SBF Solution Research Articles

Effect of silver/zinc co-dopant on enhancing cytotoxicity and antibacterial property of spray pyrolyzed bioactive glasses

ABSTRACT Owing to the advancement of bioactive materials, bioactive glasses (BGs) are progressively being recognized as promising choices in fields of bone and tissue engineering with their superior properties such as bioactivity and biocompatibility. However, their applications are limited by the fact that the material itself does not possess antibacterial properties. To address this limitation, antibacterial BGs with silver-zinc co-dopant were proposed and successfully synthesized via the one-step spray pyrolysis technique in this work. The phase composition, chemical composition, surface morphology, and nanoscale structures of the obtained BG specimens were characterized using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, in-vitro bioactivity was assessed through immersion of the SBF solution, while the in-vitro antibacterial property was examined using Escherichia coli bacteria. Meanwhile, the viability of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Finally, the results showed positive effects of zinc addition, and the influence of silver and zinc dopants on the in-vitro bioactivity, antibacterial property, and cell viability were discussed.

In vitro corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of biodegradable Mg–Mn–Zn alloy modified with a MOF/3D rGO/PCL three-layer coating

Effect of three-layer MOF/3D rGO/PCL coating on increasing the corrosion resistance of biodegradable Mg–Mn–Zn alloy in the SBF solution.

A copper-containing analog of the biomineral whitlockite: dissolution-precipitation synthesis, structural and biological properties.

In the present work, copper whitlockite (Cu-WH, Ca18Cu2(HPO4)2(PO4)12) was successfully synthesized and comprehensively characterized, founding the base knowledge for its future studies in medicine, particularly for bone regeneration. This material is a copper-containing analog of the well-known biomineral magnesium whitlockite (Mg-WH, Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12). The synthesis of powders was performed by a dissolution-precipitation method in an aqueous medium under hydrothermal conditions. Phase conversion from brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O) to Cu-WH took place in an acidic medium in the presence of Cu2+ ions. Optimization of the synthesis conditions in terms of medium pH, temperature, time, Ca/Cu molar ratio and concentration of starting materials was performed. The crystal structure of the synthesized products was confirmed by XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, 1H and 31P solid-state NMR, and EPR. Morphological features and elemental distribution of the synthesized powders were studied by means of SEM/EDX analysis. The ion release in SBF solution was estimated using ICP-OES. Cytotoxicity experiments were performed with MC3T3-E1 cells. The study on thermal stability revealed that the synthesized material is thermally unstable and gradually decomposes upon annealing to Cu-substituted β-Ca3(PO4)2 and Ca2P2O7.

How surface-to-volume ratio affects degradation of magnesium: in vitro and in vivo studies.

Despite the many studies carried out over the past decade to determine the biodegradation performance of magnesium and its alloys, few studies focused on the effect of altered surface area to volume ratio on in vitro and in vivo degradation rate and osteogenesis. Here, high purity magnesium cylindrical rods with gradient of surface area to volume ratio were processed by excavating different numbers of grooves on the side surface. The immersion test in SBF solution and the rat femoral condylar bone defect model were used to evaluate the degradation of magnesium rods in vitro and in vivo, respectively. We demonstrated that, the increased number of grooves on the HP magnesium surface represented a decrease in the percentage of residual volume over time, not necessarily an increase in absolute degradation volume or a regular change in corrosion rate. Furthermore, there were strong linear correlations between the relative degradation volume and the initial surface-to-volume ratio of HP magnesium rods both in vitro and in vivo. The difference in the slope of this relationship in vitro and in vivo might help to determine the possible range of in vivo degradation rates via in vitro data. In addition, the corrosion rate is more suitable for evaluating bone formation surrounding the different HP magnesium rods. Our findings in this work may facilitate adjusting the in vivo degradation and osteogenesis of different kinds of orthopedic implants made of the same magnesium-based material, and thus, accelerate the clinical popularization and application.

In vitro bioactivity, mechanical, and cell interaction of sodium chloride-added calcium sulfate-hydroxyapatite composite bone cements.

In this research, sodium chloride-added calcium sulfate-hydroxyapatite composite bone cements (0.70CaS-0.30HAP)/xNaCl were studied. Different wt% of NaCl (0, 1.5, and 2.5) were added to 0.70CaS-0.30HAP bone cement to investigate the setting time, injectability, washout resistance, phase evolution, physical properties, water absorption, microstructural, chemical analysis, mechanical strength, statistical analysis, in vitro apatite-forming ability, and in vitro cytotoxicity. With increasing NaCl, the initial setting time decreased to around 3.18 min. X-ray pattern revealed that all composite bone cement samples had mixed phases of CaS, HAP, brushite, gypsum, and NaCl. Water absorption and average grain size increased with increasing NaCl content. The densification and mechanical performances, including σ c, σ f, and E values, slightly decreased with increasing NaCl content, correlated with the increasing porosity value. This resulted in the production of a porous structure, which caused an excellent in vitro apatite-forming ability. The x = 2.5 sample showed good bioactivity, inducing the highest apatite mineralization ability in the SBF solution. Additionally, in vitro cell culture analysis showed above 94.12% cell viability against a high concentration (@ 200 μg mL-1) for the x = 2.5 sample, revealing cytocompatibility. The obtained results indicated that the (0.70CaS-0.30HAP)/2.5NaCl composite bone cement, with good injectability, bioactivity, and cytocompatibility, are promising candidates for biomedical applications.

Preparation and Characterization of Nano Glass–ceramics from CeO2-doped Li2O-SiO2 System for Dental Applications

Glasses based on the basic composition of lithium disilicate (Li2O.2SiO2) together with derived samples containing increasing CeO2 replacing Li2O (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 Mol %) were prepared by melting – annealing method, samples from the prepared parent glasses were thermally heat treated through two-step regime (450° C /10 h – followed by 650° C / 6 h) to convert them to their glass – ceramics derivatives. The main purpose of this study is to find out the main properties of the prepared glass – ceramics to be applied as dental candidates. The optical, FTIR, and thermal expansion properties of the parent glasses were examined to identify the main structural groups which are defined as tetrahedral stronger SiO2 building groups. The detailed separated crystalline phases within the prepared glass–ceramics were identified together with their textural features. The Vickers microhardness data for both the parent glasses and their glass -ceramics derivatives were evaluated. SEM and EDAX measurements indicate the ability of the prepared samples to form hydroxyapatite upon immersion in SBF solution.

The electrochemical and tribocorrosion behavior of hybrid ceramic film-coated Ti alloys

In this study, anodic TiO2 ceramic coating was formed on titanium alloys produced by SLM by using the anodization method. After then, hybrid ceramic coatings are produced by combining a formation of ZrO2 nanostructures in the TiO2 coating with the SILAR technique. The microstructure, wettability, electrochemical properties, and tribocorrosion behavior of anodic TiO2 and hybrid ceramic coatings were also investigated. According to XRD results, two TiO2 peaks are observed in anodic TiO2 films. After the SILAR process, the tetragonal-ZrO2, and monoclinic-ZrO2 with TiO2 peaks were obtained in the hybrid ceramic coatings. Especially, while the intensity of the TiO2 peaks decreased, the intensity of the ZrO2 peaks increased with the increase in cycle time. The surface wettability experiments indicate that the HB-80 specimen exhibits superhydrophobic behavior, and it also has the highest contact angle value among all specimens. Corrosion tests in SBF solution confirmed that hybrid ceramic films importantly increased the anticorrosion performance of anodic TiO2 film, depending on the cycle times owing to filling the pores, and the best outcomes for corrosion resistance were obtained from the HB-80 specimen owing to its superhydrophobic properties. Moreover, the results of tribocorrosion tests revealed that all hybrid ceramic films displayed higher tribocorrosion resistance than anodic TiO2 ceramic film and uncoated Ti6Al4V substrate, and the best performance was seen from the HB-80 specimen due to its decreased porosity and the direct contact area between pin and surface.

Systematic study of stability, loading efficiency and release mechanisms, and cellular interaction of vaterite with various sizes

Porous vaterite particles are regarded as promising candidates for drug-carrying system due to their good biocompatibility, degradability, physicochemical properties. However, different particle sizes can significantly affect their drug loading efficiency (LE) and release mechanism through adsorption-desorption mechanism. Herein, we successfully synthesized CaCO3 with high content of nanoscale vaterite at subzero temperatures. The results of six different sizes of vaterite in water, PBS, SBF and NaCl revealed that particle size and medium composition had important effects on its stability. The dissolution and recrystallization kinetics of the particles were explored through the time-dependent curves of pH and Ca2+ concentration induced by the particles in PBS and SBF solutions, which provided support for the drugs release mechanism. The LE of these vaterites for Rhodamine-6G and the release mechanism in PBS and SBF media were systematically studied, indicating that smaller vaterites had higher LE and faster drug release rate, which were attributed to their higher overall surface area and free energy, and the release model supported that the drug release not only depended on diffusion mechanism but was affected by self-dissolution and recrystallization. Furthermore, vaterite exhibited good cytocompatibility through the co-culture of particles and cells, and the cells showed stronger interaction behavior to small vaterites compare to larger vaterites.

Study of the influence of calcium fluoride on the bioactivity of boron-based glass

This work aimed to evaluate the influence of CaF2 addition in the bioactivity of the samples. The system 60B2O3-4P2O5-18Na2O-xCaF2-(18-xCaO), with x= 0, 5 and 10 wt% was synthetized by melt-quenching method. The in vitro bioactivity of the glasses was investigated by X-ray diffractogram (XRD), Raman, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and pH after immersion in SBF solution during 28 days. Results of pH presented an increase after 24 hours of soaking in SBF, which contributes to the dissolution of the external layer of the glass and precipitation of apatite. Hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite formation was confirmed by XRD patterns, Raman and FTIR spectra, confirming the bioactivity of the samples. Cytotoxicity tests were performed on osteoblastic cells. All the samples presented cytotoxicity smaller than 10%, and induced the osteoblast proliferation, indicating a good cytocompatibility and good cell viability. Therefore, the glasses have potential to be applied in biomedical applications, such as odontology and tissue engineering.

The combined effect of hydroxyapatite and zirconia coatings on magnesium-based-implant to improve corrosion resistance and induce antibacterial activity

In this research, zirconium has been used in two methods of, single-step and double-step, to improve the anticorrosion properties of Hydroxyapatite (HA) coating. The corrosion behavior of the samples and the performance of the coatings in the physiological environment were investigated by EIS and DC polarization tests in 3.5 wt% sodium chloride and SBF solution, respectively. The results of the electrochemical assays showed that the best resistance against corrosion and biocorrosion is obtained for the sample prepared by the double-step method (HAopt/Zropt sample). FE-SEM and XRD were used to examine the morphology and composition of the coatings that confirmed the formation of HA crystals and the amorphous zirconium layer. According to the antibacterial results, HA/zirconia coating provided a remarkable antibacterial performance (RP =99.9%) against Staphylococcus aureus gram-positive and Escherichia coli gram-negative bacteria. Also, HAopt/Zropt sample provided the highest corrosion resistance of about 9000 ohm.cm2 in NaCl, and |Z|0.01 Hz= 3.5 × 105 ohm.cm2 in SBF solution in a prolonged immersion period.

Influence of Magnetron Sputtering-Deposited Niobium Nitride Coating and Its Thermal Oxidation on the Properties of AISI 316L Steel in Terms of Its Medical Applications

An NbN coating was produced on AISI 316L steel using reactive DC magnetron sputtering. The effects of oxidation of the NbN coating in air on the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, contact angle and bioactivity were investigated. Phase composition was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), the coatings’ cross-sectional microstructure and thickness including surface morphology using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), microhardness via the Vickers method, corrosion by means of a potentiodynamic polarisation test in Ringer’s solution and bioactivity by observation in an SBF solution, while the contact angle was studied using a goniometer. The NbN coating and the oxidised coating were shown to demonstrate a Ca/P ratio close to that of hydroxyapatite, as well as increased microhardness and corrosion resistance. The best combination of mechanical, corrosion, bioactivity and hydrophilic properties was demonstrated by the air oxidised NbN coating, which featured an orthorhombic Nb2O5 structure in the top, surface layer.

Hybrid Polymer–Inorganic Coatings Enriched with Carbon Nanotubes on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Bone tissue degeneration, caused by disease as well as trauma, is a problem affecting many social groups in the 21st century. It involves pain and reduced patient comfort. Developments in materials engineering allow for the design of novel, innovative materials that can be used in therapies to promote bone regeneration. This work presents the preparation of a ceramic–polymer coating modified with carbon nanotubes on a titanium alloy for biomedical applications. The ceramic part is hydroxyapatite synthesized by the wet precipitation method using orthophosphate and calcium hydroxide. The polymer of choice was polyethylene glycol. A UV light synthesis method was successfully applied to obtain coatings characterized by continuity and full crosslinking. Extensive physicochemical analysis and incubation studies were carried out. Interactions between coatings and fluids mimicking artificial biological environments were analyzed for 9 days, i.e., in fluids such as SBF solution, artificial saliva, and distilled water. During the in vitro incubation, changes in pH values were measured by potentiometric tests, and ionic conductivity was measured by analyzing conductometry. After incubation, the surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) together with energy-dispersive (EDS) microanalysis, which made it possible to determine the presence of individual elements on the surface, as well as to observe the appearance of new apatite layers. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry was also performed before and at the end of the incubation period. On the basis of the presented studies, it was concluded that coatings that contain nanotubes are bioactive and do not negatively affect the properties of the coatings. Bioactivity was confirmed microscopically by observing new apatite layers after incubation in SBF, which were identified as phosphorus and calcium deposits. Degradation of the polymer phase was observed in the artificial saliva. These materials require further study, including safety analysis, but they demonstrate potential for further work.

Impact of CaO addition on physico-chemical properties, crystallization, chemical durability and in vitro behavior of Na2O-ZnO-TiO2-P2O5 glasses

This work investigates the effect of CaO addition on physico-chemical properties, crystallization, chemical durability and bioactivity of phosphate-based glasses. To this end, five glass compositions in the system (40-x)Na2O-xCaO-10ZnO-20TiO2-30P2O5 with x = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol % have been elaborated by the conventional melt-quenching technique. Replacing Na2O with CaO oxide in the studied glasses increased remarkably the glass transition temperature Tg and density (ρ), while VM decreased with increasing CaO content indicating the high strength in the glass network. The existence of PO3 and PO4 units with P-O-P and P-O-Ti linkages in the glassy network was revealed by Infrared spectroscopy. The chemical durability was improved with increasing calcium content, indicating that replacing Na-O bonds with more covalent and stronger Ca-O bonds strengthen and crosslink the glassy network. The in vitro bioactivity of the two glass samples (x = 0 and 15 mol %) was studied using SBF solution. XRD, Infrared, ICP, and pH measurements proved the formation of a hydroxyapatite layer on the glass surface after interaction with the SBF medium, which is a crucial property of a potential bioactive glass. The correlation between XRD, Infrared, and ICP techniques indicated that glass containing calcium is more bioactive than free-calcium glass.

Effect of SeO2 on corrosion resistance of micro-arc oxidation

ABSTRACT In order to make titanium alloy implants have better corrosion resistance in the human body, selenium-containing coating was added to the surface of Ti6Al7Nb through micro-arc oxidation. The results indicate that the coating has a higher thickness and lower roughness after the addition of selenium element. XRD, SEM, and XPS analysis showed that selenium element was successfully added into the coating. Then the dynamic polarization curve and EIS indicate that the prepared samples have better corrosion resistance in SBF solution compared to the unadded samples, (i corr ) and (E corr ) are 2.695 × 10−8 A·cm−2 and 0.101 V, respectively. The addition of selenium helps to improve the biological corrosion resistance of the sample in body fluids.

Enhancing Bioactivity of Nanofibrous Poly(Caprolactone)/45S5 Bioglass Composite Scaffolds by Incorporation of Ag, GO, and ZnO Nanoparticles.

The present study endeavors toward the investigation on the bioactivity of nanofibrous scaffolds manufactured by the electrospinning process. Nanofibrous composite scaffolds of PCL with 45S5 bioactive glass and metal oxide nanoparticles were developed and characterized. The effects of incorporating silver (Ag), graphene oxide (GO), and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles into PCL/bioglass nanofibrous scaffolds on its geometry and physiochemical, morphological, mechanical, and biological properties were studied. The incorporation of GO and ZnO alters the fiber diameter, suggesting the methodology for controlling the porosity of the scaffolds. The results of FTIR and XRD confirm the structure of bioglass, Ag, GO and ZnO nanoparticles. The in vitro degradation studies in SBF solution provide evidence for the enhancement in the rate of apatite formation by the inclusion of nanoparticles as compared with PCL/BG scaffolds. The assessment of mechanical properties suggests the tensile strength was increased from 1.61 to 5 MPa in PCL/BG/ZnO system when compared with pristine PCL. The cell viability is also observed to be improved from 72% to 91% and 104% for PCL/BG/GO and PCL/BG/ZnO, respectively. The hemolytic activity studies confirm that all scaffolds are nonhemolytic in nature and PCL/BG/ZnO exhibits the least hemolytic activity of 0.65% among the other composite scaffolds, suggesting the better blood compatibility. The present study evidently shows the fact that incorporation of GO and ZnO nanoparticles with PCL in addition to BG accelerates the bioactivity and improves the mechanical strength of the scaffold.

Phosphorylated chitosan as a hydrosoluble additive for bioactive calcium carbonate cements: Elaboration, setting mechanism, and handling properties

Chitosan is extensively used in the biomedical field owing to its biocompatibility and degradability. However, its limited solubility hinders its use as an effective additive in bone mineral cements. This study aimed to synthesize water-soluble phosphorylated chitosan and introduce it in calcium carbonate cement in view to control the composition, in vitro bioactivity, and physicochemical properties of the cement for bone repair. NMR spectroscopy results showed that chitosan was selectively functionalized (Cs–P) with phosphate groups mainly grafted at the C6 position on the chitosan backbone. For the first time, phosphorylated chitosan was associated with calcium carbonate cement; it was dissolved in a Na2CO3 solution (liquid phase of the cement) used as a setting accelerator. The quantitative XRD analysis at different time points revealed that the dissolution-recrystallization mechanism involved in the paste setting and hardening was different than for the reference cement: composite cement including 2.5 wt% Cs–P was mainly composed of vaterite (74 wt%) stabilized by Cs–P and some magnesian calcite (26 wt%). We pointed out the pivotal role of the calcium-binding ability of Cs–P phosphate groups and also of magnesium in controlling the cement setting mechanism and properties and its evolution in SBF. Interestingly, this composite cement also exhibited good physicochemical and handling properties: short initial (17 min) and final (28 min) setting times, high injectability (95%), enhanced anti-washout resistance of the paste, and a compressive strength compatible with implantation in non-load bearing bone defects. The in vitro evolution of the composite cement in SBF solution revealed some apatite formation on the cement surface and a high resorption rate (>20% at 28 days) owing to the solubility of the vaterite polymorph, making this composite cement a promising resorbable and bioactive ceramic able to be implanted through a minimally invasive technique.

Preparation and characterization of novel poly (lactic acid)/calcium oxide nanocomposites by electrospinning as a potential bone tissue scaffold

Calcium oxide nanoparticles (n-CaO) ca. 22 nm were obtained from eggshell waste. The n-CaO was incorporated into the PLA matrix in 10 and 20 wt% of filler content by electrospinning process to get PLA/n-CaO fibers with homogenous morphology and diameter as a potential use in scaffold for bone tissue regeneration. The incorporation of n-CaO into PLA modifies the mechanical properties, having a reinforcement effect on the matrix. The Young modulus for PLA/n-CaO nanocomposites increased between 122 and 138 % concerning neat PLA fibers, showing a more rigid behavior. The PLA/n-CaO nanocomposite fibers showed in vitro bioactivity, capable of inducing the precipitation of hydroxyapatite (HA) layer in the fiber surface after seven days in SBF solution. The biocidal and biological properties of PLA/n-Cao with 20 wt% showed a 30 % reduction in bacterial viability against S. aureus and 11 % against E. coli after 6 h of bacterial exposure. Furthermore, the fibers did not show a cytotoxic effect on the bone marrow ST-2 cell line, allowing cell adhesion and proliferation in the RPMI medium. The PLA/n-CaO with 20 wt% of nanoparticles showed a higher capacity to promote osteogenic differentiation, significantly increasing the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression after seven days compared to PLA and cell control. The in vivo analysis corroborated the biocompatibility of the prepared scaffolds; the presence of n-CaO in PLA reduced the formation of fibrous encapsulation of the material, improving the healing process. These results validated using n-CaO to enhance the functionality of polymer matrices as a PLA, bringing bioactive, biocide, and biocompatible properties, opening a new and interesting route to develop new biomaterials as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering.

Formation of Hydroxyapatite-Based Hybrid Materials in the Presence of Platelet-Poor Plasma Additive.

Biomaterials based on hydroxyapatite with controllable composition and properties are promising in the field of regenerative bone replacement. One approach to regulate the phase composition of the materials is the introduction of biopolymer-based additives into the synthesis process. The purpose of present study was to investigate the formation of hydroxyapatite-based hybrid materials in the presence of 6-24% platelet-poor plasma (PPP) additive, at a [Ca2+]/[PO43-] ratio of 1.67, pH 11, and varying maturing time from 4 to 9 days. The mineral component of the materials comprised 53% hydroxyapatite/47% amorphous calcium phosphate after 4 days of maturation and 100% hydroxyapatite after 9 days of maturation. Varying the PPP content between 6% and 24% brought about the formation of materials with rather defined contents of amorphous calcium phosphate and biopolymer component and the desired morphology, ranging from typical apatitic conglomerates to hybrid apatite-biopolymer fibers. The co-precipitated hybrid materials based on hydroxyapatite, amorphous calcium phosphate, and PPP additive exhibited increased solubility in SBF solution, which defines their applicability for repairing rhinoplastic defects.

Incorporation of strontium borosilicate bioactive glass in calcium aluminate biocement: Physicomechanical, bioactivity and antimicrobial properties

Strontium borosilicate bioactive glass (SrBG) and calcium aluminate cement (CA) composites have been synthesized. The primary goal of this work is to evaluate how SrBG affects the bioactivity and physico-mechanical characteristics of CA. To fulfill this aim, SrBG was prepared by melt–quenching method and utilized as a substitute for CA by 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%. To estimate the biological behavior of the prepared specimens, hydrᴏxyapatite layer (HA) establishment on the surface of cement paste was followed; after their immersion in a solution resembles human blood plasma (simulated body fluid solution (SBF)) at a temperature of about37 ± 0.5 °C for 4 weeks. The variations of pH, Ca and P ions concentrations in the SBF solution after soaking were determined. Compressive strength, apparent porosity, and bulk density were also measured. Via Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses, the main components had been analyzed. Using scanning electron microscope (SEM) attached to energy dispersive spectroscopy, morphology of the samples was investigated. Additionally, the antimicrobial property was also assessed. The results proved that the hydrᴏxyapatite layer (HA) was developed on the surface of the prepared samples after soaking in the biological solution (SBF). It was also found that increasing SrBG percent in synthesized samples promotes the physico-mechanical characteristics and also the bioactivity performance of CA cement.Finally, these materials also showed good inhibition behavior towards bacterial biᴏfilms, against S. aureus and E. coli. after 48h. This makes these materials excellent candidates for preventing growth of bacteria after their implantation in teeth or bone.

Mechanical, physical, and degradation properties of 3D printed PLA + Mg composites

In the present study, composite filaments were produced by PLA with and without 1 wt% Mg particles. DSC results show that the presence of Mg reduces the crystallinity and increases the melting temperature. Extruded filaments were used to produce tensile samples by 3D printing. The mechanical properties of 3D printed samples were compared with monolithic and micro-sized samples. The monolithic samples show inferior strength and ductility compared to 3D-printed samples, which feature aligned polymer chains. The micro-sized samples show superior mechanical properties compared to the large samples by having fewer potential failure points. 3D-printed samples were also produced by various infill orientations (0o, 45o, ±45o, and 90o), and the samples were tested for biodegradation in SBF solution. The 0o, infill orientation presented the highest mechanical properties before and after the immersion test. The 90o infill orientation samples were the most damaged samples by degradation. Microstructure studies show crevice corrosion is responsible for severe damage to the 90o infill orientation samples. Mg in the crevice forms and locks a local alkaline environment, accelerating degradation.