Satellite Communication Networks Research Articles

A Noise-Tolerant Carrier Phase Recovery Method for Inter-Satellite Coherent Optical Communications

Coherent free-space optical communication offers significant advantages in terms of communication capacity, making it particularly suitable for high-speed inter-satellite transmission within satellite communication networks. Nonetheless, the presence of Doppler frequency offset (FO) and phase noise (PN) associated with lasers adversely affects the bit error rate (BER) performance of these communication systems. Conventional methods for FO and phase estimation are usually hindered by high computational demands and phase cycle slips, especially in environments characterized by elevated channel noise. To address these challenges, a noise-tolerant method is proposed to facilitate accurate carrier phase recovery (CPR) with reduced complexity. This method merges a second-order feedback loop and a feedforward stage to achieve accurate estimation. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method surpasses traditional methods in terms of noise tolerance and resource efficiency. Particularly, the BER of the proposed method can be decreased to 6.7×10−3 at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 4.5 dB, in contrast to a BER of 0.25 for the traditional method. Additionally, the resource consumption of the proposed method can be decreased by 64% under equivalent conditions. Furthermore, the experimental results reveal that the phase estimation error and BER for the proposed method are 2.1×10−4 and 7.5×10−4, respectively, when the received power is −41 dBm. These values are significantly lower than those achieved with traditional methods, which obtain errors of 1.85×10−3 and a BER of 0.48, respectively.

Application of 6G Technology in Satellite-Terrestrial Communications

In the contemporary digital era, the accelerated dissemination of data and pervasive interconnectivity have emerged as pivotal drivers of social advancement. The increasing demand for high-performance satellite-terrestrial communications systems, which are vital for achieving seamless global coverage, presents a significant challenge. The advent of 6G technology offers a promising avenue for addressing the current limitations of satellite-terrestrial communications. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the potential applications of 6G technology in satellite-terrestrial communication systems, with a particular focus on its capacity to transform these systems. By achieving seamless global connectivity, 6G technology is positioned to address the limitations of current communication technologies and enhance communication speeds, reliability, and efficiency. This research indicates that the integration of satellite and terrestrial communication networks through 6G not only improves the overall efficiency and coverage of the communication network, but also addresses existing challenges such as limited coverage, high latency and scarce spectrum resources. As research and development progresses, it will be essential to facilitate the widespread adoption and evolution of 6G technology in satellite-terrestrial communications through strengthened global cooperation and standardisation.

Overview of Space-Based Laser Communication Missions and Payloads: Insights from the Autonomous Laser Inter-Satellite Gigabit Network (ALIGN)

This paper examines the growing adoption of laser communication (lasercom) in space missions and payloads for identifying emerging trends and key technology drivers of future optical communications satellite systems. It also presents a comprehensive overview of commercially available and custom-designed lasercom terminals, outlining their characteristics and specifications to meet the evolving demands of global satellite networks. The analysis explores the technical considerations and challenges associated with integrating lasercom terminals into LEO constellations and the Inter-satellite communications service provision in LEO due to their power, size, and weight constraints. By analyzing advancements in CubeSat lasercom technology designed to cater for the emergence of future mega constellations of interacting small satellites, the paper underscores its promising role in establishing high-performance satellite communication networks for future space exploration and data transmission. In addition, a brief overview of our ALIGN planned mission is provided, which highlights the main key operational features in terms of PAT and link budget analysis.

Time series forecasting of rain-induced attenuation using coupled ARIMA-SARIMA models for radio propagation applications over subtropical locations

This present research aimed to identify the optimum model for predicting the rain-induced attenuation along the terrestrial and satellite communication networks and employed the time series forecasting models of Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and Seasonal Autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) to examine and contrast several techniques for predicting rain-induced attenuation across a sub-tropical area of South Africa. In this research, the ARIMA was developed using the Box and Jenkins technique to predict long-term rain-induced attenuation in the following South African provinces: Kwazulu-Natal, Eastern Cape, Gauteng, and Northern Cape. The datasets used for the research were obtained from the South African Weather Station from 1994–2023 were used to build and check the model after generating rain-induced attenuation using synthetic storm techniques (SST). The forecasting performance of the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model and that of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) were compared with four forecast performance measures: - Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), R- squared or the coefficient of determination (R2) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). The results of the study showed that due to its lower forecast performance error indicators, SARIMA performed better than ARIMA in forecasting rain-induced attenuation in South Africa. There is no statistically significant difference between the two projected values, according to the results of a Ljung-box test for significant difference. The authors draw the inference that the two approaches can effectively be employed in their proper locations. Rain-attenuation prediction data indicates that this long-term projection can help decision makers to improve the performance of microwave networks in the face of random fluctuations and avoiding unexpected signal loss with efficient installation of communications infrastructure. It also has applications in prediction of floods, urban planning, and crop management.

Latency‐Sensitive Service Function Chains Intelligent Migration in Satellite Communication Driven by Deep Reinforcement Learning

ABSTRACTSatellite communication technology solves the problem that the traditional wired network infrastructure is difficult to achieve global communication coverage. However, factors such as satellite orbits introduce frequent changes to the network topology, and challenges like satellite failures and communication link interruptions are prevalent. In the face of these issues, service function chain (SFC) migration becomes a crucial method for swiftly adjusting SFCs during faults, maintaining service continuity and availability. This article proposes a latency‐sensitive SFC migration algorithm tailored to satellite networks. The algorithm first models the satellite network as a multi‐domain virtual network, capturing the constraints faced during SFC migration. Subsequently, a deep reinforcement learning algorithm integrated attention mechanism is designed to more accurately capture and understand the complex network environment and dynamic satellite network topology and derive optimal SFC migration strategies for superior performance. Finally, through experimentation and evaluation of the deep reinforcement learning‐driven latency‐sensitive service function chain intelligent migration algorithm (LS‐SFCM) in satellite communication, this study validates the effectiveness and superior performance of the algorithm in latency‐sensitive scenarios. It provides a new avenue for enhancing the service quality and efficiency of satellite communication networks.

Multiple Nodes Co-Carrier Cooperative Transmission in LEO Communication Networks: Developing the Diversity Gain of Satellites.

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication (SATCOM) networks have gradually been recognized as an efficient solution to enhance ground-based wireless networks. As one of the main characteristics of LEO SATCOM, the beam-edge area could be covered by multiple satellite nodes. In this case, user terminals (UTs) located at the beam-edge have the chance to connect one or more LEO satellites. To develop the diversity gain of multiple nodes in the overlapping area, we propose two high spectral efficiency cooperative transmission strategies, i.e., directly combining (DC) and selection combining (SC). In the DC scheme, signals arrived at the UT simultaneously could be combined into one enhanced signal. For downlink time division multiplexing, the SC scheme enables the UT to select the strongest signal path. Further, as there exists a significant channel gain difference of the beam-center and beam-edge areas, UTs in these two areas can be allocated in one resource block. In this case, we derive co-carriers based on DC and SC, respectively. To deeply analyze the novel methods, we study the ergodic sum-rate and outage probability while the outage diversity gain is further provided. Simulation results show that the co-carrier-based DC method has the ability to provide a higher ergodic sum-rate while the SC method performs better in terms of the outage probability.

Research on a Vehicle-Mounted Emergency Communication System Using BeiDou Regional Short Message Communication (RSMC) for Firefighting Operations in Forest Areas without a Public Network

The low coverage of public networks in pristine forest areas prevents on-site firefighters from communicating directly with remote command centers during forest fires, reducing firefighting efficiency. In this study, we designed a vehicle-mounted emergency communication system Using BeiDou RSMC (Regional Short Message Communication) for firefighting operations in forest areas without a public network to establish a satellite communication network and Zigbee self-organizing network technology to establish a local self-organizing network. Beidou RSMC is a satellite communication service developed and operated independently by China, and its signals now cover the entire globe. The combination of these two components ensures emergency communication in the event of a fire in a forest area without public network coverage. The performance of the system was tested by simulating a fire, and it was able to establish a reliable communication link between the firefighters on the scene and the remote command center in the absence of a public network. The proposed system solves the emergency communication problem that arises when a fire occurs in a forest area without a public network, enabling the remote command center to monitor fire information and dispatch various resources in real time, thereby improving firefighting efficiency and reducing casualties.

A stable satellite routing algorithm based on a-star algorithm in dynamic networks

Abstract This paper focuses on solving the routing optimization problem under the dynamic topology of the satellite communication network. With the rapid development of low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite network communication technology, the dynamically changing topology of satellite networks has brought about frequent link switching and triggered a large number of routing updates. This paper proposes an improved routing algorithm named the Stable A-Star Routing (SASR) algorithm. The SASR algorithm is based on the A-star algorithm and aims to reduce path-switching frequency and enhance path stability by optimizing the path selection strategy. Through detailed simulation experiments and performance evaluation, we verified the performance advantages of the SASR algorithm in terms of the number of path switches, the number of path hops, the route convergence time, and the occurrences of congestion in business under different business volumes, and conducted comparative studies with classic algorithms. The results show that the SASR algorithm offers obvious advantages in key performance indicators. Compared with the Dijkstra algorithm and the A-star algorithm, the average number of path switches can be reduced by 22% and 10%, respectively. It shows more prominent advantages under a larger business volume, providing an efficient and reliable solution for routing optimization under the dynamic topology of satellite communication networks.

Integrated Ultra‐Wideband Dynamic Microwave Frequency Identification System in Lithium Niobate on Insulator

AbstractThe capability to identify the frequency of unknown microwave signals with an ultra‐wide measurement bandwidth is highly desirable in radar astronomy, satellite communication, and 6G networks. Compared to electronic solutions, the integrated photonic technology‐enabled dynamic instantaneous frequency measurement (DIFM) approach is attractive as it offers unique advantages, such as ultra‐wide frequency measurement bandwidth, high flexibility, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. However, so far the bandwidth of the reported DIFM systems based on integrated photonic technology is limited to below 30 GHz due to the finite bandwidth of electro‐optical modulators (EOMs), limiting their applications, particularly in the field of millimeter wave technology (30–300 GHz). Here, the first integrated dynamic microwave instantaneous frequency measurement system with a record‐breaking operation bandwidth (ranging from 5 to 65 GHz) and low root‐mean‐square (RMS) error (≈300 MHz) is presented on the lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) integrated photonic platform. This demonstration paves the way for high‐performance millimeter wave photonic integrated devices using the LNOI platform.

Nonlinear optimal control for triangular tethered multi-satellite formations

Triangular satellite constellations are created by three satellites which are linked through tethers. Such formations serve distributed observation space missions or the creation of high-density satellite communication networks over high-frequency bands. In a tethered multi-satellite system consisting of three-satellites in triangular formation the associated dynamic model exhibits strong nonlinearities. Stabilization and precise positioning of the multi-satellite constellation is a nontrivial task and the solution of the associated nonlinear control problem is an elaborated procedure. In this article a novel nonlinear optimal control method is applied to the above-noted model the tethered multi-satellite system in triangular formation. First, the state-space model of the triangular tethered multi-satellite formation undergoes approximate linearization around a temporary operating point that is recomputed at each time-step of the control method. The linearization relies on Taylor series expansion and on the associated Jacobian matrices. For the linearized state-space model of the tethered satellites a stabilizing optimal (H-infinity) feedback controller is designed. This controller stands for the solution of the nonlinear optimal control problem under model uncertainty and external perturbations. To compute the controller’s feedback gains an algebraic Riccati equation is repetitively solved at each iteration of the control algorithm. The stability properties of the control method are proven through Lyapunov analysis. The proposed nonlinear optimal control approach achieves fast and accurate tracking of setpoints under moderate variations of the control inputs and a minimum dispersion of energy when changing the position of the satellites in their triangular tethered formation.

DATA SECURITY IN COMMUNICATION USING BLOCKCHAIN AND KEY BASED PROTOCOL

Satellite communications play an important role in the development of global communications networks. Recently, satellite networking has been receiving a lot of attention as a solution to alleviate the limitations of terrestrial networks due to low stability and coverage. It has many disadvantages, including low processing power, storage space, and limited data security. Illegal access has become a problem. Data processing power is minimal, storage space and data security are limited due to regional power availability and physical satellite limitations, and data can be modified or accessed by malicious users. As the importance of satellite communication increases in the development of global communication networks, concerns about the security of satellite communication are also growing. This project proposes a satellite communication network using blockchain technology and QKD protocol based on authentication and personal information protection. To achieve this goal, an architecture was built consisting of traditional and constrained devices connected to the blockchain over a wireless heterogeneous network. Communication uses registration, authentication, and cancellation. The satellite transmits the received data to a base station on the ground, which stores all key parameters in the decentralized blockchain and removes all invalid node certificates from the blockchain. The proposed blockchain and QKD satellite system provides a high level of security for future 6Gandbeyond networks, Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles and other rapidly developing applications.

A Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for X and Ku Frequency Bands for Satellite Communication Applications.

In the present research, a novel 3 cut-pentagon dual-band antenna design has been introduced, and its attributes and performance are enhanced through the use of a specialized substrate called "Jeans" with a permittivity of 1.7. The conducting element employed is copper tape. The design and study of a dual-band wearable antenna optimized for X and Ku frequency bands, specifically tailored for satellite communications applications. The antenna is engineered to offer reliable and efficient performance within the X-band (6.31 GHz) and Ku-band (8.07 GHz) and extended resonant frequency 12.118GHz facilitating seamless connectivity in satellite communication networks. The board size is 43x25.5 mm^2. The Bandwidth for the first band of the suggested antenna is 37.58% for the frequency range between 5.87 GHz. To 8.587 GHz and the bandwidth for the second band is 12.85% for the frequency range 11.447 GHz to 13.02 GHz. The dual-band wearable antenna, which operates in two frequency bands, is created and simulated using CST software

Efficient and quantum‐secure authenticated key exchange scheme for mobile satellite communication networks

SummaryThe mobile satellite communication (MSC) system is a vital communication method in which mobile users and network control centers connect via satellites. Since the satellite's communication is wireless, communication security is a critical factor to ensure accountable communication. Key exchange and authentication (KEA) mechanism is widely used to achieve data security for data transmitted in an insecure or open channel. Different authentication systems are suggested in the last many years to establish safe communication, whereas most existing security protocols are based on factorization or discrete logarithm. However, these systems are no longer reliable by Shor's algorithm as any discrete logarithm and factorization can be resolved in polynomial time on quantum computers. Thus, developing a quantum secure KEA protocol for MSC systems is necessary. In this direction, recently a ring learning with an error‐based KEA technique is proposed to ensure a quantum‐safe environment. This scheme is quantum‐safe and satisfies desirable security attributes but has low efficiency in computation and communication. Moreover, establishing a secure session requires six communications among involved entities. As a result, replay attack detection at an early stage is not possible for the central authority (server), which could delay the server response, and the adversary gets the advantage of drawing a denial of service scenario for authorized entities. We propose a lattice‐based KEA protocol for the MSC system to improve computation, communication efficiency, and early‐stage replay attack detection. The security analysis of the proposed scheme is presented in the random oracle model. Calculation of performance is also presented to observe advantages in computation and communication overhead.

Cryptanalysis with improvement on lattice‐based authenticated key exchange protocol for mobile satellite communication networks

SummaryThe mobile satellite communication (MSC) system represents a crucial means of communication, facilitating connections between mobile users and network control centres through satellites. Given the wireless nature of satellite communication, ensuring communication security is paramount for maintaining accountability. Key exchange and authentication (KEA) mechanisms are commonly employed to secure data transmitted over insecure or open channels. Developing a lattice‐based KEA protocol for MSC systems is imperative to achieve both quantum security and efficient communication. In this direction, Yadav et al. devised ring learning with an error‐based KEA technique to ensure a quantum‐safe environment. Their scheme is quantum‐safe and satisfies desirable security attributes but has low efficiency in computation. Moreover, we have identified that their scheme is susceptible to denial of service attack and session key established at user and NCC ends is different. To overcome the flaws of Yadav et al., we propose a lattice‐based KEA protocol for the MSC system to improve computation efficiency, and get resistance against key mismatch attack. The security analysis of the proposed scheme is presented in the random oracle model. Comparative study is also presented to observe advantages in computation efficiency.

An efficient provably secure authentication and key agreement protocol for satellite communication networks

AbstractThe leverage of satellite resources to establish a communication network offers a wide range of benefits, including the capability to support news gathering, broadcasting, and aeronautical and maritime tracking. The unique aspects of the satellite‐linked terrestrial network provide high‐speed services, dependable and consistent network quality, and comprehensive geographic coverage of remote regions. Unfortunately, these structural features also render the network vulnerable to unauthorized intrusion, potentially leading to significant disruptions. Consequently, the implementation of authentication measures presents an appealing solution for enhancing the overall service quality of this network. Recently, Kumar et al. presented an authentication and key agreement scheme for satellite communications. Strikingly, their scheme proves inadequate in safeguarding against several malicious attacks and reveals certain design weaknesses. In this article, we present a reliable and secure authentication protocol that takes advantage of the complexities inherent in the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. We assess the protocol's effectiveness against various types of attacks using formal proof, Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic, informal descriptive proof analysis, and the verification tool SCYTHER. Furthermore, we compare the computational, communication, and storage overhead of our proposed protocol to an existing one, demonstrating its efficiency and superiority.

Evaluation of rainfall rates and rain-induced signal attenuation for satellite communication in the South-South Region of Nigeria

Rain fade causes signal attenuation which can relatively results in signal quality performance degradation, increased pathloss and coverage area reduction in satellite communication networks, most especially in the tropics and at higher operational frequencies above 10GHz. Analysis of rain attenuation provides useful insight for satellite communication engineers for efficient network planning and design within the region of study. Hence this paper presents threeyear analysis of signal-induced attenuation in the South-South States of Nigeria for the cities of Port-Harcourt, Uyo, Calabar and Eket, whose terrain characteristics could be generalized to represent urban, sub-urban and rural terrains in Nigeria. The International Telecommunications Union Radio-wave propagation (ITU-R P618-13) model was used to estimate the long-term rain attenuation at 10GHz, 20GHz and 30GHz for satellite communication applications. Results obtained at 10GHz, 20GHz and 30GHz operational frequencies show that at high frequency, rain fade can cause signal attenuation levels in the south-south region of Nigeria. In all, Calabar recorded the highest rain rate and corresponding highest attenuation level of 96.13dB at 30GHz compared to 50.29dB at 20GHz for the period under review.

A model for the formation of frames of fragmented user data packets with non-standardized protocol block headers at the channel level

The continuous and dynamic development of satellite communication systems actualizes the issues of the efficiency of using the frequency and channel resource of communication channels. In the conditions of using packet types of transmissions, fragmentation of user data packets is one of the ways to increase the efficiency of using a channel resource. A wide variety of approaches to the formation of the channel layer and their functional ambiguity in the conditions of fragmentation increase the level of uncertainty in the choice of the protocol stack used to build a communication channel, which in turn creates a prerequisite for a decrease in the quality of the use of the channel resource. In view of this, the task of modeling the procedure for forming frames of fragmented user data packets is relevant, taking into account possible variants of non-standardized protocol block headers at the channel level. Based on the studied non-standardized headers of channel-level protocol blocks, reflecting the features of their formation, to present a model for the formation of frames of fragmented user data packets. This will make it possible to identify the necessary set of informative features, the study of which will make it possible to efficiently and with high probability recognize frames of fragmented packets in a digital data stream with packet switching in channels of satellite communication networks for various purposes. The article considers the procedure for forming frames of fragmented user data packets with non-standardized headers of protocol blocks at the channel level used in data transmission channels with packet switching of satellite communication systems for various purposes. The structural and structural-linguistic models of frames of a fragmented package of user data in conditions of transmission over a satellite communication channel have been developed. The structure of signals with fragmented packets of user data based on a directed graph is presented and investigated. The service level indicators of the fragmented user data package frame formation model were evaluated according to parameters that allow an objective assessment of the effectiveness and validity of the use of fragmentation in data transmission in satellite communication channels. The data obtained using the developed model allows us to qualitatively assess the indicators of the level of service of the data transmission channel with fragmentation of user message packets and reasonably prove the effectiveness of the fragmentation described by the model when it is necessary to split the desired message into parts when it is transmitted over the CCC channel.

Resilient satellite communication networks towards highly dynamic and highly reliable transmission

Resilient satellite communication networks towards highly dynamic and highly reliable transmission

Genesis of human resource management paradigms

Human Resource Management emerged as a concept in the 1980s. The rebranding of personnel management quickly gained popularity, but many organizations needed to become acquainted with the evolution of theoretical research underlying this concept. This study aims to provide a brief and accessible overview of human resource management's evolution and current research in this field. An analysis of research on the origins of human resource management is conducted, addressing issues related to the functions, roles, and strategies of managers and current debates on how human resource management affects organizational effectiveness. The results of a retrospective analysis of approaches to interpreting the "personnel management" concept are presented. The theoretical framework for defining "enterprise human resource management" is justified. The genesis of human resource management paradigms is considered from technocratic thinking, based on managerial rationalism, to future-oriented management with a priority orientation towards strategic human resource management. It is noted that mastering advanced management technologies is impossible without mastering the fundamentals of the humanistic paradigm, which provides a comprehensive understanding of the evolution and functioning of various organizations, taking into account the deep mechanisms of human behavior and the development of human potential in the face of changing external environments. Additionally, business globalization implies that human resource management professionals must be more proactive in areas such as business ethics, corporate governance, and managing employees' work-life balance. Considering the stochastic nature of the external environment, uncertainty, political and economic instability, and economic globalization, it is noted that the potential of human resources serves as a tool for reducing business risks. In these conditions, business exists for people rather than people for business. It is noted that business globalization implies that human resource management professionals must be more proactive in areas such as business ethics, corporate governance, and managing employees' work-life balance. Changes in communication and information technologies, such as the digital revolution, satellite communication, and cellular networks, will require the adoption of strategic international or global models of personnel management, which will be implemented through radically new approaches to strategies, structures, organizational culture, personnel management practices, and labor relations. Keywords: human resource management, personnel management, organizational effectiveness, productivity leadership, management, organizational culture.

Radio resource management Satellite Communication Networks MCDM Method

A communications satellite would be an artificial satellite that creates a channel here for the transmission of a communication through a transponder between a sender and a recipient located at various locations on Earth. Communications via satellite are used in telecommunications, radio, broadcast, computer, and military applications. Satellites offer three different kinds of communication services: data communication, broadcasting, and telephone. Lower Geostationary satellite, Networks for Low-Earth-orbiting (LEO) and Medium Eccentricity Orbit (MEO) are the three different types of satellite networks. A satellite system or a portion of a satellite system with only one satellite in it and a working ground station is known as a satellite network. Models 1, 2, and 3. A satellite network is a system that uses satellite technology to transmit media services to recipients. The two main components of communication systems are the ground component, which consists of stationary or mobility transmissions, receptions, and ancillary equipment, and indeed the space component, which primarily consists of the satellite. In addition to offering in-flight communications, satellites are frequently the primary voice communication method in rural areas and places where telephone connections have been disrupted during a catastrophe. Satellites are also a major source of time for cell phones and pagers. With nine operating communications satellites in geo-stationary orbit, one of the largest domestic satellite communications networks in the Asia-Pacific region is the Indian National Television (INSAT) system. Radio and cable television are provided to us. They allow us to use our mobile phones to make long distance calls. So that we can find ourselves and get directions, they offer us the Global Positioning System (GPS) our destinations. Satellites offer data on Earth's atmosphere, seas, land, and clouds. They can also see smoke, volcanoes, and forest fires. All of this data aids in weather and climate prediction. Farmers benefit from knowing what crops to plant. PROMETHEE (Priority Ranking System Method for Enrichment Assessments) About PROMETHEE methods and usage to uncover current research to classify and explain A classification scheme and a comprehensive literature review is presented. Alternative is Laser communication, optical networks, satellite optical communication, vibrations and satellite network. Evaluation parameters are Solar Radiation Pressure, Thermal Bending, Micro Meteorite impacts, Solar and Lunar Gravity and Earth oblations effects. Vibrations are got the first rank whereas is the Optical networks are having the Lowest rank. Satellite Communication Networks for using the analysis of PROMETHEE Method. Vibrations is got the first rank whereas is the Optical networks is having the Lowest rank.