Development Of Scale Research Articles

Supplier relationship management maturity: a scale development study

Supplier relationship management maturity: a scale development study

Development and Validation of the Digital Literacy Scale for Students with Developmental Disabilities

Development and Validation of the Digital Literacy Scale for Students with Developmental Disabilities

Study of middle school teacher’s performance due to overburden of non-educational work in context of middle school

ABSTRACT Study of middle school teacher’s performance due to overburden of non-educational work in context of middle school. What would be the impact of Performance of middle teachers of non-educational work in private school? What is statistically significant indication of performance of middle teachers due to overburden of non-educational work in context of private school? . This study is conducted on 100 Teachers on Middle School level in Raipur city. Four school of Raipur will be selected. By keeping various objectives and purpose of the study of development of time management scale will be constructed self-made tools. Conclusion – A total of 06 sub-questions were included in this research question, out of which significant difference was found in all the questions at the 0.01 level from which it comes to the conclusion that there will be an impact on the performance of middle teachers doing non-educational work in private school. There fore the research question is accepted. Conclusion –A total of 05 sub-questions were included in this research question, out of which significant difference was found in all the questions at the 0.01 level from which it comes to the conclusion that there will be statistically significant indication of performance of middle teachers due to overburden of non-educational work in context of private school. There fore the research question is accepted. KEY WORD :- Teacher’s Performance, Overburden of non-educational work, Middle school

Development of scales to measure class participation motivation and class satisfaction, and goal orientation of physical education major university students and analysis of relationships : Verification of mediating effects utilizing Bootstrapping method

Development of scales to measure class participation motivation and class satisfaction, and goal orientation of physical education major university students and analysis of relationships : Verification of mediating effects utilizing Bootstrapping method

Scale development and validation of green country image: focusing on Chinese consumers

PurposeThis study aims to develop and validate a new scale for measuring green country image (GCI). The current country image (CI) concept is recognized as limited in capturing the complexities of consumer perceptions today. By building a GCI scale, this study can provide a more nuanced understanding of how consumers evaluate a country’s image beyond traditional measures. This scale will be a valuable tool for international marketers to develop effective strategies in the 21st century’s dynamic global business landscape.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a mixed-methods approach to develop and validate a new scale for measuring GCI. This approach leverages the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of the concept and develop a reliable measurement tool.FindingsA reliable and valid scale was developed to measure the six dimensions of GCI: social green country image (SOGCI), economic green country image (ECGCI), environmental green country image (ENGCI), technological green country image (TEGCI), leadership green country image (LEGCI) and people green country image (PEGCI). In results, the new GCI scale is a six-dimensional, 23-item, five-point scale. An important finding was that these six factors were statistically significant reflective scales.Originality/valueBy developing a validated GCI scale, this study offers valuable insights for international marketers navigating the evolving consumer perceptions of importing countries. This novel scale empowers the international marketers to tailor strategies and target specific markets based on GCI. The mixed-methods approach strengthens the GCI scale’s robustness, making it a significant contribution to both academic research and international marketing practice.

Psychological Distress and Online Academic Difficulties: Development and Validation of Scale to Measure Students' Mental Health Problems in Online Learning.

In the present study, a short instrument (eight-item self-report, five-point Likert scales) was developed and validated to assess self-perceived mental health problems in online learning. The participants were 398 Romanian university students from nine different faculties. The factor structure of the scale was assessed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (Principal Axis Factoring extraction method) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The high goodness-of-fit indices validated a second-order factor model of mental health problems, with two distinct but correlated sub-constructs, psychological distress, and online academic difficulties, integrated under a single higher-level factor. Psychological distress comprises indicators such as anxiety and stress, while online academic difficulties contain, for instance, indicators such as decreased performance, fatigue or lack of motivation. The results of applying multiple assessment criteria showed good reliability (e.g., McDonald's omega), as well as convergent validity (e.g., Average Variance Extracted) and discriminant validity (e.g., the heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations) of the scale. Also, correlations analysis between mental health problems occurred in online learning context and other measures indicated a strong negative relation with online course satisfaction and weak negative relations with subjective academic performance, perceived social competence, and perceived digital competence. In conclusion, the scale appears to be a valid instrument for measuring some negative mental health outcomes in online learning, perceived by university students. The implications of the results and limitations of this study are also discussed. In conclusion, the scale has multiple possible applications, the most important being (1) the assessment of mental health problems both in ordinary online learning situations and in emergency ones, which would allow the early detection of these issues, (2) the possibility of assessing relations between the sub-constructs of the scale and other psychological constructs of interest in scientific research, and (3) the feedback for teaching staff involved in the online learning system.

Optimizing electric vehicle charging strategies using multi-layer perception-based spatio-temporal prediction of charging station load

The production and sales of electric vehicles have been increasing in line with the gradual adaptation of consumers to electric vehicles, driven by various government policies and subsidies over the past decade. As a result, the deployment of charging facilities, which are essential for supporting electric vehicles, has also been extensive. However, despite the rapid development in scale, charging facilities face challenges such as low utilization during off-peak hours and excessive congestion during peak hours, leading to resource wastage and a diminished user charging experience. To address these issues, this study proposes a spatio-temporal prediction model for charging station load. The model introduces a global spatial enhancement module to simultaneously learn short-range and long-range spatial dependencies in the data, resulting in improved prediction accuracy. The aim of this research is to provide practical guidance in terms of conserving charging resources and enhancing user charging experience based on spatio-temporal prediction effectiveness.

Development of the Cultural Humility Scale—Short Form (CHS-SF)

Development of the Cultural Humility Scale—Short Form (CHS-SF)

Scale Development of Intention to Service Sabotage: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Differentiation, Organizational Identification, Moral Disengagement, and Intention to Service Sabotage

ABSTRACT This multilevel research investigates a moderated mediation model of how interaction influence of leader-member exchange (LMX) differentiation and group moral disengagement undermines organizational identification, resulting in employees’ intention to service sabotage. Utilizing multiple validations, this study develops and tests a measurement scale of intention to service sabotage and its antecedents in the hotel industry. Data were collected from hotel employees in Turkey. The hypotheses were gauged via hierarchical linear modeling. The findings confirmed a five-item scale of intention to service sabotage. The hierarchical linear modeling analysis empirically proves the theory of LMX and allocation preferences by demonstrating the multilevel mediation effect of organizational identification. Multilevel moderation and moderated mediation analyses also suggest that group moral disengagement moderates the direct and indirect influences on employee intention to service sabotage. This paper provides theoretical and practical contributions by generating a five-item measure of intention to service sabotage and testing its antecedents.

The Gender Euphoria Scale (GES): development of a tool to measure gender euphoria

Background Gender euphoria is a concept that arose from within the trans and gender diverse (hereafter trans) community to describe positive feelings associated with gender identity, expression, and affirmation. Despite its importance within the trans population, there is currently no consistent, valid or reliable way of measuring gender euphoria. Accordingly, this article describes the development and validation of a tool to measure gender euphoria in trans individuals. Method An initial 121-item pool for the scale was developed based on qualitative research and a review of existing tools measuring related psychological constructs in trans adults. Trans researchers and experts in trans health reviewed and revised the items, enabling development of a preliminary scale which was pilot tested with a trans community advisory group before being further refined and administered to a larger cohort of trans individuals. A subgroup of individuals within the cohort repeated the scale two weeks following the initial completion to assess for test-retest reliability. Results The preliminary scale was undertaken by 664 trans participants aged 16–79 years (median = 32 years, IQR = 25, 43). Exploratory factor analysis produced a final 26-item Gender Euphoria Scale (GES) comprising three subscales: social affirmation, self-affirmation, and community connection. The GES was found to have excellent internal consistency (α = .97), strong test-retest reliability (r = .88), and some evidence of discriminant and convergent validity. Conclusion The GES is a reliable and consistent tool to measure gender euphoria in trans individuals and is likely to be of value in both research and clinical settings.

Development and validation of the educational leadership scale for mental health providers: A network analysis approach

Educational leadership skills are essential for mental health providers to provide high-quality, patient-centered mental health services and promote mental well-being in the community. The current study developed and examined the Psychometric Properties of the Educational Leadership Scale for Mental Health Providers (ELSM). Literature review, Delphi method, and item composition methods were used to develop ELSM. The final version of ELSM included 23 items rated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). Both Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were employed to assess the scale’s construct validity with different subsamples allocated randomly. Reliability indices, including Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega, and test-retest reliability, were also calculated. Furthermore, the study utilized a network perspective, incorporating Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA) and centrality measures (betweenness, closeness, and strength). Five hundred eighty-five mental health providers (mean age: 37.5 ± 9.77 years; 58.1% female) participated in the current study. Both EFA and CFA indicated that the ELSM, consisting of 23 items and six dimensions, was the optimal solution. The ELSM demonstrated good reliability (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.809). Six distinct factors emerged: Instructional leadership (α = 0.801), collaborative leadership (α = 0.806), scientific leadership (α = 0.791), ethical leadership (α = 0.781), visionary leadership (α = 0.755), and transformational leadership (α = 0.781). Centrality measures revealed that item.3 (associated with Instructional leadership), item 7 (associated with Scientific Leadership), and item.23 (associated with Collaborative leadership) emerged as the most central nodes. Lastly, the McDonald’s omega coefficient for the total scale was estimated to be 0.84. The ELSM demonstrates strong validity and reliability with six distinct leadership dimensions. It is a valuable tool for assessing leadership skills in mental health providers.

MECP2 Duplication Syndrome: AI-Based Diagnosis, Severity Scale Development and Correlation with Clinical and Molecular Variables.

Background: MECP2 duplication syndrome (MDS) (MIM#300260) is a rare X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder. This study aims to (1) develop a specific clinical severity scale, (2) explore its correlation with clinical and molecular variables, and (3) automate diagnosis using the Face2gene platform. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on genetically confirmed MDS patients who were evaluated at a pediatric hospital between 2012 and 2024. Epidemiological, clinical, and molecular data were collected. A standardized clinical questionnaire was collaboratively developed with input from physicians and parents. Patient photographs were used to train Face2Gene. Results: Thirty-five patients (0-24 years, 30 males) were included. Key features in males comprised intellectual disability (100%), hypotonia (93%), autism spectrum disorder (77%) and developmental regression (52%). Recurrent respiratory infections (79%), dysphagia (73%), constipation (73%) and gastroesophageal reflux (57%) were common. Seizures occurred in 53%, with 33% being treatment-refractory. The Face2Gene algorithm was successfully trained to identify MDS. A specific clinical severity scale (MECPDup) was developed and validated, correlating with the MBA (a scale developed for Rett syndrome). The MECPDup score was significantly higher in males (p < 0.001) and those with early death (p = 0.003). It showed significant positive correlations with age (p < 0.001) and duplication size (p = 0.044). Conclusions: This study expands the understanding of MDS through comprehensive clinical and molecular insights. The integration of AI-based facial recognition technology and the development of the MECPDup severity scale hold promise for enhancing diagnostic accuracy, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment responses in individuals affected by MDS.

Development of Psychological Resilience Scale for 60-72 Month Old Children: Validity and Reliability Study

This study aims to develop a scale to measure psychological resilience in children aged 60-72 months. The introduction highlights that environmental adversities faced by children can negatively impact their social and emotional development, and psychological resilience enables children to resist these challenges. Psychological resilience is defined as the ability of an individual to maintain healthy development despite encountering difficulties, and various definitions of this concept are discussed. The research methodology is based on a quantitative research approach focusing on scale development. The study group consists of 363 children aged 60-72 months attending independent preschools in Çanakkale. In the scale development process, expert opinions were sought to ensure content validity, and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted on the collected data. As a result of the validity and reliability studies, a 26-item valid and reliable scale was developed for researchers, teachers, and parents to measure children's psychological resilience. The study resulted in the development of a valid and reliable 26-item, 5-factor scale designed for preschool children aged 60-72 months, contributing to the field. The study is expected to contribute to further research in this field and provide an important tool for measuring psychological resilience in early childhood.

PERCEPTION SCALE OF PRESERVICE SCIENCE TEACHERS’ SOCIO-SCIENTIFIC REASONING SKILLS

In this study, an assessment tool was developed to measure the reasoning skills (RS) of preservice science teachers on socio-scientific issues (SSI). As a result of the literature review, the scale was developed based on five dimensions. These dimensions are complexity, questioning, having different perspectives, skeptical approach and the limitations and adequacy of science. The developed scale consists of a total of 18 items. 577 preservice science teachers participated in the study voluntarily. First-level confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to evaluate the construct validity of the items created in line with the theoretical framework. In addition, second-level CFA was applied to test whether the dimensions represented the students' perceptions of socio-scientific reasoning (SSR) skills. When the literature was examined, it was decided that the values of the fit indices were appropriate for model verification. The findings reveal that the developed scale can be used for valid and reliable measurements in determining the perceptions of preservice teachers regarding their SSR skills. Keywords: preservice science teachers, scale development, scientific literacy, socio-scientific reasoning

Development and Validation of the COVID-19 Infection Fear Scale in a Collectivist Cultural Context: A Study From South Korea.

Understanding the specific fears associated with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), particularly within different cultural contexts, is crucial for developing effective mental health interventions. This study aims to develop and validate the COVID-19 Infection Fear Scale (CIFS) in a collectivist cultural context such as Korea. A total of 1,002 adults aged 19 to 70 participated in an online survey in May 2020. The CIFS was developed through a multidisciplinary approach, categorizing public fears into two domains: fear of infection and fear of negative outcomes post-infection. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to validate the factor structure. Reliability and construct validity were assessed through correlations with anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), suicidal ideation, and coping strategies. The CIFS demonstrated high internal consistency. EFA and CFA supported a two-factor model. The Rasch analysis confirmed good item fit, with infit and outfit indices within the acceptable range. Differential item functioning analysis indicated minor sex and age biases, addressed without removing items. Construct validity was supported by significant correlations with anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and coping strategies. Fear of negative consequences post-infection showed a stronger correlation with psychological distress than fear of infection. The CIFS is a reliable and valid tool for measuring fear related to COVID-19 infection and its consequences, particularly within a collectivist cultural context. This scale can aid in identifying individuals at higher risk of psychological distress and inform targeted interventions.

Measuring service-dominant orientation (SDO): a firm-based approach

PurposeFor developing and testing service-dominant logic (SDL)-based midrange theories of marketing, the operationalization of SDL into the managerial concept of service-dominant orientation (SDO) and its measures is imperative. However, existing scales found in the literature are insufficient and incomplete. This study aims to develop and validate an alternative firm-based scale for measuring SDO.Design/methodology/approachThe established procedure for scale development was adopted which comprised three phases. First, a mix of qualitative study and literature deduction was applied to conceptualize and define SDO. Second, based on quantitative data (Study 1, N = 228 cases), scale development and refinement were undertaken. Finally, another data set (Study 2, N = 379 cases) was used to validate the scale.FindingsSDO is defined as a set of managerial principles that govern all marketing processes and activities of a firm at strategic and operational levels so that they conform to SDL tenets. It is a second-order construct comprising four dimensions: customer solution, customer interaction, customer co-creation and system-based orientation. The suggested scale consists of 15 reflective items in total.Originality/valueThis SDO scale is viewed from and assessed by a firm’s strategic managers which covers all internal and external marketing aspects of the firm’s operation. It is different from a customer perspective or cultural perspective as used in the scales existing in the literature.

The Impact of Religious Officials on Social Life: A Research on Scale Development, Validity and Reliability

Tradition and religion are two important sources that affect the construction and continuity of social relations throughout history. Before the modern period, when the secular social structure was widely accepted, these two sources served as the primary determinant resource of social ties, sometimes alone and frequently together. This study aims to develop a scale to determine the effect of the level of clerics (imams and muezzins) working under the Presidency of Religious Affairs, the institution authorized to serve religious services in Turkey, on social life. In this context, a survey was conducted with 1208 people in 12 provinces and 42 districts, based on a face-to-face interview method. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to test the reliability and validity of the scale made for this study, in which the universe is taken as a whole. The scale, whose reliability and validity were tested, can be used to assess the impact of religious officials on family, kinship, neighborliness, and work life as well as the impact of religion on state-society relationships.

Perceived Nuisance Caused by Air Pollution on Amateur Endurance Athletes/Exercisers: Development of a Psychometric Scale

Air pollution is a major health-related environmental challenge that affects many aspects of people’s daily lives. For amateur endurance athletes/exercisers, air pollution can cause, apart from the common health issues, reduced performance capacity during training and races. The most significant inconveniences that these amateur athletes/exercisers have to deal with, are related to breathing difficulty, increased heart rate, cough or respiratory problems, and eye or nose discomfort. The aim of this study is to create a psychometric scale that estimates the nuisance/discomfort that amateur endurance athletes/exercisers (triathlon, cycling, running, swimming) feel during their training, under conditions of increased air pollution, and to see how this is linked to demographic characteristics. The main overall purpose is the identification of possible correlation between air pollution and reduced athletic performance, as well as between air pollution and the wellbeing of amateur endurance athletes/exercisers, and to thus enable recommendations on training in a polluted environment. To this aim, a questionnaire was developed, initially through a pilot stage. The fully developed scale was provided to two hundred and ninety-two (292) amateur endurance athletes/exercisers for an exploratory factor analysis to be carried out. The exploratory factor analysis indicated three (3) factors accounting for 37.11% of the overall variance. The first factor “Physical discomfort” included nine (9) questions, the second factor “Lack of discomfort” five (5) questions, and the third factor “No general discomfort” six (6) questions. The degree of reliability was satisfactory, since Cronbach’s a coefficient was 0.841 for the first factor, 0.642 for the second, and 0.766 for the third factor. Subsequently, fluctuation analysis (ANOVA), multivariate fluctuation analysis (MANOVA), and Pearson’s r coefficient were used to indicate correlations between the independent variables and the three factors identified. Correlation between discomfort due to air pollution and the place of residence, as well as the presence or absence of allergies, was indicated. On the other hand, there were no significant statistical differences between gender, type of sport, the volume of training, the presence or not of respiratory problems, and smoking. Overall, the scale can be considered both valid and reliable.

Development and Validation of a New Adherence Scale for Antiseizure Medications [ASASM

Objective: The objective was to develop and validate a multidimensional scale that measures adherence levels to antiseizure medications and detects patients' reasons for non-adherence. Methods: A new scale was developed, namely the "Adherence Scale for Anti-Seizure Medication(s)-10 items [ASASM-10]". It consists of ten statements that cover different causes of non-adherence to antiseizure medications. The domain selection was based on a comprehensive literature review. Guidelines for constructing an effective scale were followed to write the statements. Three independent expert judges assessed the content validity of the scale. The reliability of ASASM-10 was tested using three methods: internal consistency measurement (Cronbach's alpha), Intraclass Correlation Coefficient [ICC] with a 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI], and test-retest reliability. Validity was tested using Principal Component Analysis [PCA] and a correlation coefficient. PCA was applied after measuring sampling adequacy via Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin [KMO] and Bartlett's sphericity. The Medication Adherence Rating Scale [MARS] was selected as a pre-existing self-report method for validation of this new scale. Results: A total of 162 patients completed the study scales (mean ages ± SD: 34.07 ± 10.406 years). The scale demonstrated a good internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.80 and exceeded the required value (i.e., 0.70) for the reliability of new scales. ASASM-10 showed a satisfactory ICC (95% CI) of 0.799 (0.718-0.857), p-value < 0.001. The test-retest reliability demonstrated a good correlation of ρ = 0.648, p-value < 0.001. The construct validity assessed by PCA retained four components as their eigenvalues exceeded one. The correlation coefficient demonstrated a positive moderate correlation between ASASM-10 and MARS (ρ = 0.283), p-value < 0.001. Conclusions: The present analyses provided evidence that ASASM-10 is a reliable and valid scale for evaluating patients' adherence to antiseizure medications. It is the first available scale for assessing medication adherence in patients with epilepsy that can be utilized in clinical practice and research settings.

Leader Identification and Disidentification: Constructs, Measurements, and Nomological Network

Leaders play a pivotal role in shaping employee interactions, making it crucial to understand employee identity within this relationship. While leader identification has been extensively researched, leader disidentification remains relatively underexplored. This research seeks to address this gap from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. First, it defines and elaborates on the concepts of leader identification and disidentification through a comprehensive literature review. Second, across four empirical studies, the research develops and validates scales for measuring these constructs and explores their conceptual distinctiveness. Study 1 is a qualitative investigation that examines leader disidentification in organizations through interviews with 10 full-time employees, leading to the development of a new scale. Study 2 validates the content of the leader identification and disidentification scales using data from 50 participants. Study 3, involving 172 participants, confirms the reliability and construct validity of both scales. Finally, Study 4, with data from 293 participants, explores the nomological network surrounding leader identification and disidentification.