Satellite States Research Articles

Comparing satellite orbit determination by batch processing and extended Kalman filtering using inter-satellite link measurements of the next-generation BeiDou satellites

The next-generation BeiDou satellites are equipped with inter-satellite link (ISL) payloads to realize the ability of autonomous navigation (Auto-Nav). We focus on the application of batch processing and extended Kalman filtering (EKF) algorithm on Auto-Nav of BeiDou satellite system (BDS). The mathematical model of dual one-way measurements and principle of batch mode and EKF are introduced. Using real ISL measurements, Auto-Nav experiments are conducted with batch processing and EKF, respectively. For the sub-constellation, the EKF with a priori equipment delay constraints is proposed. The result shows that (1) with three ISLs and only one anchor station, the ISL measurements are sparsely distributed and the coverage of the whole arc is about 31%. The observations and dynamic models per epoch contribute more to satellite position and velocity parameters than to equipment delay parameters. (2) For batch processing, the overlap precision of precise orbit determination (POD) with ISLs and ground-satellite links (GSLs) is about 0.1 m in the radial direction and is better than 1 m three-dimensionally. The variation of the estimated equipment delays is within $$\pm \,0.6$$ ns. The observation residuals of ISLs behave such as a normal distribution, while the residual of GSLs show periodical variation due to uncorrected troposphere delay. (3) For the EKF, the ISL-only orbit determination is sensitive to the accuracy of the initial state. Compared with batch result, the precision of ISL-only orbit determination using EKF is better than 2 m given accurate initial states. The filtering does not show constellation drift or rotation within 8 days. However, with approximate initial states which position accuracy is 100 m, the precision of POD decreases to dozens of meters. (4) For the EKF, the accuracy of POD improves to 1.5 m in three dimensions with the support of an anchor station. The period for equipment delay parameters to converge is about 24 h. However, the convergence rate of equipment delay parameters is much slower than that of satellite state parameters. The possible reason is the unbalanced contribution of observation and dynamic model information on the estimated parameters. Thus, it is better to constrain the equipment delay parameters with a priori information while filtering.

Electron momentum spectroscopy study of outer valence electronic structure of pyrrole

The binding energy spectrum and electron momentum distributions (EMDs) for the outer valence shells of pyrrole molecule are measured by a high-sensitivity (e, 2e) spectrometer at incident energy of 1200 eV plus the binding energy employing non-coplanar symmetric kinematic geometry. The obtained EMDs are compared with the theoretical calculations at equilibrium molecular geometry as well as considering vibrational effect by density functional theory method. The result shows that the molecular vibrational motion has obvious influence on EMDs for some of the outer valence orbitals. The controversy over the assignment of the ionization bands, especially the positions of satellite states concerning the ionization of 1b1 orbital, in the binding energy range of 11–16.5 eV has been clarified.

From “Double Genocide” to “the New Jews”: Holocaust, Genocide and Mass Violence in Post-Communist Memorial Museums

ABSTRACTEastern European EU accession candidates have used memorial museums and installed new permanent exhibitions to communicate with “Europe” in view of the Holocaust's “univer salization” and “Europeanization.” One group demands that “Europe” acknowledge its suffering under Communism, while the other group tries to demonstrate its compatibility with Europe by invoking “Europe” in their exhibition texts and publications and referencing western Holocaust museums in their aesthetics. This article focuses on two countries from each group: Latvia and Lithuania, which highlight their victimhood under “double occupation,” on the one hand; and the current successor states of the “Slovak Republic” and the “Independent State of Croatia,” two Nazi satellite states, on the other. I begin by analysing how the terms “Holocaust,” “genocide,” and “mass violence” are used in the respective Latvian, Lithuanian, Slovak and Croatian memorial museums. I argue that both groups share an awkwardness in dealing with the term “Holocaust,” and a tendency to present “our” victims with the help of individual stories and private photographs designed to evoke empathy, while presenting “their” victims – Jews and, even more so, Roma – with the help of often humiliating photos shot by the perpetrators. I then show that the post-Yugoslav wars of the 1990s – in contrast to the peaceful transitions in the other countries – had a distinctive effect on debates concerning the Holocaust, genocide, and mass violence. Moving beyond the realm of museum analysis, I pinpoint the broader cultural phenomenon of Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks portraying themselves as “the new Jews,” before focusing specifically on the new permanent exhibition at the Srebrenica-Potočari Memorial, which I discuss as a best practice example for the universalization of the Holocaust.

Interannual Eddy Kinetic Energy Modulations in the Agulhas Return Current

AbstractInterannual variability in the mesoscale eddy field in the Agulhas Return Current (ARC) of 32–42°S and 15–35°E is investigated based on satellite altimeter observations and state estimate from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II from 1993 to 2016. It is found that the interannual modulation of eddy kinetic energy in the ARC region is externally mediated by the wind stress forcing that generates the westward propagating sea surface height anomalies across the South Indian Ocean subtropical gyre. The wind‐forced sea surface height anomalies influence the upstream Agulhas Current volume transports. By modulating the intensity of barotropic instability of the ARC mean flow centered around the retroflection region, the Agulhas Current inflow variability leads to the downstream interannual eddy kinetic energy fluctuations in the ARC region.

An experimental and theoretical study of the photoelectron spectra of cis-dichloroethene: Valence shell vertical ionization and vibronic coupling in the low-lying cationic states.

The valence shell photoelectron spectrum of cis-dichloroethene has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Photoelectron spectra have been recorded with horizontally and vertically plane polarized synchrotron radiation, thereby allowing the anisotropy parameters, characterizing the angular distributions, to be determined. The third-order algebraic-diagrammatic construction approximation scheme for the one-particle Green's function has been employed to compute the complete valence shell ionization spectrum. In addition, the vertical ionization energies have been calculated using the outer valence Green's function (OVGF) method and the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster, with single and double substitutions for calculating ionization potentials (EOM-IP-CCSD) model. The theoretical results have enabled assignments to be proposed for most of the structure observed in the experimental spectra, including the inner-valence regions dominated by satellite states. The linear vibronic coupling model has been employed to study the vibrational structure of the lowest photoelectron bands, using parameters obtained from ab initio calculations. The ground state optimized geometries and vibrational frequencies have been computed at the level of the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, and the dependence of the ionization energies on the nuclear configuration has been evaluated using the OVGF method. While the adiabatic approximation holds for the 2B1 state photoelectron band, the 2B2, 2A1, and 2A2 states interact vibronically and form a complex photoelectron band system with four distinct maxima. The 2B1 and 2B2 states also interact vibronically with each other. The potential energy surface of the 2B1 state is predicted to have a double-minimum shape with respect to the out-of-plane a2 deformations of the molecular structure. The single photoelectron band resulting from this interaction is characterized by a highly irregular structure, reflecting the non-adiabatic nuclear dynamics occurring on the two coupled potential energy surfaces forming a conical intersection close to the minimum of the 2B2 state.

Green's Function Coupled-Cluster Approach: Simulating Photoelectron Spectra for Realistic Molecular Systems.

In this paper, we present an efficient implementation for the analytical energy-dependent Green's function coupled-cluster with singles and doubles (GFCCSD) approach with our first practice being computing spectral functions of realistic molecular systems. Because of its algebraic structure, the presented method is highly scalable and is capable of computing spectral function for a given molecular system in any energy region. Several typical examples have been given to demonstrate its capability of computing spectral functions not only in the valence band but also in the core-level energy region. Satellite peaks have been observed in the inner valence band and core-level energy region where a many-body effect becomes significant and the single particle picture of ionization often breaks down. The accuracy test has been carried out by extensively comparing the computed spectral functions by our GFCCSD method with experimental photoelectron spectra as well as the theoretical ionization potentials obtained from other methods. It turns out the GFCCSD method is able to provide a qualitative or semiquantitative level of description of ionization processes in both the core and valence regimes. To significantly improve the GFCCSD results for the main ionic states, a larger basis set can usually be employed, whereas the improvement of the GFCCSD results for the satellite states needs higher-order many-body terms to be included in the GFCC implementation.

Внешняя политика и проблемы национальной безопасности в современном мире

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of choosing the direction of foreign policy that meets the national security interests of the state, in the aspect of studying the policy of the former post-Soviet republics. The author’s opinion is that the state is not able to conduct an independent foreign policy, and the satellite states are forced to coordinate the foreign policy with the policy of the patron state. As a result, every weak state seeks a patron in the face of a strong great-power state, sometimes at the expense of some national interests, primarily to ensure its national security. This concerns the former republics of the USSR and, above all, Ukraine, which, under the pressure of western countries, is pursuing an anti-Russian policy, contrary to the aspirations and needs of its own people. The real rational exit from the created political situation for such countries has many options, varying from rapprochement with Russia and to neutrality, which, strangely enough, require the political leadership of countries to have a certain political will.

Modeling Orbital Error in InSAR Interferogram Using Frequency and Spatial Domain Based Methods

Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (SAR, InSAR) is increasingly being used for deformation monitoring. Uncertainty in satellite state vectors is considered to be one of the main sources of errors in applications such as this. In this paper, we present frequency and spatial domain based algorithms to model orbital errors in InSAR interferograms. The main advantage of this method, when applied to the spatial domain, is that the order of the polynomial coefficient is automatically determined according to the features of the orbital errors, using K-cross validation. In the frequency domain, a maximum likelihood fringe rate estimate is deployed to resolve linear orbital patterns in strong noise interferograms, where spatial-domain-based algorithms are unworkable. Both methods were tested and compared with synthetic data and applied to historical Environmental Satellite Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ENVISAT ASAR) sensor and modern instruments such as Gaofen-3 (GF-3) and Sentinel-1. The validation from the simulation demonstrated that an accuracy of ~1mm can be obtained under optimal conditions. Using an independent GPS measurement that is discontinuous from the InSAR measurement over the Tohoku-Oki area, we found a 31.45% and 73.22% reduction in uncertainty after applying our method for ASAR tracks 347 and 74, respectively.

Propagator quantum chemical study of S-cis-(Z)-2-(2-formylethenyl)pyrrole: electronic structure and aspects of intramolecular hydrogen bond manifestation in ionization spectra

For the purpose of investigation of the electronic structures of functionalized pyrroles with potential biological activity the electronic structures and ionization spectra of S-cis-(Z)-2-(2-formylethenyl)pyrrole (FP) were calculated by the propagator quantum chemical method. The calculations were performed using the third-order algebraic diagrammatic construction method (ADC(3)) for one-particle Green´s function (electronic propagator) and the 6–31G** basis set. Going from FP (possessing the intramolecular hydrogen bond H⋯O) to its conformation FPR (without H⋯O bonding), the O1s-ionization energy and the ionization energy of the σ-type lone electron pair orbital of the O atom decrease by ~0.2 eV, which is a consequence of stopping the electron density transfer from the O atom. A strong electron density transfer through the hydrogen bond from the O atom to the NH group occurs in the nitrogen core level ionization spectrum as evidenced by a lower N1s-ionization energy of FP (by ~0.7 eV ) compared to that of FPR. The valence shell ionization spectra of FP and FPR calculated using the ADC(3) method are characterized by a high density of the satellite states. The results obtained indicate that the electronic structures of the compounds of the considered class are characterized by pronounced effects of electron correlation.

An experimental and theoretical study of the valence shell photoelectron spectra of 2-chloropyridine and 3-chloropyridine.

The valence shell photoelectron spectra of 2-chloropyridine and 3-chloropyridine have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Synchrotron radiation has been employed to record angle resolved photoelectron spectra in the photon energy range 20-100 eV, and these have enabled anisotropy parameters and branching ratios to be derived. The experimental results have been compared with theoretical predictions obtained using the continuum multiple scattering Xα approach. This comparison shows that the anisotropy parameter associated with the nominally chlorine lone-pair orbital lying in the molecular plane is strongly affected by the atomic Cooper minimum. In contrast, the photoionization dynamics of the second lone-pair orbital, orientated perpendicular to the molecular plane, seem relatively unaffected by this atomic phenomenon. The outer valence ionization has been studied theoretically using the third-order algebraic-diagrammatic construction (ADC(3)) approximation scheme for the one-particle Green's function, the outer valence Green's function method, and the equation-of-motion (EOM) coupled cluster (CC) theory at the level of the EOM-IP-CCSD and EOM-EE-CC3 models. The convergence of the results to the complete basis set limit has been investigated. The ADC(3) method has been employed to compute the complete valence shell ionization spectra of 2-chloropyridine and 3-chloropyridine. The relaxation mechanism for ionization of the nitrogen σ-type lone-pair orbital (σN LP) has been found to be different to that for the corresponding chlorine lone-pair (σCl LP). For the σN LP orbital, π-π* excitations play the main role in the screening of the lone-pair hole. In contrast, excitations localized at the chlorine site involving the chlorine πCl LP lone-pair and the Cl 4p Rydberg orbital are the most important for the σCl LP orbital. The calculated photoelectron spectra have allowed assignments to be proposed for most of the structure observed in the experimental spectra. The theoretical work also highlights the formation of satellite states, due to the breakdown of the single particle model of ionization, in the inner valence region.

Performance Art in Eastern Europe since 1960 by Amy Bryzgel (review)

SEER, 95, 4, OCTOBER 2017 746 painters were engaged both with each other and with realist writers. They reflected and challenged, in and through their paintings, the dominant literary discourse on realism. Theorizing ‘interart encounters’ requires a vigorous, new language of its own. The Renaissance acknowledged the proximity of the verbal and the visual. It acts here as a channel for some of the rhetorical terms chosen for this study, such as, for example, ‘paragone’, ‘enargeia’ (as opposed to ‘energeia’) and ‘ekphrasis’. Brunson takes great pains to explain her usage of these terms in her Introduction (for the first two, but not until p. 186 ff. for the last one), but they remain strongly reminiscent of old language, rather than new. This point may be unwelcome to some. However, we should at least question anything that interferes with the broader discussions that Russian realism, operating across discrete artistic disciplines, deserves. Brunson puts forward the following sound reasons for the international neglect of Russian realist painting: the claiming of this period for social, political and pseudo-aesthetic considerations in the Soviet twentieth century; and the fact that much art criticism was conducted by writers and literary critics whose natural inclination was to perceive the verbal, and so particularly the novel, as dominant over the visual. Her analyses of the painterly aspects of the novels are acute, but are reliant on already established literary criticism. Nevertheless, Brunson redirects focus onto the debates about the visual and its place in the realism engaged in by the novel. In general, there is much less written on Russian painting as an art form within the axis of realism. A substantial achievement of this study, then, is that it indulges, excites and greatly enhances modern insights into nineteenth-century Russian realist painting. Department of Russian and Slavonic Studies Cynthia Marsh University of Nottingham Bryzgel, Amy. Performance Art in Eastern Europe since 1960. Rethinking Art’s Histories. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2017. xvii + 366 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Select bibliography. Index. £18.99 (paperback). Performance Art in Eastern Europe since 1960 represents Amy Bryzgel’s decidedly ambitious endeavour to write the first comprehensive account of the titular subject. The task of setting into dialogue time-based artworks emerging in twenty-one countries over the course of half a century has required Bryzgel to traverse a number of conventional boundaries: geographical boundaries between Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe; temporal boundaries between the Communist period, the years of transition and the post-Cold REVIEWS 747 War era; geopolitical boundaries between the former Soviet republics, satellite states and Yugoslav nations; and art-historical boundaries between the genres of performance art, body art, conceptual art and land art. Descriptions of the performances that Bryzgel studied during two years of fieldwork are framed by theoretical discourses advanced by scholars from both Eastern Europe (Piotr Piotrowski, Slavoj Žižek) and the United States (Amelia Jones, Lucy Lippard), as well as by insights offered by the 250 artists, art historians and critics interviewed by the author. The result is an accessible introduction to an understudied body of material that makes strides towards amending the longstanding misperception that performance art in Eastern Europe functioned predominantly as a vehicle of dissident political activity. ‘Performance art,’ Bryzgel writes in her introduction, ‘developed in Eastern Europe in parallel and in dialogue with practices in Western Europe and North America, despite its exclusion from the canon of that history’ (p. 1). A central aim of Performance Art in Eastern Europe since 1960 is to support this opening assertion of performance art’s concurrent — and at times synergistic — evolution in the East and the West, while inscribing Eastern European artists into what many of these individuals viewed as a shared tradition. The objective of charting her subjects’ simultaneous connection to and independence from the activities of their Western counterparts also motivates the overall structure that Bryzgel selected for her book. After an introductory section titled ‘Sources and Origins’, the remainder of the text is arranged into thematic chapters that purposely correspond to the categories frequently found in extant studies of Euro-American performance art: ‘the body’, ‘gender’, ‘politics and identity’ and ‘institutional critique’. While Bryzgel notes that the aforementioned categories emerged...

Интересы и роль России в образовании королевства Нидерландов: династический союз с Оранскими как инструмент внешней политики Александра I

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries Europe was largely influenced by the French Revolution, which appeared as a major blow to the Westphalian political system. Motivated by its revolutionary ideas with the aim to spread them throughout Europe, to confirm its political and economic hegemony on the continent, the First French Republic and later the First Napoleonic Empire during its numerous wars conquered and controlled most of western countries, including the Netherlands, which later also became a satellite state of France. As a major opponent of France’s aggressive policy of that period and Napoleon’s defeater, Russia and its Emperor Alexander I took a significant part in the postwar settlement of Europe. However, Russia’s key role in liberating European countries, among which the Netherlands, from France’s oppression and in establishing their independence is often omitted and ignored in western historiography. By using archival documents, including Dutch ones, the author’s purpose is to show that due largely to consistent policy of Alexander I towards restoring independence of the Netherlands, in full accordance with Russia’s national interests, to the Emperor Alexander’s personal participation at the Congress of Vienna, a new state was formed in 1815 – the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. An essential instrument of Emperor Alexander’s foreign policy which strengthened the ties between the two countries was the dynastic marriage in February of 1816 of his younger sister Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna with Dutch Hereditary Prince of Orange William who became in 1840 the King of the Netherlands William II.

Would-be Wife Killer: A Clinical Study of Primitive Mental Functions, Actualised Unconscious Fantasies, Satellite States and Developmental Steps, by Vamik Volkan, Karnac Books Ltd., London, 2015, 192pp.

Would-be Wife Killer: A Clinical Study of Primitive Mental Functions, Actualised Unconscious Fantasies, Satellite States and Developmental Steps, by Vamik Volkan, Karnac Books Ltd., London, 2015, 192pp.

Three-Body Fragmentation from Single Ionization of Water by Electron Impact: The Role of Satellite States.

Ionization of water with energy transfers close to the 2a1 inner valence orbital is accompanied by a fast electronic rearrangement driven by electron relaxation and electron-electron correlations. Quasi-degenerate single vacancy and satellites one-electron-two-vacancies excited states in outer shells are created and leave their fingerprints in the three-body fragmentation pattern. Single vacancy states have been associated with Auger decay and double ionization. Satellite excited states are here convincingly assigned to single ionization. We focus on the H0 + O+ + H0 fragmentation by electron impact taking advantage of the high sensitivity of the delayed extraction time-of-flight technique to uncover kinematic attributes of suprathermal O+ ions. It is found that the H0 ejections occur under a large angular rearrangement, in an approximate linear geometry, and leaving the O+ near at rest, with ∼50% of the O+ produced in water fragmentation by swift electrons presenting this feature.

Ideological Identities in Afghanistan: A Critical Examination of the Emergence of “Singular” Identities before the Soviet Occupation

People are multi-identited subject to multiple layers of identities, some more pronounced than others. The level of significance attached to each identity is dependent on different factors, among them spatiality and temporality. In extreme cases, one identity is brought to the forefront of all others, potentially at the expense of all others. For such shuffling and reshuffling to take place, often a choice is made by the subject/object. This space for choice and agency could be minimized, influenced by others, or simply rendered nonexistent by those who are willing and wield significant power. This article examines the adoption of singular identities by the Afghans who took part in the Jihad and became Mujahidin, an American-supported insurgency that resisted Soviet occupation and its satellite state in Kabul in the 1980s. This paper argues that the space for deliberation and critical engagement by potential recruits was organized in such a way that little to no scrutiny was allowed when inviting potential recruits to adopt the mantle of the Mujahid. Safeguarding Afghanistan’s independence, introduction of radical Islamism, and deliberate targeting of specific parts of the populace, is fundamental to that intervention.

West Balkan satellite states of the soft empire of the EU

West Balkan satellite states of the soft empire of the EU

The First Israeli Weapons Procurement Behind the Iron Curtain: The Decisive Impact on the War of Independence

A fundamental question still asked about the circumstances that enabled the IDF to emerge victorious from Israel’s War of Independence concerns the quantity of weapons possessed by the two sides in the conflict. Although the balance of arms at the war’s outset was decisively in favor of the Arab states, the leadership of the newly established state of Israel managed to close this gap. This article highlights the key role played by Czechoslovakia, which had only then begun its transformation into a Soviet satellite state, as the chief arms supplier of the IDF during Israel’s War of Independence. It considers the process by which the relationship was formed and the arms acquired, the key players involved, and the procured arms’ decisive impact on the hostilities.

Dobre obyczaje w polskim prawie kontraktowym – wybrane zagadnienia

<p class="Standard"><span>Artykuł zawiera przegląd dobrych obyczajów w polskim prawie kontraktowym. Przegląd ten skłania do wniosku o narastającej potrzebie rychłego zastąpienia bazujących na ustawodawstwie PRL klauzul „zasad współżycia społecznego” oraz „społeczno-gospodarczego przeznaczenia prawa” – klauzulą dobrych obyczajów. Stanowi to konieczną przesłankę pełnej i rzetelnej europeizacji polskiego prawa cywilnego. W doktrynie prawnej krajów członkowskich UE, które nie wchodziły do bloku państw satelickich ZSRR, klauzule zasad współżycia społecznego oraz społeczno-gospodarczego przeznaczenia prawa jawią się jako zupełnie obce pojęcia i kategorie prawne, które nie mają żadnych odpowiedników w klasycznej, europejskiej cywilistyce. Powrót do „dobrych obyczajów” na gruncie polskiego prawa kontraktowego pozwoli na pełniejsze wykorzystanie dorobku doktryny i orzecznictwa powstałego zarówno w okresie II RP, jak i w krajach zachodniej Europy po II wojnie światowej, co niewątpliwie głębiej zakotwiczy instytucje polskiego prawa umów w systemie prawa UE.</span></p>

Alternative Networks of Globalisation: Latvian Neorealism in the Films of Laila Pakalniņa

Abstract This paper examines the development of neorealist tendencies in the oeuvre of contemporary Latvian filmmaker Laila Pakalnina. Her work is positioned within the global dissemination of cinematic neorealism, and its local manifestations, which, it is argued, develop in specific national contexts in reaction to dramatic societal and political changes. Pakalniņa’s films are examined as a documentation of the change from a communist satellite state to an independent democratic, capitalist country. Heavily influenced by the Riga School of Poetic Documentary, a movement in Latvian cinema that adhered to the conventions of poetic documentary filmmaking, the article analyses how her films replicate and further develop the stylistic and aesthetic devices of the Italian neorealists and the succeeding cinematic new waves. In doing so the argument is put forth that Pakalnina has developed neorealism Latvian style.

Ion pair formation in the NeAr dimer irradiated by monochromatic soft X-rays

We investigated Ne+–Ar+ ion-pair formation which follows irradiation of the NeAr dimer by monochromatic soft X-rays. Using momentum-resolved electron-ion multicoincidence spectroscopy, we could unambiguously identify that the formation of the ion pair at photon energy of 200.5eV proceeds via interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) of the Ne+(2s−1)Ar inner-valence ionized and NeAr+(3p−25d) ionization satellite states. Photoabsorption at higher photon energies of 268.2eV and 888.7eV leads to the emission of core electrons of Ar and Ne respectively, and to the subsequent local Auger decay process. We demonstrate that at these energies the ion pair formation originating in the doubly ionized Ar L-MM and Ne K-LL Auger final states proceeds mostly via radiative charge transfer and charge transfer driven by non-adiabatic coupling mechanisms.