Labor Scale Research Articles

Effects of antepartum education on worries about labor and mode of delivery

Aim This study evaluated the effects of antenatal education, which was provided in a pregnancy education class, on pregnant women’s concerns about labor and the mode of delivery. Materials and Methods Primigravid pregnant women (n = 144) were enrolled into the study between May 2017 and November 2018. Pregnant women received standard education on nutrition during pregnancy, exercise, methods of coping with pain, and breastfeeding. The participants completed the “Introductory Information Form” and “Oxford Worries about Labour Scale” to collect data. Results A statistically significant difference was found between the participants’ pain, distress, uncertainty, and interventions in the pre-education, post-education, and postpartum periods and mean total score on the Oxford scale (p<.05). However, education had no significant effect on the mode of delivery (p>.05). Conclusion Education provided during pregnancy significantly decreased women’s worries about labor, but it did not lead to a significant difference in the modes of delivery.

Impact of surface acting and deep acting techniques on teachers’ organizational commitment

Purpose This paper aims to examine the relationship between surface acting (SA), deep acting (DA) and organizational commitment (OC). Design/methodology/approach Guided by affective events theory, the study adapted emotional labour scale and three components model to profile 373 teachers from 30 schools around Peninsular Malaysia. A list-based simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test hypotheses, and the proposed model was assessed through renowned fit indices. Findings OC was hypothesized as a second-order construct. SEM result indicates that both SA and DA have significant negative relationship with OC. Fit indices of the hypothesized model showed χ²/df ratio (560.069/265) = 2.113, RMSEA (0.055), and CFI (0.936). This result provides empirical support for the data collected. Research limitations/implications The study provides new insight on the ongoing debate about SA and DA. Therefore, it advances body of research in this regard. The implication for HR managers is that strategic polices can be institutionalized to buffer the consequences of SA and DA. This is due to the fact that SA and DA may not be abolished for service employees like teachers. The practical implication for teachers is the understanding that emotional regulation process is inevitable because teaching is profoundly an emotional activity job. Besides being a cross-sectional study, the sampled population may have limited the study’s outcomes. Originality/value Given existing inconsistent results on the consequences of SA and DA, this study shows that not only SA can lead to negative after-effects, DA can also cause the same. Future study can explore spiritual intelligence to examine how best SA and DA can be performed at reduced consequences on OC.

Motivation of migration activity of youth in the Ukraine’s Carpathian region

In recent years, the scale of labor and educational migration from Ukraine has been growing, usually transforming into permanent migration (resettlement). Such situation leads to the threat of demographic and socio-economic development of our country and requires effective mechanisms for regulating migration. The development of such mechanisms needs the study of motives forcing people to migrate. The article is devoted to the investigation of motivational bases of young people’s migration activity in Ukraine’s Carpathian region. According to the results of a sociological survey of young people, a low level of potential internal migration was revealed. At the same time, attitudes for migration abroad are spread enough. The paper reveals that high level of wages and an availability of a job are the main motives for both internal and external possible migration movements. According to the respondents’ opinion, these factors could also deter young people from moving abroad. In addition, the lack of stability and confidence in the future, as well as insufficient opportunities for professional realization, poor working conditions are important motives for possible movement abroad for permanent residence. The study revealed some features of certain regions. Thus, the youth of Zakarpattia region more often, compared to respondents from other regions, chose the following push factors: low wages; lack of stability and confidence in the future; high level of corruption. The lack of work in Ukraine worries mostly respondents from Ivano-Frankivsk region. Chernivtsi region is distinguished by the highest share of those who could be motivated for permanent migration by housing problems. According to the assessment of students and pupils of higher and vocational education institutions, the level of the average salary, which could slow down the mass emigration of young people abroad, has been determined. It is about 800 euros. Persons who would not move abroad under any circumstances make up less than 10% of respondents. The results of the study confirm the need to develop effective mechanisms for regulating the migration activity of young people at the regional and state levels.

Does Emotional Labor Increase the Risk of Suicidal Ideation among Firefighters?

PurposeTo investigate whether emotional labor is associated with suicidal ideation in Korean firefighters.Materials and MethodsData were obtained from the Firefighter Research: Enhancement of Safety & Health (FRESH) Study, which was designed to investigate the effects of job characteristics on mental and physical health among Korean firefighters. A total of 18101 firefighters were chosen from a nationwide sample. The Korean Emotional Labor Scale (K-ELS) was used to evaluate exposure to emotional labor, which consisted of five sub-factors: emotional demand and regulation, overload and conflict in customer service, emotional disharmony and hurt, organizational surveillance and monitoring, and lack of a supportive and protective system in the organization.ResultsFirefighters who were in the risk group were more likely to experience suicidal ideation than those in the normal group for each of the five sub-scales of emotional labor. The estimated mean values for suicidal ideation in the risk group were significantly higher than those in the normal group: 1.667 (95% CI: 1.344–2.069) for emotional demand and regulation, 1.590 (95% CI: 1.243–2.033) for overload and conflict in customer service, 2.409 (95% CI: 1.954–2.969) for emotional disharmony and hurt, 2.214 (95% CI: 1.832–2.676) for organizational surveillance and monitoring, and 1.665 (95% CI: 1.387–1.999) for lack of a supportive and protective system in the organization.ConclusionThese results suggest that experience and exposure to chronic and excessive emotional labor might play a crucial role in the development of suicidal ideation among firefighters.

Moderating Role of Emotional Labour in Job Characteristics and Organizational Commitment Relations

This cross-sectional study investigated the moderating role of emotional labour in job characteristics and organizational commitment relations among secondary school teachers in Enugu urban area of Enugu State, Nigeria. One hundred and eighty (180) teachers, comprising 62 men and 118 women between the ages of 22 to 61 years were sampled using multi-stage sampling techniques. The 18-item Organizational Commitment Scale, 21-item Job Characteristics Scale and 10-item Emotional Labour Scale were the measures for data collection. Results of moderated regression analysis revealed that the various dimensions of job characteristics and emotional labour did not equally predict organizational commitment. And the two components of emotional labour did not equally moderate. Job characteristics and emotional labour accounted for 9.6% of the variance in affective commitment of the teachers, 10.6 % of variance in continuance commitment and 18.6% in normative commitment. Specifically, feedback from agents’ dimension of job characteristics independently predicted normative commitment while the other dimensions did not predict any dimension of organizational commitment. Surface acting negatively predicted affective commitment while deep acting positively predicted continuance commitment. Deep acting strengthened the relationship between feedback from agents and affective commitment while surface acting weakened the relationship between feedback from agents and continuance commitment. Surface acing strengthened the relationship between feedback from job and continuance commitment. Surface acting also strengthened the relationship between dealing with others and normative commitment. This study has recommended that policy makers in teaching/education should consider job characteristics and emotional labour in order to enhance organizational commitment.

General emotional labor scale: Development and establishing psychometric properties

This study outlines the process followed in the development of the General Emotional Labor Scale-English (GELS-E). The scale construction process was divided into different phases. The first phase entailed the item generation and the second phase was the pilot study. Phase three and four dealt with developing the norms and establishing the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the final 30 items. It can be concluded that the GELS-E was developed as a measure that can be used by researchers to assess emotional labor in professionals. Such a measure of emotional labor can prove to be beneficial for researchers and organizations alike. It can be used to understand the performance and effects of emotional labor and arrange trainings needed to help employees with the performance of emotional labor.

Study on the Influence of Urban Spatial Connection of Beijing Tianjin Hebei Urban Agglomeration on Total factor Productivity

The development of a city can not be separated from the connection with the outside world. A city can benefit from the external effect of the connection network with other cities. This paper studies the relationship between cities’ connection strength and TFP according to the network centrality index, which measures the level of the connection between cities. It is found that the connection between cities has a significant positive role in promoting the TFP of cities in a city cluster. The differences of labor scale, industrial structure and openness are the main factors that affect the connection between cities.

The impact of emotional labor and workaholism in health care professionals’ secondary traumatic stress

Introduction: Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) of healthcare professionals (HP) is a negative feeling driven by fear, “suffering” and work related trauma that can be direct (primary) trauma or occurs after the secondary exposure to people who have experienced extremely or traumatically stressful events. Several researchers have supported the relationship between STS, work addiction and emotional labor (EL). EL is the process of regulating both feelings and expressions to achieve organizational expectations, or, planning, and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions. Aim: To investigate the impact of emotional labor and work addiction on healthcare professionals’ STS. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in a convenience sample of 231 HP, working in 3 public and 2 private hospitals. They completed a questionnaire that included: a) demographic/occupational characteristics, b) the Discrete Emotions, Emotional Labor Scale (DEELS), c) the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL), and d) the Bergen Work Addiction Scale. Data analysis was performed using the statistical package SPSS 24.0 Results: The sample consisted of 231 HP (77.9% nursing personnel and 22.1% physicians). Participants reported median levels of STS and low levels of work addiction. HP expressed more often emotions of happiness (mean=4.29) and less often emotions of fear (mean=1.85). As far as it concerns HP’s emotions that they hide but feel, they expressed more often emotions of frustration (mean=4.02) and less often emotions of happiness (mean=2.60). Emotions that HPs are expected to show but feel different, expressed more often the feeling of satisfaction (mean=2.55) and less often the feeling of fear (mean=2.08). Findings indicate that years of experience and age predict high risk for STS. In addition, STS was positively associated with work addiction (p=0.000) and the frequency (p=0.000) HPs express their feelings. Conclusions: HP’s expression of feelings, differ from what they really felt and was found to be positively associated with increased levels of STS. Findings highlight the importance of HP’s empowerment, psychological support, as well as the need for educational interventions to increase their resilience to STS.

The relationship between emotional labour and job satisfaction in nursing.

To investigate the relationship between emotional labour strategies and job satisfaction among nurses in Turkey. Nursing is one of the professions in which emotional labour is heavily used. The relationship between emotional labour strategies and job satisfaction has many different consequences in nursing. Although studies have focused on the relationship between emotional labour and job satisfaction among nurses abroad, no studies on the subject have been found in Turkey. A cross-sectional descriptive design was employed. The study was conducted with 281 nurses working in a university hospital and three public hospitals in Manisa, Turkey. Research data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Emotional Labour Scale and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis were used in data evaluation. Analyses showed that the type of emotional labour strategy most frequently exhibited by nurses was surface acting. In surface acting, behaviours do not reflect employees' true feelings. Job satisfaction of nurses was higher than the medium level. A negative correlation was found between deep acting and job satisfaction. In deep acting, employees try to feel the emotions appropriate to the behaviour expected of them. Nurses' emotional labour may cause some undesirable consequences. Nurses' emotional labour strategies are related to their job satisfaction levels. Managers should be aware of the emotional labour of nurses and its possible negative consequences. Management strategies that target the negative consequences of emotional labour are important not only for the well-being of nurses but also for the quality of patient care.

Investigation of The Relationship Between Midwives’ and Nurses’ Emotional Labor and Life Satisfaction

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, ebe ve hemşirelerin duygusal emeği ile yaşam doyumları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek planlanmıştır.Gereç ve yöntem: Çalışmanın örneklemini, bir kamu hastanesinde görev yapan 214 ebe ve hemşire oluşturmuştur. Veriler bilgi toplama formu, “Duygusal Emek Ölçeği” (DEÖ) ve “Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği” (YDÖ) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde frekans, yüzde, ortalama, standart sapma, Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney U ve Spearman Korelasyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Örneklemin %32.7’sini ebe, %67.3’ünü hemşireler oluşturmuştur. Örneklemin DEÖ alt boyut puanları ile YDÖ toplam puanları arasında bir ilişki saptanmamıştır (p&amp;gt;0,05). DEO alt boyut puanları ile YDÖ toplam puanları açısından ebe ve hemşireler arasında fark bulunmamıştır (p&amp;gt;0,05). Mesleği isteyerek seçen, mesleği bırakmayı düşünmeyen ve gelirlerini yeterli bulan çalışanların, mesleği istemeden seçen, bırakmayı düşünen ve gelirlerini yetersiz bulanlara kıyasla YDÖ toplam puanı yüksek ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (p&amp;lt;0,05) ve DEÖ ‘yüzeysel rol yapma’ alt boyutu puanı daha düşük fakat istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (p&amp;lt;0,05) bulunmuştur. Lise mezunlarının, lisansüstü mezunlara oranla yaşam doyum puanlarının daha düşük ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu saptanmıştır (p&amp;lt;0,05). Sonuç: Ebeler ve hemşireler arasında duygusal emek ve yaşam doyum düzeyleri bakımından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Mesleği isteyerek seçme, gelirinden memnun olma ve mesleği sevme gibi faktörlerin yaşam doyumunu olumlu etkilediği söylenebilir.

Quy mô, trình độ và chuyển dịch cơ cấu lao động khu vực kinh tế phía Đông tỉnh Tiền Giang

In recent years, the labor in the Eastern economic zone of Tien Giang province has made positive changes. The scale of labor has increased; the level of labor has greatly advanced; the labor structure according to economic sectors, economic components, educational level and technical qualification has suitably shifted towards progress for the social – economic development orientation of the area. This article introduces the scale, the level and the movement of labor structure in the Eastern economic zone of Tien Giang province during the period 2011 – 2015, and thereby proposes some measures to promote the quality of labor in the area.

Emotional Labor: Scale Development and Validation in the Chinese Context.

Based on the specific cultural context to add greater theoretical precision to emotional labor, we developed the Chinese version scale of emotional labor. For a comprehensive construct development and validation of the new scale, we carried out five studies. First, we used grounded theory methodologies, performed analysis of data from field observations of 15 frontline employees through insider's angle (Study 1) and in-depth interviews with 35 employees (Study 2), and preliminarily glimpsed the main content of emotional labor in China. Second, combined with existing literature and open-ended questionnaires with 110 employees (Study 3), we identified four dimensions labeled as surface acting, deep acting, expression of naturally felt emotions and emotion termination, and established the initial items. Third, Study 4 with 166 service workers from China was performed to demonstrate the validity, reliability, and acceptable psychometric properties of the scale and thus formed the formal scale. Finally, multi-wave data with 403 Chinese samples (Study 5) were collected for validating the formal scale. Future researchers can employ this validated scale to investigate emotional labor in Chinese service settings. We expect the emotional labor phenomena in the Chinese context can add valuable and novel insight into the stock of emotional labor knowledge in numerous geographical and cultural contexts.

Will emotional intelligence training enhance social workers’ emotional labour in Ogun State Nigeria?

This study investigated the effect of emotional intelligence training programme on emotional labour competence of social workers. The study adopted a pretest-post-test quasi-experimental design. The emotional labour scale was used to collect data from the forty-eight (48) randomly selected social workers from two Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Participants of the study were randomly assigned to the treatment and the control groups for the purpose of the study. The hypothesis was tested using the Analysis of Covariant (ANCOVA). Results showed that the treatment significantly affected participants' levels of emotional labour. Based on the findings, it was advocated that the teaching of emotional intelligence in organizations and schools is highly important for optimal outcomes.

Effects of current emotional labor on quality of professional life in operation room nurses

Objective To explore the status quo of emotional labor in operation room nurses and to analyze its effects on quality of professional life, so as to provide a reference for improving physical and mental health of operation room nurses and driving the building and development of the specialized nurse team. Methods Totally 203 operation room nurses from 4 general ClassⅢ Grade A hospitals in Jiangxi province from May to June 2018 were selected using convenient sampling, and the status quo of their emotional labor was investigated with the general information questionnaire, Nurse's Emotional Labor Scale and Nurse's Quality of Professional Life Scale. Results The total average score of emotional labor of the operation room nurses was (3.68±0.55) , including (3.57±0.76) for deep acting, (4.28±0.80) for emotional expression and (3.50±0.74) for surface acting from high to low. Univariate analysis revealed that there was statistically significant difference in surface acting scores between operation room nurses with different length of service, in deep acting scores between operation room nurses with different age, professional title and clinical teaching and in emotional expression scores between operation room scores with different educational background (P<0.05) . Emotional labor was correlated with the various factors of quality of professional life. Surface acting had negative predictive power for kindness satisfaction (β=-0.317, P<0.01) , and positive predictive power for job burnout (β=0.337, P<0.01) and secondary trauma (β=0.264, P<0.01) . Deep acting had positive predictive power for kindness satisfaction, and negative predictive power for job burnout (β=0.303, P<0.01) and secondary trauma (β=0.281, P<0.01) . Emotional expression requirements had positive predictive power for kindness satisfaction (β=0.191, P<0.01) . Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that surface acting, deep acting and emotional expression requirements were the main influencing factors to kindness satisfaction, and that surface acting and deep acting were the main influencing factors to job burnout and secondary trauma. Conclusions The emotional labor of operation room nurses stays at a medium level, and the emotional labor strategy mostly frequently used is deep acting. Surface acting, deep acting and emotional expression requirements in emotional labor have predictive power for quality of professional life, and managers should pay attention to the education and training of emotional labor for operation room nurses. Key words: Nurses; Operation room; Emotional labor; Quality of professional life

Development of the Labor and Delivery Outcome Scale (LDOS): Validity and reliability of an intrapartal measurement tool for research use in developed nations

Despite numerous scholarly attempts to understand and improve the health outcomes of childbearing in highly technical, developed countries, a theoretical and methodological deficit persists in regard to capturing a woman and her newborn’s intrapartal experience. In an effort to construct a criterion measure and research tool that is not limited to one or two aspects of the labor and delivery experience, the authors created the Labor and Delivery Outcome Scale (LDOS). The LDOS survey was mailed to a nationwide, random sample of 1500 experienced U.S. accoucheurs, including nurse-midwives, family practice physicians, and obstetricians, and they were asked to rate 102 physiological and psychosocial events and outcomes along a Likert scale regarding their relationship to the overall intrapartal experience. The goal of this forced-choice format was to have practitioners quantify the quality of individual labor and delivery experiences. The authors received a total of 391 questionnaires, representing an overall response rate of 26.1%. On a scale of –16 to +16 the scores ranged from –15.7 (SD = 1.5) for the outcome of infant born as fetal demise (stillbirth) to +12.6 (SD = 4.4) for active involvement of support person(s) in assisting woman during labor. Reliability of the instrument was demonstrated with a Cronbach’s alpha score of r = 0.92. Criterion-related validity was established, since the LDOS scores were significantly related to type of delivery (vaginal versus Cesarean-section), Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min, gestational age, and the total number of labor and delivery complications experienced. The creation of the LDOS, and the subsequent testing of its reliability and validity as described here, has been an important step toward quantifying for research purposes the intrapartal experience of women in highly technical, developed countries. Potential uses for the LDOS are discussed.

Рабовласництво в Ольвійському полісі у V-III ст. до н.е.: історіографія, джерела, перспективи досліджень

Стаття присвячена аналізу джерельної бази й історіографії історії рабовласницьких відносин в Ольвії Понтійській. Дослідження рабовласництва в Ольвійському полісі довго гальмувалися через обмеженість джерельної бази. В останні десятиліття до наукового обігу було введено нові джерела, інформація яких дає змогу суттєво інтенсифікувати вивчення соціальної історії Ольвії, зокрема і рабовласницьких відносин. У статті аналізуються дані епіграфічних і писемних джерел та окреслюються напрямки подальших досліджень, які мають базуватися на комплексному вивченні епіграфічних та археологічних джерел із врахуванням теоретичних напрацювань сучасної історіографії.

The Role of Occupational Stress in the Association between Emotional Labor and Mental Health: A Moderated Mediation Model

This study investigated whether occupational stress factors moderate the effect of emotional labor on psychological distress in call center employees. A cross-sectional and descriptive study using anonymous paper-based survey methods was conducted in a sample of 283 call center employees in South Korea. Participants completed the Emotional Labor Scale, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, and the Korean Occupational Stress Scale. Moderated mediation analyses were conducted using the PROCESS macro in order to investigate the relationship among variables. The results showed that the association between surface acting while having emotional labor and psychological distress was mediated by emotional dissonance. The mediated effect of emotional dissonance was moderated by discomfort in occupational climate, suggesting that improving the occupational environment can lessen the level of psychological distress among emotional workers, and that more attention should be devoted to the development of an intervention at the organizational level in order to prevent mental health problems in this population.

EMOTIONAL LABOR DITINJAU DARI KEPRIBADIAN BIG FIVE PADA PERAWAT DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM SARI MUTIARA MEDAN

This study aims to find out relationship between dimension big five personality with emotional labor. The research sample was all nurses working at Sari Mutiara Medan General Hospital, which amounted to 115 people, with a total sampling method.The data were collected via emotional labor scale with 48 item and big five personality scale (BFI) with 44 item. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between big five personality with emotional labor. Openness to experience were positively related to emotional labor with correlate coefficient 0.268 and sig. 0.003 (p&lt;0.05), the other dimensions have negative relationships, including extraversion dimensions with correlate coefficient 0.052 and sig. 0.562 (p&lt;0.005), agreeableness with correlate coefficient -0.129 and sig. 0.150 (p&lt;0.05), conscientiousness with correlate coefficient 0.082 and sig. 0.363 (p&lt;0.05) and neuroticism with correlate coefficient -0.104 and sig. 0.245 (p&lt;0.05) were negatively related to emotional labor. The results also showed that the contribution of a given big five personality on emotional labor was 9 percent, while the remaining 91 percent was affected by other factors not examined. From the results, it can be concluded that the hypothesis stating that there is a significance relationship between big five personality and emotional labor.

Relationship between Emotional Labor Behavior and Burnout Level of Football Coaches

In the scope of this research, it is aimed to determine emotional labor behavior and burnout level of football coaches and to examine the relationship between them. In this study conducted in relational survey model, Emotional Labor Scale developed by Diefendorff et al. (2005) and adapted to Turkish by Basım and Beğenirbaş (2012), and Maslach Burnout Sclae developed by Maslach and Jackson (1981) and adapted to Turkish by Ergin (1992) were applied to 321 voluntary participants. Descriptive statistics (number of participants, minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation) regarding emotional labor and burnout levels of participants were calculated. Besides, pearson correlation coefficient was calculated with the aim of determining the level of relation between the sub-dimensions of emotional labor and burnout. p significance level in difference tests was taken as 0,05. Research results showed that burnout levels of coaches were low; as the sub-dimensions of emotional labor scale, the factors of deep acting and genuine emotions were high, and the factor of surface acting was low. According to the correlation results, it was determined that there was a low level negative relation between their burnout levels and surface acting behavior and a low level positive significant relation between deep acting behavior and genuine emotions.

Investigation of Emotional Labor and Life Satisfaction Levels of Staff in Central Organization of General Directorate of Sports Services

Present study aims to investigate the emotional labor and life satisfaction levels of staff in the central organization of General Directorate of Sport Services. The population of the study consists of staff in the central organization of General Directorate of Sport Services. The sample is consisted of 276 staff determined by random sampling method. As data collection tool; to determine the demographic characteristics of the participants, a four-item ''Personal Information Form'' as well as a nine- item ''Emotional Labor Scale'' developed by Brotheridge and Lee (2003) and adapted to Turkish by Dursun et al. (2014) and ''Life Satisfaction Scale'' developed by Diener et al. (1985) and adapted to Turkish by Bekmezci and Mert (2013) were utilized in the study. In the analysis of the data, frequency, percentage (%) and median values were used. Kruskal Wallis test was used for normal distribution of data and Mann Whitney U in test non-parametric tests was used according to the results gathered. The significance level was taken as p&lt;0,05. When the findings obtained from the study were evaluated, life satisfaction levels of GDSS staff were at medium level. At the same time, there was a significant difference in education level and working time in the profession “in the sub-dimension of hidden emotions of emotional labor dimension of staff in GDSS. Activities such as various social activities can be organized by the Institution to improve the belonging of employees and to increase the levels of emotional labor and life satisfaction.