Labor Scale Research Articles

The labour scale--assessment of the validity of a novel labour chart: a pilot study.

Labour dystocia is the most common indication for caesarean section (CS). This study assessed the validity of the labour scale (WHO partograph modification) as an intrapartum management tool to minimise over-diagnosis of labour dystocia. The study included 77 women in the early active phase of labour using the scale. This scale covers the same titles as the partograph with the cervico-graph modified using National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommendations that adjust interference according to clinical circumstances. Labour progress was plotted on the labour scale then on the partograph to compare outcomes. Maternal and fetal outcomes were compared with international and local reports. Only 21 (27.3%) women crossed the 'membrane line', which promotes amniotomy, and 35 women (45.5%) crossed the 'augmentation line' and received oxytocin. Four women were delivered by CS for failure to progress. When the same data were re-plotted on the partograph, twenty-eight women were diagnosed with failure to progress. The outcome difference between the 'labour scale' and the partograph was significant (P<0.0001). Maternal and neonatal outcomes were excellent. We suggest that the 'labour scale' is a promising tool for labour management that minimises labour dystocia without additional maternal or fetal risk.

Validity of the Spanish version of the Emotional Labour Scale

In this article we address concerns raised by Brumit and Glenn (2013) regarding the validity of the Spanish version of the Emotional Labour Scale (ELS). We respond to requests in relation to the translated version of the scale and the eigenvalue series. We also give an explanation of the differences in results between the original version and the Spanish version of the scale.

An investigation of emotional labor strategies on the basis of empathy among nurses working at intensive care and inpatient units

Objective: Intensive care nurses produce emotional labor through Deep Acting by generating empathetic emotional and cognitive reactions during their interactions with patients. On the other hand they produce emotional labor through Surface Acting whereby they forge empathic behaviors towards patients in the absence of appropriate emotional and cognitive actions. The present study explored emotional labor strategies on the basis of empathy among nurses working at intensive care and in-patient units. Methods: The present study was carried out in a state hospital in Istanbul. The sample of the study consisted of 116 nurses. Emotional Labor Scale, the Empathy Scale and a demographic questionnaire were used to gather data. Results: The hypotheses that as compared with in-patient care nurses, the empathy levels of intensive care nurses would be higher; nurses who have high levels of empathy would show higher levels of deep acting and emotional effort than nurses who have medium or low levels of empathy; nurses who have high levels of empathy would show lower levels of surface acting than nurses who have medium or low levels of empathy; and as compared with in-patient care nurses, intensive care nurses would show higher levels of deep acting and emotional effort and lower levels of surface acting, were not supported by the data. Conclusion: The results have shown that intensive-care nurses do not have higher levels of empathy, and they do not use deep acting and emotional effort more than inpatient clinic nurses. These findings indicate that regardless of the characteristics of the working environment, the nurses show empathy and use emotional labor strategies. More research is needed to understand these findings. Key words:

Accuracy of the spanish emotional labour scale

The recent study by Picardo et al. (2013) thatwaspublished inNurse Education Today concluded that their Spanish version of the Emotional Labour Scale has “an acceptable congruence” (Picardo et al., 2013) with the English version of Brotheridge and Lee (2003). However, that conclusion is not supported by the findings in the study because the translated version of the ELS is not shown, key information on the congruence of eigenvalue structure is missing, and last, the outcomes differ between the two versions, as explained below. The fact that the English version was presented but not the Spanish version that is being tested prevents the reader from independently assessing the translated version. The value of presenting the Spanish version is indicated by signs of discrepancies in the translation version. While discussing the instrument, the authors state that, “The Duration subscale consists in an open-ended question directed to know how many times the professional dedicate to one emotional interaction with the client” (Picardo et al., 2013). In the original article, Brotheridge and Lee describe this subset as a question of howmuch timeworkers devote to client interactions (Brotheridge and Lee, 2003). The difference in wording by Picardo et al. significantly changes the meaning of the phrase and would be expected to affect the findings. A key criterion of whether or not the original and translation are equivalent is the nature of the eigenvalues. Brotheridge and Lee (2003) found that the first four eigenvalues were greater than one, where one is a conventional cutoff point in selecting the number of eigenvalues to use, and hence the number of factors. If the translated version also had four eigenvalues greater than one, or perhaps even three or five, then this would argue for the equivalence of the original and translated version. However, no information about the eigenvalue series is provided in the Picardo et al. (2013) study. Four eigenvalue terms are used

Investigating Effective Factors on Emotional Dissonance Among Nurses (Case Study; Tehran West Region Hospital's)

This study has investigated the emotional dissonance and it's effective factor's in Tehran West region hospitals , The sample consisted of 315 nurses working at the hospitals,Babak, Erfan, Ibne- Sina, Imam Khomeini, Jam, payambar, Sarem and sherkate naft. 67 percent of the respondents were women and the rest of them were men. Emotional dissonance as the dependent variable in this study using the Maslakh and Jackson Emotional Dissonance Scale(1981) were measured in 9 items, surface acting and deep acting as independent variables using of Grandey Emotional Labor Scale (2003) and Kruml & Geddes Scale (2000) took the form of 13 items. The independent variable, job satisfaction using Hackman and Oldham Job Satisfaction Scale(1975) was measured in 5items. Factor analysis of questionnaire items indicates a good construct validity of the measurement instrument and reliability of questionnaire items which extracted by Cronbach's alpha was suitable. The effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable was measured by using regression model. All independent variables were accounted for about 48 percent of the variability , but the remaining 52 percent were not explained by the regression model. The results showed the emotional dissonance of the nurses is above the average level and nurses feel their jobs are associated with fatigue. The results of the study also shows, surface acting was the most positive effects on emotional dissonance, while variables, job satisfaction and deep acting were the highest negative impact on the emotional dissonance. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n6p173

Moderating Role of Affectivity in Emotional Labor and Emotional Exhaustion Among Customer Services Representatives

The present study proposed a moderating role of affectivity in the relationship between modes of emotional labor and emotional exhaustion among customer services representatives. A sample of 232 customer services representatives from cellular services and banking sectors of Islamabad, Pakistan was purposively chosen for this study. Deep acting and surface acting was measured through Emotional Labor Scale (Brotheridge and Lee Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 76:365–379, 2003), positive and negative affectivity (NA) was measured through Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54:1063–1070, 1988), and emotional exhaustion was assessed through Burnout Scale (Erickson and Ritter Social Psychology Quarterly 64(2):146–163, 2001). Hierarchical regression analyses provided empirical support for the proposed model. Negative affectivity (NA) and deep acting significantly predicted emotional exhaustion. Positive affectivity (PA) significantly decreased the likelihood of being emotionally exhausted as a consequence of deep acting whereas negative affectivity (NA) significantly increased the likelihood of being emotionally exhausted as a consequence of surface acting. Finally, customer services representatives of cellular services and women were found to be more prone to emotional exhaustion as compared to their counterparts. Limitations and suggestions for future research have also been discussed.

Research on Spatial-Temporal Characteristics and Affecting Factors Decomposition of Agricultural Carbon Emission in Suzhou City, Anhui Province, China

This paper takes the Suzhou City, Anhui Province as a example, the 2004-2009 agricultural carbon emissions were estimated based on six major aspects of the carbon source of agriculture production.The result shows that Suzhou's carbon emission is on the rising trend since 2004. Suzhou's agricultural carbon emissions and intensity's average annual growth rate were 3.68% and 3.49% respectively.Factors decomposition research has been approached based on Kaya equation, and the result indicates that efficiency factor, structural factor and labor scale factor restrict the growth of carbon emission, and it already realized carbon emission reduction during 2004 to 2009. Agricultural economy development has added more carbon emissions.

The Spanish version of the Emotional Labour Scale (ELS): A validation study

To validate the Spanish version of the Emotional Labour Scale (ELS), an instrument widely used to understand how professionals working with people face emotional labor in their daily job. An observational, cross-sectional and multicenter survey was used. Nursing students and their clinical tutors (n=211) completed the self-reported ELS when the clinical practice period was over. First order and second order Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) were estimated in order to test the factor structure of the scale. The results of the CFA confirm a factor structure of the scale with six first order factors (duration, frequency, intensity, variety, surface acting and deep acting) and two larger second order factors named Demands (duration, frequency, intensity and variety) and Acting (surface acting and deep acting) establishing the validity of the Spanish version of the ELS.

Emotional Labor and Psychosocial Stress Difference of Hairdressers in Beauty Shops Depending on Variables related to Thrid Jobs

This study has attempted to figure out differences between emotional labor and psychosocial stress by occupation-related variables against hairdressing industry workers. For this, a total of 191 hairdressers in Busan were examined using emotional labor scale and psychosocial stress scale. The survey was conducted from July 1 to 30, 2011 using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe's test. Then, the following results were obtained: First, according to analysis on difference in emotional labor by occupation-related variables, difference was found by monthly income in 'control of emotion' category. In terms of 'emotional dissonance,' difference was observed by job title and monthly income. In 'positive expression of emotions,' difference was detected by monthly income and number of off-days per month. Second, according to analysis on difference in psychosocial stress by occupation-related variables, differences were found by age, job title, education, work experience, monthly income, working hours and number of off-days per month. According to the analysis above, monthly income is related with both emotional labor and psychosocial stress among occupation-related variables.

Can empathy lead to emotional exhaustion in teachers? The mediating role of emotional labor

The present study was designed to examine the links between empathy, emotional labor (both surface and deep acting), and emotional exhaustion as well as determine if emotional labor mediates the relationship between empathy and emotional exhaustion in teachers. It was assumed that emotional labor can take two opposite directions (positive mood induction and negative mood induction). Thus, the additional aim of the study was to analyze the mediating role of mood regulation strategies in the relationship between empathy and emotional exhaustion. A sample of 168 teachers from Łódź and its surroundings completed a set of questionnaires: Emotional Labor Scale; Mood Regulation Scales, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Empathic Sensitivity Scale. The results provided mixed support for the hypotheses indicating that both types of emotional labor, negative mood induction and emotional exhaustion were positively intercorrelated. Moreover, deep acting was a significant mediator in the relationship between empathy and emotional exhaustion. The analyzed link was also mediated by negative mood induction, whereas positive mood induction did not emerge as a significant mediator. The study provided insight into the role of empathy and emotional labor in the development of teacher burnout. It also confirmed that deep acting and negative mood induction mediate the relationship between empathy and emotional exhaustion in teachers.

Emotional Labor and Burnout at Work: A Study from Turkey

The aim of this study was to evaluate which variables of emotional labor dimensions have a significant effect in explaining the levels of burnout of employees in the service sector. The study participants ranged in age from 23 years to 56 years, approximately 61% were female, 52% were married and the mean duration of their work was calculated as 8.33±6.65 years. No statistically significant difference was found in the emotional labor and burnout variables from the results of the analysis according to gender. The highest relationship obtained in the emotional labor scale subdimensions was between faking emotions and hiding emotions (r=0.44; p<0.01). In the explanation of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization levels of the employees, the hiding emotions variable of the emotional labor variable was found to be statistically significant.

Emotional Labour and Organizational Role Stress: A Study of Aircraft Employees

The present study is conducted to investigate the emotional labour and organizational role stress of pilots, airhostesses and air traffic controllers. An emotional labour scale (Grandey, 2003) and an organizational role stress scale (Pareek, 1993) are administered on a sample of 90 aircraft employees. A one-way ANOVA test revealed that the three groups of aircraft employees differ significantly among each other in their emotional labour (F = 31.92; P &lt; 0.001) and organizational role stress (F = 44.26; P &lt; 0.001). More specifically, air traffic controllers are observed to have significantly higher organizational role stress compared to pilots and airhostesses; whereas airhostesses are observed to have significantly high emotional labour compared to pilots and air traffic controllers. Further stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed the factors significantly contributed to emotional labour and organizational role stress of aircraft employees. Findings of the study are helpful for the aircraft management authorities to come out with different strategies to improvise the emotional labour and organizational role stress.

Povezanost podele posla i stava prema rodnim ulogama sa zadovoljstvom brakom zaposlenih supružnika

Prikazano istraživanje je imalo za cilj ispitivanje bračnog zadovoljstva u kontekstu podele posla u okviru porodice. Ispitane su razlike u bračnom zadovoljstvu partnera u zavisnosti od podele posla u domaćinstvu i stavova bračnih partnera prema rodnim ulogama. U istraživanju je učestvovalo 446 ispitanika, odnosno 223 partnera iz brakova u kojima oba supružnika imaju zaposlenje. Bračno zadovoljstvo je mereno jednim ajtemom sa devet nivoa zadovoljstva. Skalom Podele posla u kući su ispitivane tri vrste posla koje se obavljaju u okviru porodice, a to su rutinski i povremeni poslovi vezani za održavanje doma i posao koji podrazumeva brigu o deci. Stavovi prema rodnim ulogama mereni su skalom Stavovi prema rodnim ulogama (ATGR). Rezultati ukazuju na veće bračno zadovoljstvo osoba muškog roda. Uočava se tradicionalna podela posla. Žene obavljaju više rutinskih poslova, dok muškarci obavljaju više povremenih poslova. Briga o deci i dalje u najvećoj meri pripada majkama. Suprotno načinu na koji dele posao, ispitanici većinom imaju egalitarne stavove. Oni smatraju da bi oba partnera trebalo da imaju jednaka prava, obaveze i odgovornosti. Osobe ženskog pola imaju egalitarnije stavove u odnosu na svoje partnere. Na kraju, egalitarni stavovi, kao i ređe obavljanje rutinskih poslova pokazali su se kao značajni korelati bračnog zadovoljstva.

PS17 Commissioning Care for People with Long Term Conditions

BackgroundThe landscape of health care commissioning is being reshaped in England, as clinical commissioning groups prepare to take on the role now held by Primary Care Trusts (PCTs). Long term...

BUILDING A CLIFF DWELLING, BUILDING A PUEBLO: SOME MEASURES OF LABOR IN PREHISTORIC CONSTRUCTION

We may not typically think much about the labor required to build prehistoric pueblo dwellings, or about the effort involved in collecting the stone, soil, and wood necessary for construction. Data from Arizona cliff dwellings and surface pueblos are presented, indicating the scale of labor required and the extent of environmental impacts created.

임상간호사의 감정노동, 사회적 지지 및 우울 간의 관계

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the level of emotional labor, social support, and depressive symptoms of nurses, and the relationships among them. Methods: The data were collected from 314 nurses. Surface and deep-acting scales of the Emotional Labor Scale (ELS), the personal resource questionnaire, the organizational support scale, and the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Rating Scale for Depression (CES-D) were used. Collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Scheffe test. Results: Fifty six percent of total subjects had mild or major depressive symptoms. As the level of surface-acting of ELS was higher, so was the level of depressive symptoms, while as the level of individual and organizational support was higher, the level of depressive symptoms was lower. Conclusion: It is necessary to provide organizational-level support and to manage surface-acting in order to prevent the nurses' depressive symptoms. In particular, for the nurses who show relatively higher level of depressive symptoms; who are in 20s and have short employed years or not married, it is urgently required to be provided depressive symptoms management programs that targeted for those nurses.

Words from the heart speak to the heart

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand, from the child care worker's perspective, how work experience, display rules, and affectivity are related to emotional labor. It also examines the utility of separating surface acting into its two components: the hiding and faking of emotions.Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on a cross‐sectional self‐report survey of 198 child care workers in Western Canada.FindingsDeep acting occurred more frequently among younger workers, whereas experienced workers hid their feelings more frequently than did their less‐experienced counterparts. The requirement to express positive emotions was associated with deep acting and faking emotions, whereas the requirement to suppress negative emotions was associated with hiding feelings.Research limitations/implicationsResults support the treatment of surface acting's components as distinct given their differential association with the other variables. Future research should validate the emotional labor measure in service occupations that involve different frequency and intensity levels of contact.Practical implicationsThe finding that young and inexperienced workers appear to engage in different emotion regulation strategies than mature and experienced workers may be due to their job training. A potential solution is to include service learning projects in child care training that build their confidence in communicating with parents.Originality/valueUse of the revised Emotional Labour Scale in future studies may facilitate a deeper understanding of workplace emotional expression.

Development of Emotional Labour Scale in Indian Context

This article reports the development and validation of emotional labour scale (ELS) as tested on samples of 491 respondents from B-schools of India. The ELS is a 12-item self-reporting questionnaire that measures four facets of emotional labour (EL) in the workplace, namely, emotional display, deep acting, surface acting and automatic regulation. Estimates of internal consistency for the subscales range from 0.67 to 0.89. Exploratory factor analysis results provide support to the four facets of ELS. Evidence is also provided for convergent and discriminant validity of ELS. Further the implications and future scope of the study are discussed in detail.

Locational patterns of new graduate employment and regional economic performance in Australia

The locational patterns of employment of new graduates from universities in Australia are examined in relation to the endogenous regional employment growth of destination regions. The data sources used include the 2006 database provided by the Graduate Careers Council for more than 65,000 university graduates detailing the postcodes locations where they have obtained jobs within six months after graduation in addition to the university where they studied. The analysis investigates the degree to which university graduates obtained jobs within the same region where they studied. In addition, the paper examines the relationship between the attractive force of regions as measured by their share of new graduate jobs generated and the endogenous regional employment growth performance of those regions over the decade 1996–2006 and the national share scale of regional labour markets.

How Does Personality Relate to Mental Health in Service Industry Setting? The Mediating Effects of Emotional Labor Strategies

The study investigated the correlations between personality traits,emotional labor strategies and mental health in service industry settings.Substantial literature has suggested that there is a significant relation between personality traits(e.g.,extraversion,neuroticism) and mental health.However,personality traits are associated with emotional labor– that is,emotion regulation in workplace.Emotional labor strategies include surface action,deep action,and autonomic action,and they also have different effects on mental health.The present study examined the mediating effects of emotional labor strategies upon personality traits and mental health in a group of employees from service industry settings. 357 employees recruiting from nine local industry settings took part in the current study.All of them were administered with a set of questionnaires assessing personality by the QZPS Chinese Personality Scale(Wang Cui,2004),measuring emotional labor strategies by Scale of Emotional Labor(Diefendorff,Croyle,and Gosserand,2005).Measurement of mental health indexes included Emotional Exhaustion Scale(Simpson Stroh,2004),Psychological Inauthenticity Scale(Simpson Stroh,2004),and Scale of Physical Psychological Strain(Siu,Spector,Cooper, Lu,2005). A series of path analyses were conducted to test 1) the relations between traits,emotional labor strategies,and mental health state in multiple indexes,and 2) the mediation of emotional labor strategies upon the traits and mental health indexes.Results demonstrated that:(1) in QZPS,Kindness predicted less surface acting,and more autonomic regulation;Capability predicted better deep-acting;Working style predicted more autonomic regulation.Emotionality predicted less deep action;Others-orientation predicted less surface-acting and more autonomic regulation,Self-orientation predicted more deep-acting;Object-orientation predicted more deep and autonomic regulation,and less surface-acting;(2) surface action predicted worse mental health and deep action and autonomic action predicted better mental health;(3) surface-acting mediated the effects of traits(kindness,and others-orientation) upon mental health,deep-acting mediated the effects of traits(emotionality,capability,self-orientation,and object-orientation) upon mental health,and autonomic regulation mediated the effects of traits(kindness,working style,and object–orientation) upon mental health;and(4) extraversion predicted better mental health directly. The results indicated that people with higher scores on Extraversion,Kindness,Capability,Working style,Object-orientation,Self-and Others-Orientation could be considered as better candidates working in service industry settings.Candidates with a higher score on Emotionality could be regarded as a less adaptive one at the working situation.Professional psychological training and psychological counseling for employees working in service industry settings should focus on how to facilitate more autonomic action and deep action so as to maintain and improve mental health.The present study provided evidences for potential applications in personnel assessment,recruitment,and occupational health improvement in service industry settings.