Sawdust Substrate Research Articles

CHEMICALLY INDUCED MUTAGENESIS IN THE KING OYSTER MUSHROOM Pleurotus eryngii TO GENERATE HIGH-TEMPERATURE TOLERANT STRAIN

In this study, a high-temperature-tolerant strain of the king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) was generated by chemical mutagenesis. Cultivation of P. eryngii generally involves incubating the mycelia at 25°C and then moving the spawns for further incubation at 18°C for fruitification. However, in tropical countries, the temperature is a major concern in the production of oyster mushroom where the average temperature is 32°C. In the current study, the mycelia were treated with ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) or methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) for chemical-induced mutation. Seven mutants (EMS 1, 2, 6, 26, 35, 36, and 38) from EMS mutagenesis exhibited higher growth rates than the wild-type strain at 32°C. However, mutant strains from MMS mutagenesis showed a low growth rate when compared with wild-type. On sawdust substrate, the spawn running conditions for these strains were performed at 32°C, and fruitification occurred at 18°C. The yield and biological efficiency of EMS 36 and 38 mutants were higher than those of the wild-type strain. The activities of cellulase and xylanase of EMS 36 and 38 mutants showed that both these mutants had higher activities than the wild-type strain which may influence mushroom production. Therefore, these EMS 36 and 38 mutants can be cultivated in tropical countries, which could provide a high yield and reduce the cost during spawn running step.

Mechanical properties of dense mycelium-bound composites under accelerated tropical weathering conditions

Mycelium, as the root of fungi, is composed of filamentous strands of fine hyphae that bind discrete substrate particles into a block material. With advanced processing, dense mycelium-bound composites (DMCs) resembling commercial particleboards can be formed. However, their mechanical properties and performance under the working conditions of particleboards are unknown. Here, we show how weathering conditions affect the DMC stress and elastic modulus. DMC was made using Ganoderma lucidum mycelium grown on a substrate of sawdust and empty fruit bunch. The DMC was then subjected to weathering under tropical conditions over 35 days and tested under flexural, tensile, and compressive loading with reference to international standards. After exposure to specified weathering conditions, the maximum stress in flexure, tension, and compression decreased substantially. The addition of a protective coating improved the resistance of DMC to weathering conditions; however, the difference between coated and uncoated samples was only found to be statistically significant in tensile strength.

Metabolic Profiles, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Capacity in Lentinula edodes Cultivated on Log versus Sawdust Substrates.

Lentinula edodes (shiitake) is a popular nutritious edible mushroom with a desirable aroma and flavor. Traditional cultivation of L. edodes on beds of logs has been replaced by cultivation on sawdust, but the effects of cultivation changes on L. edodes mushrooms have not been well characterized. We determined the metabolic profile, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity in L. edodes grown on log or sawdust substrates. Metabolic profiles of L. edodes extracts were determined by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis score plots from 1H NMR analysis showed clear differences between samples. Concentrations of primary metabolites, especially amino acids, generally decreased in L. edodes grown on logs compared to sawdust. Phenolic compounds showed variations in concentration depending on the cultivation method. Bioactive compounds and their antioxidant capacity were analyzed spectrophotometrically. L. edodes cultivated on logs had high concentrations of bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant capacity compared to L. edodes cultivated on sawdust. Thus, the concentration of primary metabolites was high in L. edodes grown on sawdust, which produces a high growth rate. In contrast, log-cultivated L. edodes, which were similar to wild mushrooms, had high levels of bioactive compounds and high antioxidant capacity. This information is useful for determining optimal cultivation conditions for nutritional and medicinal uses of L. edodes mushrooms.

Organic residues from agricultural and forest companies in Brazil as useful substrates for cultivation of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus.

We investigated whether highly available organic residues in Brazil can be used as substrates for the production of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, instead of the conventional cultivation using the eucalyptus sawdust substrate. We assessed the mushroom yield on 13 substrates, of which 12 were formulated with different concentrations of organic residues and one with pure eucalyptus sawdust, and verified whether the raw material used in the substrate formula and the concentration of such alternative residues influenced their biological efficiencies. Substrates containing eucalyptus bark resulted in higher mushroom yield than those containing eucalyptus sawdust, which generally resulted in similar mushroom yield to the remaining formulas. Moreover, the raw material and the concentration of each residue affected the biological efficiency of the substrates. We show that the conventional substrate for P. ostreatus can be replaced by substrates easily accessible to producers without loss in productivity. Furthermore, that the concentration of these mixtures affects the mushroom productivity and should be considered when formulating the growth medium.

Optimization of Growth Conditions and Biological Activities of Nepalese Ganoderma lucidum Strain Philippine.

Ganoderma lucidum has been extensively studied for its valuable medicinal importance. In this study, the artificial cultivation of G. lucidum strain Philippine in different culture media, including sawdust substrate, was performed and optimized on the Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. Phytochemical, antibacterial, and antioxidant analyses were performed and compared between the ethanol extracts prepared from two different cultures (fruit from synthetic log culture and mycelia from PDA media culture). Both the 200 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL concentrations of extracts inhibited all the tested bacteria, and the results were promising than the corresponding control using antibiotics. The fruit extract showed higher antioxidant potential (150.6 ± 56.92 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g extract) than mycelial extract (144.28 ± 81.72 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g extract). The results indicate that fruiting bodies of G. lucidum cultivated in a complex dust medium possess higher antioxidant properties than mycelia culture, which can be further explored for therapeutic applications.

English

The kola tree (Cola nitida) belongs to family Malvaceae grown mainly for its seed. It is highly prized for its socio-cultural and industrial uses. However, there is a significant high variability due to a high proportion of allogamy in the reproduction mode. The influence of substrate and genotype on kola tree cuttings has been studied in order to propagate it vegetatively. Six growing substrates: 100% Black soil, 50% Black soil + 50% Wood sawdust, 100% Wood sawdust, 50% Soil + 50% Black-Coco, 100% Black-Coco, 50% Wood sawdust + 50% Black-Coco were tested on genotypes 305 and D9L7A1 using a split-plot experimental design with genotype as main factor and substrate as subplot treatment replicated three times. The experimental unit constituted 20 cuttings. Six months after transplanting, the average success rate of tunnel cutting from the kola tree to the nursery was 76.2±7.6%. The best success rates were obtained with 100% Wood sawdust, 100% Black soil and 50% Black coco + 50% Wood sawdust substrates with 85±4.5, 80.8±6.6 and 79.7±5.8%, respectively, regardless of the plant material used. The substrates 100% Black soil and 100% Wood sawdust gave the best results on growth parameters such as aerial dry biomass, height growth, roots number and new formed leaves. It also showed that genotype D9L7A1 had a higher vegetative leaves and roots development than genotype 305. These genotypes were well suited for cutting. Key words: Cola nitida, cuttings, genotype, substrate.

Potential of Lignocellulosic Waste for Laccase Production by Trametes versicolor under Submerged Fermentation.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Laccase is one of the ligninolytic enzymes classified as a multicopper oxidoreductase group that has the ability in oxidizing phenolic compounds and has widespread use in both food and non-food industries. This enzyme is extracellularly secreted by white-rot fungi, <i>Trametes versicolor</i> (L.) Lloyd in the media containing lignocellulose, for example, kapok banana peels and sawdust. The objective of this study was to evaluate lignocellulosic substrate that able to produce the highest activity of the laccase from the <i>T. versicolor </i>(L.) Lloyd. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Three substrate variations used in this work included the cultivation media with the addition of either kapok banana peels or sawdust and without using both materials. The inducer (CuSO<sub>4</sub>) was added to each substrate variation and the laccase activity was subsequently measured. <b>Results:</b> The qualitative test result for laccase detection showed that <i>T. versicolor </i>(L.) Lloyd<i> </i>was able to produce this enzyme indicated with a reddish-brown surrounding fungal colony. The fungi cultivated in media with the content of sawdust and 1 mM CuSO<sub>4</sub> yielded the highest laccase activity, reaching 573.6 U L<sup></sup><sup>1</sup> with an OD value of 0.5567<i> </i>and a pH of 5.3 after 7 days of incubation. Meanwhile, the addition of kepok banana peels and 1 mM CuSO<sub>4</sub>, showed the maximum laccase activity (297.7 U L<sup></sup><sup>1</sup>) with the OD value of 0.6932 and a pH of 5 after incubation for 6 days. <b>Conclusion:</b> The white-rot fungi of <i>T. versicolor</i> (L.) Lloyd<i> </i>could produce optimal laccase activity by adding sawdust substrate and 1 mM CuSO<sub>4 </sub>inducer on submerged fermentation.

Comparison of sawdust and kenaf core fibre as cultivation substrates for grey oyster (Pleurotus sajor-caju) and black jelly (Auricularia auricular-judae) mushrooms

Unlike plants, mushrooms are heterotrophic organisms which require external nutrients to grow the hypha network which supplies nutrients for the growth of reproductive stage. In this study, rubber tree sawdust, kenaf core fibre and mixture of sawdust-kenaf (50:50) were used as the cultivation substrates for grey oyster (Pleurotus sajor-caju) and black jelly (Auricularia auricula-judae) mushrooms. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) composed of fibre-rich substances which consist of an internal woody core and a superficial fibrous bark. This study was conducted to compare between sawdust and kenaf core fibre as the cultivation substrates in terms of growth performance, yield and postharvest quality of grey oyster and black jelly mushrooms. There was no significant difference (P≥0.05) observed in the mycelium growth rate among the substrates used. However, grey oyster mushroom showed higher growth rate 0.74-0.77 cm/day) compared to black jelly mushroom (0.44-0.55 cm/day). Sawdust substrate showed the highest yield (415.5 g) for both mushroom species followed by mixture of sawdust-kenaf and lastly kenaf. There was also no significant different (P≥0.05) found in the postharvest quality of both mushrooms species among different substrates used. In conclusion, in terms of yield, sawdust was the best mushroom cultivation substrate for both grey oyster and black jelly mushrooms.

Removal of pollutants by mycelium colonized sawdust

Abstract Slaughterhouses generate wastewater daily and often discharge it to the environment. Many lack wastewater treatment systems, due to such systems' typically high cost and technological demands. In this study, slaughterhouse wastewater was filtered through columns of mycelium – Pleurotus ostreatus – grown on sawdust substrates of different particle sizes. The columns' pollutant removal efficiencies were evaluated for color, turbidity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. The best color (75%), BOD (88%) and total nitrogen (86%) removal efficiencies were recorded with 2.36 mm particle size and 9 cm depth. Electrical conductivity removal efficiency was best with 2.36 mm particle size but 3 cm bed depth. The study showed that particle size has a significant effect on physiochemical pollutant removal by mycelium-colonized sawdust systems.

Increasing the Production Yield of White Oyster Mushrooms With Pulsed Electric Fields

Pulsed electric field (PEF) technology can be utilized to increase the growth rate and total yield and alter the nutritional composition of agricultural crops. We investigated the efficacy of PEF treatment on the Pleurotus Ostreatus white oyster mushroom species. Mushroom sawdust substrates in buckets were stimulated with a combination of two rod-to-plate electrode geometries with peak electric field strengths of 1.46 and 6.67 kV/cm through unipolar pulses with approximately 20 kV amplitude. Total electrical energy of 62.3 kJ (0.017 kWh) over 30 days of excitation was delivered to each mushroom bucket. The total yield of the stimulated group showed a 34% increase compared with the control group. The experiment was repeated, and the stimulated buckets showed a 45.5% increase in yield relative to the control. A proximate analysis of the fruiting bodies was examined postexcitation for the moisture, fat, protein, and ash content. The stimulated group shows a slight increase in mean crude fat and protein content compared with the control group. Furthermore, the grounding mesh electrode interface with the fruiting substrate was found to contribute to about 10% higher ash content compared with the control group.

Distinguishing Homokaryons and Heterokaryons in Medicinal Polypore Mushroom Wolfiporia cocos (Agaricomycetes) Based on Cultural and Genetic Characteristics.

The sclerotia of Wolfiporia cocos are a kind of traditional medicine and food with excellent benefits and are widely used in China, Japan, and other Asian countries. The mating system of fungi is not only of practical importance for breeding but also has profound effects on genetic variability and molecular evolution. However, the lack of clamp connections in W. cocos increases the difficulty of research on mating systems. In this study, homokaryons and heterokaryons were distinguished by comparing the characteristics of culture, fruiting tests, and molecular markers, which was further demonstrated by k-mer analysis based on Illumina sequencing. Uninucleate, binucleate, and nuclei-free condition basidiospores of W. cocos were observed, and binucleate basidiospores were the most predominant. Brown-type colonies, slow growth rates in both PDA medium and sawdust substrate, and neutral pH after the growth of mycelia and unfruiting were found to be the morphological and growth characteristics of homokaryotic strains. Primers SSR37 and 38 were screened to identify homokaryons. K-mer analysis based on Illumina sequencing exhibited different heterozygous ratios for homokaryons and heterokaryons. The results revealed that pseudo-homothallism was the predominant mode of reproduction in the Chinese population of W. cocos, and heterothallism also existed in all probability. This study will be helpful for the cross-breeding of this precious medicinal mushroom and for understanding its evolution and population structure.

Bioremidiation Potential of Pleurotus Ostreatus (Jacquin; Fries) P. Kummer: A Case of Agro-Wastes in Umudike Abia State

Biodegradation of agricultural wastes that constitute major source of environmental hazards and pollution by Pleurotus ostreatus is of importance in bioremediation of plant organic residues. Different agro-wastes; saw dust (SD), sugarcane baggasse (SB) and maize stalk (MS) and in combination (SD+MS, SD+SB, SB+MS, SD+MS+SB), were used to investigate the polysaccharide degrading potentials of P. ostreatus at the Department of Plant Health Management, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State. The fungus significantly (P<0.05) degraded the hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin contents of the substrates though to varying degrees. The loss of polysaccharide content of the test substrates due to the fungus ranged as follows; hemicelluloses, from 20.64% with MS substrate to 48.92% with SB substrate; cellulose from 24.06% with SD substrate to 41.92% with SB substrate and lignin content from 4.01 % with MS substrate to 27.45% with SD substrate. The average delignification of the substrate polysaccharides by P. ostreatus was highest with SB substrate (37.86%), followed by SD+SB substrate (31.76%) and SD substrate (27.56%). This not only showed the ability of P. ostreatus to degrade agricultural wastes efficiently and grow at a wide range of substrates but also a potent organism capable of biodegrading and detoxifying a wide range of wastes and pollutants.

Pó de coco e serragem como substrato para compostagem de dejetos líquidos de suínos

This study aimed to compare the use of sawdust and coir dust as substrates for composting of pig slurry, aiming to give a destination to this waste produces a compound that can be used as organic fertilizer. We used a factorial experimental design with two treatments (sawdust substrate - TSE and coconut coir substrate - TCO) and four replications. We recorded the maximum and minimum temperatures of the compound daily and collected samples for chemical analysis of moisture, dry matter, carbon, nitrogen as well as the calculation of the C / N. During the experiment, the temperatures recorded varied widely among treatments with a minimum of 25 ° C and maximum 37 ° C. The humidity was very high TCO in treatment (70%) is considered unsatisfactory to the composting process. In treating TSE this value was 60% and the values of organic carbon and total nitrogen reached a satisfactory performance for composting as compared with treatment TCO. The C / N ratio reached acceptable levels between the two treatments (TCO and TSE) despite the differences in the levels of C and N in the two substrates.

Effects of Non-Conventional Substrate and NPK Fertilizer on Cassava Plantlets Acclimatization for Plant Material Production

The adaptation of cassava plantlets to natural conditions remains the main obstacle in the process of free virus plantlets production. In this study, cassava plantlets acclimatization was assessed by pre-acclimatization, height of acclimated plantlets, substrate, and nutrient watering solution. The results revealed that pre-acclimatization gave a high survival rate (61.9%) whereas the direct tunnel acclimatization was conducted to low rate (27.31%) of plantlets. Furthermore, the height of plantlets influenced significantly (p < 0.05) their survival rate with best survival rate observed on plantlet height from 1 cm to 5 cm. There was no significant difference between the substrates used and watering solutions. However, the Sawdust substrate gave a high survival rate (46.67%) and better phylogenesis (1.8) in the variety RB 89509. Likewise, plantlets treated with NPK nutrient watering solutions (20-10-10) had a better survival rate (48.57%), better phylogenesis (2.125) with the variety RB 89509 and better growth in height (1.18 cm) with the variety BF92/0267. These findings constitute a database for the establishment of the technical itinerary for the acclimatization of cassava plantlets.

Evaluation of different sawdust substrates for spawn production of shiitake mushroom [Lentinula edodes (Berk.)

Evaluation of different sawdust substrates for spawn production of shiitake mushroom [Lentinula edodes (Berk.)

GERMINATION OF SUNFLOWER SEED IN DIFFERENT MEDIA

A study was carried out at Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab) with the aim to evaluate the impact/s of substrates on the germination and seedling emergence of sunflower, an ornamental flower crop. The ornamental sunflower crop is gaining popularity in recent times because the gestation period of investment on this crop is very short, moreover it has expressive representation in the flower market and the research on the idea to substrate for seedling production to increase the information for the crop. The experiment has been conducted in a polyhouse, where they were put to germinate seed of sunflower type Sadabahar sunflower F-1 Hybrid in the polysterene trays on substrates. The experiment was conducted with seven different media viz. sawdust, sand, soil, sawdust + sand (1:1), sawdust + soil (1:1), sand + soil (1:1), sawdust + sand + soil (1:1:1). Germinated seeds were counted daily over a period of 15 days. To estimate the seedling emergence from two weeks after sowing up to four-week, data on seedling height and number of leaves were recorded. The result showed that germination started in 8 days after sowing for all the substrates. The highest germination rate was recorded on sawdust substrates (83%), while the lowest rate (55%) on soil seedling on the sawdust substrates had maximum 5 leaves.

TECHNOLOGY OF PLANT RAW MATERIALS MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSING WITH PLEUROTUS STRAINS FOR FEED PRODUCTS PRODUCTION

A technology for pilot production of feed products via microbiological conversion of plant raw materials (mixed substrate of pine sawdust and vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke) by Plerotus ostreatus PO-4.1 and Pleurotus djamor PD-3.2 strains is developed. The technology includes hydrodynamic activation of substrate at the seed stock production stage. The overall technology includes three key stages: submerged fermentation of pure cultures of production strains; submerged-solid phase fermentation of hydrodynamicly activated plant raw materials for seed stock production; solid-state fermentation of mechanically ground plant substrate for feed products production. A successful approbation of submerged-solid state fermentation of production strains on media containing 3% of hydrodynamicly activated raw materials allowed for obtaining seed stock with 14.5 g/l yield of submerged mycelium biomass fully adopted for this type of substrate. Further use of this seed stock biomass at the solid state fermentation stage makes the overall process duration three times shorter compared to existing technologies for direct wood waste bioconversion. The pilot plant results show valuable practicability of plant raw material hydrodynamic activation with the purpose of enhancing its bioaccessibility with consequent increase in degree of microbiological conversion. The product of bioconversion contains 14–16% of protein, biofiber, vitamins and minerals and could be considered for successful use as feed by agricultural enterprises.

Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom on Substrates Made of Cellulose Fibre Rejects: Product Quality and Spent Substrate Fuel Properties

This paper explores an alternative valorisation method for high-moisture content waste streams from the pulp and paper industry. Cellulose fibre rejects from industrial-scale recycling/pulping of waste paper was used as an ingredient in substrates for cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, commonly known as oyster mushroom. Three substrates with 40, 60, and 80 wt% fibre rejects were tested, and a conventional substrate formula based on birch (Betula ssp.) sawdust was used for comparison. The spent mushroom substrate (SMS) fuel characteristics were assessed through ashing procedures. Mycelium growth was faster on substrates based on fibre rejects. The average biological efficiencies of the first flush of fruit bodies were between 29 and 36% compared to 42% for birch sawdust substrates. The fruit bodies had good nutritional values, i.e., crude protein (22–25 wt% d.b.), crude fat (3–3.5 wt% d.b.), crude fibre (8–10 wt% d.b.), and carbohydrates (57–62 wt% d.b.). The concentrations of heavy metals, 5–10 µg/kg Pb, 19–28 µg/kg Cd, 5–6 µg/kg Hg, and 26–53 µg/kg As were well below the limit values for food products set in EU regulations. The SMS could be used as fuel for direct combustion or co-combusted with other biomasses.Graphic

Corn husk as lignocellulosic agricultural waste for the cultivation of Pleurotus florida mushroom

The growth and yield of Pleurotus florida mushroom were evaluated in media with corn husk and wood sawdust substrates. Five formulations of substrates, namely 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of wood sawdust substituted with corn husk, were tested with 0% corn husk or 100% wood sawdust serving as the control. The total number of fruiting bodies, the number of effective fruiting bodies, the total fresh weight and dry weight of the mushroom, and biological efficiency were significantly increased with as low as 25% corn husk in the substrate, and they showed a significant increasing trend as the composition of corn husk in the substrate increased. Superior yield was produced by P. florida cultivated in 100% corn husk, where the total number of fruiting bodies, the number of effective fruiting bodies, the total fresh weight, and the total dry weight of the mushroom were 4.8 times, 5.4 times, 4.6 times, and 5.4 times greater than the control, respectively. The biological efficiency of P. florida increased gradually from 8.8% in the control to 51.37% in the 100% corn husk substrate. Therefore, corn husk could be exploited as a substitute or alternative substrate to wood sawdust for more sustainable production of P. florida.

Comparison of Ultrasonic And Acoustic Sound Treatments on Grey Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Sajor-caju) Cultivated on Sawdust And Kenaf Waste

Sound stimulation and substrate are among the main factors that enhance the formation of fruiting bodies in order to increase the productivity of grey oyster mushroom. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of ultrasonic and acoustics sound treatments on grey oyster mushroom (Pleurotus Sajor-caju) cultivated on rubber tree sawdust and kenaf waste. The growth performance, yield and post-harvest quality of grey oyster mushroom were determined. Mushroom bags were treated with ultrasonic and acoustic sound every 5 days intervals during mycelia growth. Sound treated mushroom bags had faster growth rate and treatment with acoustic sound appeared to be a better treatment among all the treatments. In terms of yield, sawdust obtained a relatively higher amount of total weight of fruiting bodies, greater biological efficiency and bigger number of fruiting bodies than kenaf waste. Acoustic sound contributed to a higher in yield but has the highest substrate utilization among all treatments. Sawdust shows no significant different (p>0.05) in physical characteristics such as pileus diameter compared to kenaf waste but both of them showed significant different (p<0.05) among different treatments. Acoustic sound had firmer and showed relatively darker compared to other treatments. Substrate of sawdust had a relatively higher of moisture content of pileus and stem than kenaf waste. Among all the treatments used, mushroom bag treated with acoustic and cultivated on sawdust was the best treatment due to is relatively faster growth performance and higher yield.