Satureja Khuzistanica Jamzad Research Articles

Exploring the Potential Impact of Biochar Amendments in Promoting Redox Reactions, Agro-Morphological, and Phytochemical Characteristics in Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad Under Salt Stress

Exploring the Potential Impact of Biochar Amendments in Promoting Redox Reactions, Agro-Morphological, and Phytochemical Characteristics in Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad Under Salt Stress

Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil and pure carvacrol attenuate TBI-induced inflammation and apoptosis via NF-κB and caspase-3 regulation in the male rat brain

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes progressive dysfunction that induces biochemical and metabolic changes that lead to cell death. Nevertheless, there is no definitive FDA-approved therapy for TBI treatment. Our previous immunohistochemical results indicated that the cost-effective natural Iranian medicine, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil (SKEO), which consists of 94.16% carvacrol (CAR), has beneficial effects such as reducing neuronal death and inflammatory markers, as well as activating astrocytes and improving neurological outcomes. However, the molecular mechanisms of these neuroprotective effects have not yet been elucidated. This study investigated the possible mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties of SKEO and CAR after TBI induction. Eighty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: Sham, TBI, TBI + Vehicle, TBI + CAR (100 and 200 mg/kg), and TBI + SKEO (200 mg/kg) groups. After establishing the “Marmarou” weight drop model, diffuse TBI was induced in the rat brain. Thirty minutes after TBI induction, SKEO & CAR were intraperitoneally injected. One day after TBI, injured rats exhibited significant brain edema, neurobehavioral dysfunctions, and neuronal apoptosis. Western blot results revealed upregulation of the levels of cleaved caspase-3, NFκB p65, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, which was attenuated by CAR and SKEO (200 mg/kg). Furthermore, the ELISA results showed that CAR treatment markedly prevents the overproduction of the brain pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Moreover, the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) immunohistochemistry results revealed the protective effect of CAR and SKEO on post-TBI neuronal death. The current study revealed that the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of SKEO and CAR might be related to (at least in part) modulating NF-κB regulated inflammation and caspase-3 protein expression. It also suggested that CAR exerts more potent protective effects than SKEO against TBI. Nevertheless, the administration of SKEO and CAR may express a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate TBI-related secondary phase neuropathological outcomes.

Continuous hydrodistillation-ultrasonication flow batch-mode operation system to enhance essential oil extraction from Satureja khuzistanica and evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity

Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (SKJ) is a well-known Persian herbal medicine having valuable biological properties. In this work, a continuous flow batch-mode operation system equipped with a Clevenger apparatus coupled with an ultrasound chamber for intensifying the extraction of essential oil (EO) from dried aerial parts of SKJ has been developed. Response surface methodology (RSM) was then employed to optimize the extraction conditions by considering the interaction of the feed-to-solvent, temperature and sonication time parameters. Gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS) analysis were used to characterize the extracted EO components. The optimal operating conditions for the above parameters was attained at 14.66 g L −1 , 30.86 °C and 39.78 min, consequently. The yield of EO extraction using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) (9.89 mg g −1 of plant) was approximately 25 % higher than that of the conventional method (7.87 mg g −1 of plant). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) established the effective rifts in the plant cell structures using ultrasound wave irradiation for EO extraction. Moreover, the EO's anti-inflammatory properties were investigated by inhibition of the albumin denaturation analyses. The SKJ's EO extracted under optimal conditions revealed a significant anti-inflammatory effect with 89 % inhibition of the albumin denaturation at concentration of 900 µg mL −1 . • An ultrasonication process was coupled to a hydrodistillation procedure for EO extraction. • Aerial part of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad SKJ was subjected to UAHDE for EO extraction. • An experimental design technique was employed to optimize the extraction conditions. • EO extraction yield was increased by 25 % and the time was reduced to about 30 min. • The extracted EO of SKJ had anti inflammatory effect comparable to that of diclofenac sodium.

Green and reusable Ag/AgCl-TiO2 nanocomposites for visible light-triggered dye degradation

• Ag/AgCl-TiO 2 nanocomposites are synthesized in a green, single-step process. • Satureja khuzistanica extract acts as a reducing agent and nanocomposite stabilizer. • More than 99% methyl orange is degraded under visible light irradiation. • High-efficiency TiO 2 -based photocatalysts developed for engineering and environmental applications. Ag/AgCl-TiO 2 plasmonic nanocomposites (NCs) are endowed with excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity. However, only a few studies investigated environmentally friendly approaches to their synthesis. In this work, Ag/AgCl-TiO 2 NCs at five different compositions were prepared in a single-step process by a green and cost-effective route, using Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad aqueous extract. The role of the aqueous plant extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent, and the formation of the NCs were evidenced by several techniques, including FT-IR, EDS, SEM, HRTEM, elemental mapping, and XRD. The morphological analysis demonstrated that the NCs formed nanoaggregates with an average size of 30 nm. The synthesized Ag/AgCl-TiO 2 NCs displayed a remarkable photoactivity in the visible light region, as confirmed by the significantly higher degradation rates of methyl orange (MO) compared to TiO 2 . In particular, the 15% Ag/TiO 2 molar ratio sample revealed a MO degradation efficiency higher than 99% under visible light, and retained high photocatalytic activity even after several degradations runs. Overall, the green, cost-effective, and scalable synthesis of Ag/AgCl-TiO 2 NCs herein reported provides a novel, more sustainable strategy for the high-efficiency modification of TiO 2 photocatalyst in engineering and other environmental applications.

Improvement of Growth, Yield, Seed Production and Phytochemical Properties of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad by Foliar Application of Boron and Zinc.

Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad is a valuable and endemic medicinal plant. Boron and zinc are essential elements for the vegetative and reproductive growth of plants and have significant effects on yield, essential oil composition and the seed production of plants. To investigate the effects of the foliar application of zinc and boron on the growth, yield, seed production and phytochemical properties of S. khuzistanica, a study was conducted in a factorial experiment with three replicates in two consecutive years based on a randomized complete block design. The foliar application of boron (B) at three concentrations (control or distilled water, 0.4% and 0.8% as H3BO3) and zinc (Zn) at three concentrations (control or distilled water, 0.3% and 0.6% as ZnSO4) was carried out. Our results showed that the foliar application of B resulted in a significant increase in the fresh and dry weights of plants, the dry weight of stems, drug yield, seed yield, seed germination and 1000-seed weight. At the same time, the application of B resulted in a significant decrease in seed emptiness. The fresh and dry weights of plants, drug yield, seed yield, 1000-seed weight and seed germination were also significantly improved by Zn foliar spraying compared to the control. Application of 0.8% B resulted in a significant decrease in seed emptiness by 14.16% and 22.37%, as compared to the control. The foliar spraying of B and Zn improved the total phenolic content, the essential oil content and the yield and antioxidant activity of S. khuzistanica. Moreover, B application generally concentrated more carvacrol in the essential oil (in the first experimental year). In contrast, no significant differences were observed between Zn treatments in carvacrol content and total flavonoids. The use of several microelements, such as B and Zn, could improve both the quantity and quality of S. khuzistanica. Additionally, improvement of seed set and seed quality by the foliar spraying of Zn and B may be useful for growing plants in arid and semi-arid areas.

Extraction and identification of the components of Thymbra spicata L. and Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad Oils native to Ilam province by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (Lamiaceae) and Thymbra spicata L. (Lamiaceae) are medicinal plants belonging to the genera of Satureja and Thymbra, having many uses in traditional Iranian medicine. S. khuzistanica is used to treat different diseases such as cramps, nausea, and infectious diseases. Medicinal plants, extracts and essential oils are of special importance for pharmacy, health and food industries. S. khuzistanica and T. spicata plants were collected from Dehloran located in south of Ilam province in western Iran. Then, they were dried and powdered. Headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were used to obtain extracts of mentioned plants and identify their active compounds. Essential oil from T. spicata contained 45 chemical compounds, whose main ones were isothymol (36.24%), gamma-terpinene (17.94%), O-cymene (10.92%), trans-caryophyllene (7.81%), alpha-pinene (7.24%), and camphene (3.61%). Also, essential oil from S. khuzestanica contained 43 chemical compounds which main ones were carvacrol (71.99%), camphene (2.84%), alpha-pinene (1.63%), 1,8-Cineole (1.51%). carvone (1.44%) and beta-pinene (1.42). Results from present study indicated that antioxidative and antimicrobial compounds such as carvacrol were found in both plants (S. khuzestanica and T. spicata) from the Laminaceae family. Therefore, essential oils of these plants can find applications as antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiseptic compounds for medicinal and health purposes.

Encapsulation of Satureja khuzistanica jamzad essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles with enhanced antibacterial and anticancer activities

Satureja khuzistanica jamzad (SKJ), which is a member of Lamiaceae, has various proven effects such as antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and antifungal properties. However, the use of essential oil of plants is limited due to their inherent instability in the environment. Encapsulation with nanoparticles in the nanogel forms is one of their stabilization methods. The aim of this study was to synthesize nano-gel based on chitosan (CS) and extracts of SKJ essential oil, and to evaluate the antibacterial and anticancer activities. SKJ essential oil was extracted using water distillation method. Then, it was loaded on CS particles using two-step process as following: droplets formation and freezing. The Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Zeta potential determination were used to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of CS-SKJ nanogel, which its result was acceptable. After confirmation of the loaded essential oil rate and releasing amount, the antibacterial effects were evaluated on five Gram-positive bacteria and five Gram-negative bacteria using microbroth dilution method. The encapsulation efficiency, size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of nanoparticles were characterized were 30.74%, 571.00 nm, 0.451 and −67.2 mV, respectively. The results were significant not only on Gram-positive bacteria, but also on Gram-negative bacteria. The MIC range was between 7.8 and 500 µg/ml. The CS-SKJ nanogel has acceptable anticancer activities on KB and A549 tumor cell lines. the IC50 range was between 5.6 and 6.71 µg/ml. The results indicate that both CS particles and SKJ alone, and CS-SKJ nanogel could be considered as the outlook to produce new antimicrobial and anticancer drugs.

Nano-emulsified savory and thyme formulation show limited efficacy to suppress Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum compared with pure oil

Herbal volatile oils suggested as preserver coatings for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers against soft rot, a postharvest bacterial disease. The antibacterial potential of savory (Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad) and thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss) stable nano-emulsified oil prepared with tween 80 and lecithin was evaluated towards Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc). For this purpose, the antimicrobial activity of the nanoemulsion was compared with that of the pure oil by growth inhibition zone using well diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) using microbroth dilution procedure, time-kill assay and potato tuber decay trial. The preventative efficacy of both optimized nanoemulsions was similar or reduced compared with the bulk oil on Pcc in plate assay. Savory and thyme nano-formulations displayed antibacterial capability against Pcc with a MIC of 0.59 and 0.29 g L−1, and MBC of 1.19 and 0.59 g L−1, respectively. The colony counts for Pcc were reduced to 0 in the range of 3–6 h based on time kill curves of MIC value. S. khuzistanica and Z. multiflora oils were as or more effective than nano-emulsions in the growth kinetic studies, although the viable cells number of Pcc was prevented at the MIC for both bulk and nano-formulations. The nano-encapsulated savory and thyme oil decreased disease development on intact potato tubers by 29.12 and 20.44 % in comparison with the control in the maceration assay. The data reported here, indicated that the usage of S. khuzistanica and Z. multiflora oil decreased soft rot incidence 1.82 and 2.18 times more than the nano-formulations, respectively. It seems that application of emulsified oil does not always more functional than bulk oil in the field of plant pathogens management.

Powerful Plant Antioxidants: A New Biosustainable Approach to the Production of Rosmarinic Acid.

Modern lifestyle factors, such as physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, and exposure to environmental pollution, induce excessive generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body. These by-products of oxygen metabolism play a key role in the development of various human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart failure, brain damage, muscle problems, premature aging, eye injuries, and a weakened immune system. Synthetic and natural antioxidants, which act as free radical scavengers, are widely used in the food and beverage industries. The toxicity and carcinogenic effects of some synthetic antioxidants have generated interest in natural alternatives, especially plant-derived polyphenols (e.g., phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, tannins, coumarins, lignins, lignans, quinines, curcuminoids, chalcones, and essential oil terpenoids). This review focuses on the well-known phenolic antioxidant rosmarinic acid (RA), an ester of caffeic acid and (R)-(+)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactic acid, describing its wide distribution in thirty-nine plant families and the potential productivity of plant sources. A botanical and phytochemical description is provided of a new rich source of RA, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (Lamiaceae). Recently reported approaches to the biotechnological production of RA are summarized, highlighting the establishment of cell suspension cultures of S. khuzistanica as an RA chemical biofactory.

Determination of components and in vitro antistreptococcal properties of Mentha piperita L., Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, Matricaria recutica L., Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. hydroethanolic extracts

Streptococcosis is an infectious disease with significant economic and sanitary repercussions for trout farms in the world. The objective of this study was characterize the chemical constituents and in vitro antibacterial properties of Mentha piperita L., Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, Matricaria recutica L. Zataria multiflora Boiss and Rosmarinus officinalis L. extracts against streptococcus iniae. The chemical components of the selected hydroalcoholic extracts were also analyzed by GC/MS. The most constituents were menthol (24%) in the M. piperita L., carvacrol (85.88%) in the S. khuzistanica Jamzad, guaiazulene (25.6%) in the M. recutica L. carvacrol (51.12%) in the Z. multiflora Boiss and α-pinene (12.5%) in the R. officinalis L. Among plant extracts under study Z. multiflora had the lowest MIC (4.896 mg ml-1) and MBC (9.792 mg ml-1) and the maximum MIC and MBC were belonged to M. piperita (18.55 mg ml-1) and R. officinalis (33.645 mg ml-1) respectively. Also, the inhibition zone diameter of bacteria was determined by disc diffusion method and compared to erythromycin. The highest and the lowest Inhibition zone diameter were belonged to Z. multiflora (14.43±0.55 mm) and M. recutita (13.23±0.35 mm) respectively. Results showed that Z. multiflora extract exhibited highest antibacterial effect against S. iniae among all plant extracts in this study.

Phytochemical, antioxidant, enzyme activity and antifungal properties of Satureja khuzistanica in vitro and in vivo explants stimulated by some chemical elicitors

Context Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad. (Lamiaceae), is known for its antifungal and antioxidant compounds, especially rosmarinic acid (RA). Objective The study examines the effect of elicitors on RA production and phytochemical properties of S. khuzistanica. Materials and methods In vitro plants were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). In vivo plants were treated with MWCNTs and salicylic acid (SA). RA was measured by HPLC. Catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were quantified. DPPH and β-carotene were assayed in in vivo extracts. The antifungal effects of extracts were evaluated against Fusarium solani K (FsK). Results The highest RA contents of in vitro plants were 50 mg/L MeJA (140.99 mg/g DW) and 250 mg/L MWCNTs (140.49 mg/g DW). The highest in vivo were 24 h MWCNTs (7.13 mg/g DW) and 72 h SA (9.12 mg/g DW). The maximum POD and APX activities were at 100 mg/L MeJA (5 and 4 mg protein, respectively). CAT had the highest activities at 50 mg/L MeJA (2 mg protein). DPPH and β-carotene showed 50% and 80% inhibition, respectively. The FsK aggregation was the lowest for in vitro extract in number of conidia [1.82 × 1010], fresh weight (6.51 g) and dry weight (0.21 g) that proved RA inhibitory effects. The callus reduces FsK growth diameter to 2.75 on the 5th day. Discussion and conclusions Application of MeJA, SA, and MWCNTSs could increase RA in S. khuzistanica and highlighted potential characteristics in pharmaceutical and antifungal effects.

Biotization with Glomus fasciculatum to enhance the acclimatization and absorption of nutrients by micropropagated savory (Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad) plantlets

Biotization with Glomus fasciculatum to enhance the acclimatization and absorption of nutrients by micropropagated savory (Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad) plantlets

Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil and its anti-candidal activities against clinical isolates of Candida albicans isolated from women with candidiasis

Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad is known as antiseptic and analgesic agent in folk medicine. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the anti-candidal activity of S. khuzistanica aerial parts essential oil against clinical isolates of Candida albicans, which were isolated from women with chronic recurrent candidiasis. For this purpose, the chemical composition of hydro-distilled essential oil was determined by GC and GC-MS analysis. Then, the anti-candidal activity of essential oil and its main component (carvacrol) were determined. Carvacrol (94.1%) was the main component of essential oil, followed by β-bisabolene, p-cymene and γ-terpinene. S. khuzistanica essential oil had strong anti-candidal activity against clinical isolates of C. albicans via inhibition of germ tube formation and induction the huge punctures in the cytoplasmic structures. The cell membranes were intact in presence of essential oil or carvacrol. S. khuzistanica essential oil as the main source of carvacrol can be used for treatment of C. albicans related infections.

Genetic diversity of natural populations of medicinally valuable plant Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad based on ISSR markers

Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad has been used in pharmaceutical industry because of its interesting pharmacological and biological activities. This study was undertaken to evaluate the level of genetic diversity and differentiation of S. khuzistanica populations. For this purpose, 84 individual plants from seven populations of this species were studied using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 157 bands were generated by 13 ISSR primers, of which 120 (88.35%) bands were polymorphic. Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon information index varied between 0.24 and 0.28 and 0.35 and 0.42, respectively. Analyses of molecular variance detected 90% of variation within populations. Structure analysis showed the highest ∆K at K = 4, representing the individuals into four groups. In contrast to limited distribution and wild collection, the present study showed high level of genetic diversity in natural populations.

The anti-inflammatory properties of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil attenuate the effects of traumatic brain injuries in rats.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern affecting the general public as well as military personnel. However, there is no FDA-approved therapy for the treatment of TBIs. In this work, we investigated the neurotherapeutic effects of the well-known natural Iranian medicine Satureja Khuzistanica Jamzad (SKJ) essential oil (SKEO) on the outcomes of diffused experimental TBI, with particular attention paid to its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Male Wistar rats were treated with doses of 50, 100 and 200 (mg/kg, i.p) SKEO after induction of diffused TBIs. The results showed that injecting SKEO (200 mg/kg) 30 minutes after TBI significantly reduced brain oedema and damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and limited the post-TBI increase in intracranial pressure. The veterinary coma scale (VCS) scores significantly improved in the treatment group. Also, inflammatory marker assays showed reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and increased IL-10 in the treated groups. Moreover, the immunohistochemical results indicated that SKEO not only reduced neuronal death and BBB permeability but also affected astrocytic activation. Overall, our data indicate potential clinical neurological applications for SKEO.

Establishment and characterization of a Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (Lamiaceae) cell suspension culture: a new in vitro source of rosmarinic acid.

An in vitro approach to the production of rosmarinic acid (RA), a medicinally important caffeic acid ester, in a cell suspension culture (CSC) of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (Lamiaceae) has been investigated for the first time. The CSC was established from friable calli derived from shoot tip explants in Gamborg's B5 liquid medium supplemented with 30g/L sucrose, 20mg/L L-glutamine, 200mg/L casein hydrolysate, 5mg/L benzyladenine (BA) and 1mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The effect of nitrogen source (KNO3 and (NH4)2SO4) and their different concentrations on the fresh and dry weight (g/L), as well as RA content (mg/g dry weight) were measured. CSC growth measurements indicated a maximum specific cell growth rate of 1.5/day, a doubling time of 7.6days and a high percentage of cell viability (96.4%) throughout the growth cycle. Maximum cell fresh weight (353.5g/L), dry weight (19.7g/L) and RA production (180.0mg/g) were attained at day 21 of culture. Cell growth and RA content were affected by nitrogen deficiency. Media containing 8.3mM of total nitrogen (¼ of B5 standard medium) led to a minimum cell fresh weight (243.0g/L), dry weight (17.4g/L) and RA content (38.0mg/g) after 21 days. The established CSC provided useful material for further optimization experiments aimed at a large-scale production of RA.

Essential oil constituents and antimicrobial activities of Iranian Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad

Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad is an endemic medicinal plant that grows wild in Iran. Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of S. khuzistanica was investigated. The essential oils was obtained by hydro distillation using Clevenger and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry )GC/MS(. Forty-four components were identified in S. khuzistanica essential oil. The total represented 99.98% of the oil that major components were identified, carvacrol )92.16%(. As study of antimicrobial effects of the essential oil of S. khuzistanica was against one Gram-negative bacteria )Escherichia coli( and yeast )Candida albicans( and three Gram-positive bacteria )Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis(, in a test based on randomized complete design )RCD( factor with three replication at two method, micro-broth dilution and disc diffusion method. Results showed the highest antimicrobial activities of essential oil of S. khuzistanica on microorganism's was investigated. Antimicrobial activity of S. khuzistanica essential oil on C.albicans yeast more than B. cereus bacteria and it was less than S. epidermidis, E. coli bacterias. The inhibition zones values for bacterial strains, which the essential oils of S. khuzestanica were sensitive in the range of 6.34–54.4 mm and 0.097-0.390 mg/ml, showed effective the oil of S. khuzistanica on Gram-positive bacteria and yeast instead Gram-negative bacteria.

Studies on seed germination and in vitro shoot multiplication of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, an important medicinal plant

Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad is an important multipurpose medicinal plant in Iran. The essential oil of S. khuzistanica is characterized by high concentration of carvacrol (93%). The seeds of S. khuzistanica are dormant and have a very low germination under normal conditions. This is the first protocol for in vitro seed germination and plantlet regeneration of this plant. Experiments were done to determine the effects of cold stratification (two, four and six weeks), chemical treatments including various levels of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) (50, 100, 200 and 500 ppm), potassium nitrate (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%), sulfuric acid (50%) and also the synergistic effect between cold stratification and other factors on seed germination of S. khuzistanica. The most germination percentage was achieved when six weeks stratification was followed by 200 ppm GA 3 . For shoot proliferation, the node explants were cultured on Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin (Kn) within the range of 0.5 to 2 μM and combinations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA: 2 and 5 μM) with BAP (2 and 5 μM). Multiple shoots were obtained from the nodal explants, the higher frequency (77%) of shoot formation was observed in the LS that contained BAP (5 μM) in combination with IBA (2 μM). The best condition for rooting were LS medium plus 2.5 μM of IBA. The rooted plants were successfully transferred to garden soil, exhibiting a normal development. Key words: Germination, gibberellic acid, growth regulators, node explants, Satureja khuzistanica , stratification.

Antibacterial activity of endemic Satureja Khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil against oral pathogens.

To assess the antibacterial effects of an Iranian endemic essential oil, Satureja Khuzistanica Jamzad (SKJ) when used as an intracanal antiseptic and interappointment medicament. Antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) of SKJ essential oil with and without calcium hydroxide (CH) against eleven aerobic, microaerophilic and anaerobic bacteria were assessed. The evaluation was carried out by agar dilution and well diffusion methods. The results were measured and recorded by an independent observer. Data were analyzed statistically using student t-test. The MIC for eight species was recorded in 0.31 mg/mL of essential oil. Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a MIC value of 1.25 mg/mL appeared to be the most resistant bacterium; while only 0.16 mg/mL of essential oil was sufficient to inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone of the antiseptic oil (at 0.31 mg/mL) with E. faecalis in the well diffusion method was 13 mm; this was comparable with 12.5 mm inhibition zone value of the tetracycline disc (30 µg). No synergistic effect was found in combination of essential oil and CH powder. SKJ essential oil with the concentration of 0.31 mg/mL is effective against most of oral pathogens including E. faecalis.

Composition of the essential oils of wild and cultivated Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad from Iran

AbstractThe essential oils of the wild and cultivated Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (Lamiaceae) from Iran were isolated by hydrodistillation in yields of 0.6% and 1.2% respectively. The chemical composition of the essential oils was examined by GC and GC–MS. Twelve components of the wild plants' oil, representing 98.5% of the total oil, and 21 components of the cultivated plants' oil, representing 99.2%, were identified. The main components of the wild plants' oil were carvacrol (93.9%), eugenol (1.0%), p‐cymene (0.8%) and thymol (0.6%). The major constituents of the cultivated plants' oil were carvacrol (80.6%), p‐cymene (4.8%), myrcene (1.5%), γ‐terpinene (2.1%) and terpinene‐4‐ol (2.1%). In both the wild and cultivated plants the main component of the oil was carvacrol. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.