerational contact on younger adults’ PT toward older adults and the possible roles of stereotyping and intergroup anxiety. A total of 192 college students completed the Perspective taking Scale in Study 1 after being primed with age-based intergroup relationships. The results indicated that younger adults found it more difficult to take the perspective of older adults than that of their peers. 200 college students completed the Prior Contact Scale, Intergroup Anxiety Scale, Negative Stereotype Scale, and PT Scale in Study 2. The results demonstrated that intergenerational contact improved PT toward older adults by disrupting negative stereotypes, and intergroup anxiety moderated this mediating relationship. A total of 215 college students completed the PT Scale in the context of imagining intergenerational contact in Study 3. Interestingly, imagined contact effectively increased younger adults’ ability to take older adults’ perspectives. The present research verifies that contact is important for influencing younger adults’ emotional (intergroup anxiety) and attitudinal (stereotyping) factors that are critical to improving younger adults’ ability to take older people’s perspectives. This is of great significance for developing harmonious intergenerational relationships.

Determination of Primary School Teachers' Mathematical Gender Stereotypes and Examination of Their Reflection on Students

This study aims to investigate primary school teachers’ mathematical gender stereotypes and to discover whether these stereotypes, if any, are reflected on students. The study was designed as a multiphase mixed methods study. Accordingly, in the quantitative and qualitative stages of the study, different sample groups including both fourth-grade teachers and fourth-grade students in Ankara were studied. Teachers’ Gender Stereotype Scale toward Mathematics, observation form, Students’ Gender Stereotype Questionnaire and Mathematics Achievement Test were sequentially used to collect data. The data were analyzed by Mann Whithey U test and content analysis. Results demonstrate that in comparision to the teacher who has neutral gender related beliefs toward mathematics, the teacher with strong traditional mathematical gender stereotypes favouring their male students. However, results show that students do not internalise their teachers’ mathematical gender stereotypes, and, Hense, there is reflection of teachers’ gender stereotypes on students’ mathematical achievements. By carrying out longitudinal studies, it should be followed at which educational level students begin to acquire such gendered perspectives, which academic fields and professions they choose, and thus the effects of teacher characteristics on students should be revealed more comprehensively.

The “Queen Bee Syndrome” in Sports Federations: An Exploratory Investigation of Gender Stereotypes in Italian Female Coaches

Several studies have shown that women in top positions tend to hinder and mistreat other women; this phenomenon is known in the literature under the term “Queen bee syndrome”. The aim of this study is to investigate whether Queen bee syndrome is also present within the Italian Sports Federations. To this end, an online questionnaire was administered to Italian female coaches (n = 516). From the statistical analyses, it emerged that coaches in the 40–49 age group attribute to themselves more masculine than feminine adjectives (Bem Sex-Role Inventory, BSRI), and also score higher on the gender stereotype scales, the Attitudes Towards Women Scale (d = −0.1189, p < 0.05) and the Macho Scale, compared to trainers in the 18–29 age group (d = −0.1681, p < 0.05). Moreover, a positive correlation emerges between the scores obtained on the Attitudes Towards Women Scale and Macho Scale (r = 0.600, p <0.01) and between organizational support and affective attachment to the organization (r = 0.529, p <0.01). Overall, all the results seem to show the presence of the Queen bee syndrome within the Italian Sports Federations. In the future, it will be interesting to evaluate additional variables involved in this phenomenon.

Особенности номинативной ситуации и принципы номинации в зоонимии

The article attempts to structure the motivational side, as well as the principles of nomination in the formation of the zoonemic layer of onomastic vocabulary. From the point of view of the onomasiological approach, the onomastic nomination is analyzed in the aspect of modeling of the nominative situation, where the specific properties of zoonyms as one of the bits of the names of their own are taken into account. Terminological definition is carried out in connection with the polyemanticity of the term “zoonym”. It is concluded that the reconstruction of the nominative situation (initial motives of the nomination) allows to interpret it as much as possible in order to further use this information in the identification of associative relations. Factors that create a nominative situation when creating a zoonim have been identified. These include both linguistic and extralinguistic: the purpose of the nomination, the age of the nominee, phonetic features of the supposed onim, the inner world of man, associative connections, the influence of zoonimical stereotype. Each component in the nomination process affects the selection of a ready-made name or the creation of a new one in its own way. Synthesis of participation of factors in creation of a nominative situation when forming a zoonim allowed to formulate the basic principles of the nomination characteristic of area of a zoonimiya and also levels on which these principles are based (actually object, object and subject). The distribution of principles by named levels is reflected. It is concluded that the main principles are the nomination of an object by its properties; Nomination as a result of the intended effect of the perception of others; Nomination as a reflection of the inner world and the nominee 's interests, emerging associations; Nomination taking into account the scale of zoonomic stereotypes. It is concluded that the creation of zoonyms is the result of a conscious strategy of the nominee, which reflects the peculiarities of the national specificity of thinking and relevant associative ties in the process of creation.

Measuring stereotypes in the banking industry – an application to client relational benefits

PurposeDespite interest in social stereotypes such as gender, race and age, professional stereotypes of frontline employees is still a new topic that requires measurement in the banking services. The purpose of this paper is to develop and validate a reliable banker stereotype scale that reflects all useful dimensions.Design/methodology/approachA multi-dimensional scale is developed using a mixed method in the French context. Qualitative data were collected from two samples (11 private banking clients, 17 retail banking clients). Quantitative data were collected from two diversified samples built by quotas: an exploratory sample (n = 226) and a confirmatory sample (n = 579). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test and validate the scale.FindingsThe measurement scale proves to be valid and reliable. The scale is then used in a conceptual model as an explanatory factor of expected relational benefits where relations are analyzed using structural equation modeling. The model successfully provides some explanatory links between the banker stereotypes and the expected relational benefits.Practical implicationsThe concept of the professional stereotype can be further used to better understand relationship quality and customer satisfaction through relational benefits, and more widely as a part of the know your customer (KYC) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) procedures.Originality/valueThe scale identifies four behavioral dimensions (partner, paternalistic, subordinate and shark) and one about dress code (formal clothing).

Perception of threat as a mediator of the relationship between stereotypes and prejudice towards Venezuelan migrants in Peru

Objectives: The present study aims to explore the relationship between stereotypes (morality, warmth, and competence) and prejudice (subtle and blatant) towards Venezuelan immigrants in Peru. In addition, the role of threat perception as a mediator in the relationship between stereotypes and prejudice towards this social group is analyzed. Method: A correlational research design was conducted, using the Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale, the National Stereotypes Scale, and the Out-Group Threat Perception Scale. The sample consisted of 115 participants of Peruvian nationality between 18 and 60 years old (M = 29.6; SD = 11.77). Results: The results confirm the inverse relationship between positive representation and ambivalent prejudice. In other words, when Venezuelans are represented as more competent, warm and moral, there are fewer expressions of subtle and blatant prejudice towards this social group. The regression coefficient of the relationships between stereotypes and prejudice tends to decrease when perceived threat is incorporated as a mediating variable in the partial mediation model. Conclusions: The relationships between the studied variables are confirmed. Furthermore, their importance for the implementation of interventions that promote intergroup contact, social inclusion, and questioning of social agents that reinforce a threatening representation of the Latin American immigrant is discussed.

Gendered Parenting influence on Children’s Socialization to Gender Stereotype in Marital life

This research work draws attention towards heated debate on transfer of gender biased ideology to generations embedding from gendered parenting. Gendered parenting has the potential to be a breeding ground for fueling the belief of gender stereotyping in the minds of their offsprings. This notion of gender stereotyping has created a picture in the heads of the descendants regarding the fixed gender roles which develops gendered socialization in governing the social world from the lens of gender biasness. The objective of the study is to examine empirically the impact of gendered parenting on gendered socialization in their children’s marital life. The study adopts thirty-two-items scale devised by Brogan & Kutner (1976) and eight- items scale under Gender Role Stereotype Scale (2012) by taking into consideration a sample size of eight hundred respondents comprising of highly educated married professionals and their parents. The findings revealed that children have rightly perceived their parent’s act of gender stereotype in their childhood. Consequently, despite being highly educated, the act of gender stereotyping continues in their married life as they burgeoned under the reflection of gendered parenting. Furthermore, it is also interpreted in the analysis that the female respondents are adversely affected by the pervasive bias and prejudices of gender stereotype in professional life in comparison to the male respondents. The study makes efforts to enhance the understanding of the community of parents to limit the transmission of gendered ideology to their next generations, thereby, progressing towards egalitarian society.

Evaluation of Stigma Toward Individuals With Alopecia

ImportancePerceived stigma among patients with alopecia is associated with impaired quality of life; however, the magnitude of laypersons’ stigma toward individuals with alopecia is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and magnitude of laypersons’ stigma toward individuals with varying degrees of alopecia and whether stigma increases with increased severity of alopecia.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a cross-sectional study using an internet survey administered to a convenience sample of adult respondents in the US participating on the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform. Portrait images of 6 individuals without hair loss were created using artificial intelligence and stock images. Each portrait was edited to create 2 additional versions, 1 with scalp hair loss and 1 with complete hair loss, for a total of 18 images. On January 9 to 10, 2020, the survey presented each internet respondent with 1 randomly selected portrait to be used in answering a series of stigma-related questions from 3 domains: stereotypes, social distance, and disease-related myths; the third domain was presented only to respondents who believed that the individual pictured had a medical condition.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was the prevalence and magnitude of stigma of laypersons toward individuals with alopecia and the percentage of laypersons who believed the individual pictured had a medical condition as recorded in survey responses.ResultsThe survey was completed by 2015 respondents (99.9% completion rate) with a mean age of 37 (range, 18-78) years; 1014 (50.3%) were men; 1596 (79.2%) were White; and 1397 (69.3%) had a college or postcollege education. Endorsement of every stigma item increased as alopecia severity increased (2.4%-27.6%). Absolute change on the stereotype (0.5-0.6) and social distance scales (0.2-0.5) also increased, indicating more stigma. The percentage of respondents believing the individual pictured had a medical condition increased as alopecia severity increased (33.6%-75.7%; P < .001). Among the subgroup of respondents who were asked to rate their agreement with disease-related myths, the absolute change on the myth scale decreased as alopecia severity increased, indicating decreased stigma (−0.7 to −1.2).Conclusions and RelevanceThis cross-sectional survey study found that stigmatizing attitudes of laypersons toward patients with alopecia exist across a multitude of social and professional scenarios. Stigma prevalence and magnitude vary by alopecia severity and possibly by whether alopecia is believed to be a medical condition.

Comprehensive stereotype content dictionaries using a semi‐automated method

AbstractAdvances in natural language processing provide accessible approaches to analyze psychological open‐ended data. However, comprehensive instruments for text analysis of stereotype content are missing. We developed stereotype content dictionaries using a semi‐automated method based on WordNet and word embeddings. These stereotype content dictionaries covered over 80% of open‐ended stereotypes about salient American social groups, compared to 20% coverage from words extracted directly from the stereotype content literature. The dictionaries showed high levels of internal consistency and validity, predicting stereotype scale ratings and human judgments of online text. We developed the R package Semi‐Automated Dictionary Creation for Analyzing Text (SADCAT; https://github.com/gandalfnicolas/SADCAT) for access to the stereotype content dictionaries and the creation of novel dictionaries for constructs of interest. Potential applications of the dictionaries range from advancing person perception theories through laboratory studies and analysis of online data to identifying social biases in artificial intelligence, social media, and other ubiquitous text sources.

Prejudice Toward Asian American Women: Clothing Influences Stereotypes

Clothing type can have a significant impact on the way people are perceived. In this study, we were interested in the effect of business versus casual clothing on the perception of Asian American women, given various stereotypes about them. We used a between-subjects design with a sample of college students from a university in the United States. Participants saw 3 Asian American women (and 1 European American woman to distract from the nature of the study) in either business attire or casual outfits, and rated each woman on a series of descriptors based off various stereotypes of Asian American women. We used the Scale of Anti-Asian American Stereotypes to measure internal prejudice toward Asian Americans and the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory to measure sexism. The Scale of Anti-Asian American stereotypes was a significant covariate, F(4, 233) = 6.09, p &lt; .001, ηp2 = .10. Participants rated models in business attire as less stereotypically Asian, F(1, 239) = 46.56, p &lt; .001, ηp2 = .17, less sexualized, F(1, 239) = 12.91, p &lt; .001, ηp2 = .05, and less invisible, F(1, 239) = 42.01, p &lt; .001, ηp2 = .15. Our results show that stereotypes can indeed be influenced by business attire. It is important to note that future research may be oriented toward changing the attitudes of those who hold harmful stereotypes, rather than the actions (i.e., clothing choices) of the subjects of prejudice.

A four-dimensional model of Asian American stereotypes

The content of the Asian American model minority stereotype is important for understanding how Asian American individuals are perceived. Existing theories about stereotype content may not capture the unique historical and cultural context that could affect perceptions of Asian American individuals. We have identified a more differentiated underlying structure with four dimensions—warmth, competence, self-centeredness, and submissiveness—that differ in their rated typicality and desirability for Asian and White Americans. We then developed the 16-item Asian American Stereotypes Scale to measure perceptions of Asian Americans on these four dimensions. Ratings on the different dimensions predict unique variance in attitudes toward Asian Americans and other minority groups, contact with Asians or Asian Americans, perceptions of size of the Asian American population, and system justification. The four-dimensional model and the Asian American Stereotypes Scale allow us to predict and examine the unique impacts of Asian American stereotypes in a way that differs from more general models.