Sargassum Sp Research Articles

Activated Carbon and Biochar Derived from Sargassum sp. Applied in Polyurethane-Based Materials Development.

Activated carbon (AC) and biochar (BC) are porous materials with large surface areas and widely used in environmental and industrial applications. In this study, different types of AC and BC samples were produced from Sargassum sp. by a chemical activation and pyrolysis process and compared to commercial activated carbon samples. All samples were characterized using various techniques to understand their structure and functionalities. The metal content of the samples was characterized by using an inductively coupled optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). A toxicity test was applied to investigate the effect of AC/BC on organisms, where Sinapis alba seed and Escherichia coli bacteria-based toxicity tests were used. The results revealed that the samples did not negatively affect these two organisms. Thus, it is safe to use them in various applications. Therefore, the samples were tested as fillers in polyurethane composites and, thus, polyurethane-AC/BC samples were prepared. The amounts of AC/BC mixed into the polyurethane formulation were 1%, 2%, and 3%. Mechanical and acoustic properties of these composites were analyzed, showing that by adding the AC/BC to the system an increase in the compression strength for all the samples was achieved. A similar effect of the AC/BC was noticed in the acoustic measurements, where adding AC/BC enhanced the sound adsorption coefficient (α) for all composite materials.

Antagonistic Effects of Light Pollution and Warming on Habitat-Forming Seaweeds.

Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) is an emerging global stressor that is likely to interact with other stressors such as warming, affecting habitat-forming species and ecological functions. Seaweeds are dominant habitat-forming species in temperate marine ecosystems, where they support primary productivity and diverse ecological communities. Warming is a major stressor affecting seaweed forests, but effects of ALAN on seaweeds are largely unknown. We manipulated ALAN (0 lx vs. 25 lx at night) and temperature (ambient vs. +1.54°C warming) to test their independent and interactive effects on the survival, growth (biomass, total-, blade- and stipe-length) and function (photosynthesis, primary productivity and respiration) on the juveniles of two habitat-forming seaweeds, the kelp Ecklonia radiata and the fucoid Sargassum sp. Warming significantly increased Ecklonia mortality; however, ALAN did not affect mortality. ALAN had positive effects on Ecklonia biomass, total and blade growth rates and gross primary productivity; however, warming largely counterbalanced these effects. We found no significant effects of warming or ALAN on Ecklonia photosynthetic yield, stipe length, net primary productivity or respiration rates. We found no effects of ALAN or warming on Sargassum for any of the measured variables. Synthesis. Our findings indicate that ALAN can have positive effects on seaweed growth and functioning, but such effects are likely species-specific and can be counterbalanced by warming, suggesting an antagonistic interaction between these global stressors. These findings can help us to predict and manage the effects of these stressors on seaweeds, which underpin coastal biodiversity.

The effects of voltage, particle size, and temperature on bio-oil yield produced via pyrolysis of Sargassum sp

Abstract The energy demand is increasing due to population growth and economic activities. Currently, global energy production, including in Indonesia, heavily relies on fossil fuels like petroleum, which are depleting day by day. One renewable energy form for the future is bio-oil, produced through pyrolysis using biomass as raw material. Macroalgae biomass, particularly Sargassum sp., is a sustainable and net-zero emission source for renewable energy. Pyrolysis is a promising technique to convert Sargassum sp. into high-value charcoal, gas, and bio-oil with less than 20% moisture content. Experimental research was conducted using a simple slow pyrolysis setup, using Sargassum sp. from Pantai Trenggole, Gunung Kidul. Proximate analysis showed Sargassum sp. contains ash, water, volatile matter (Vm), fixed carbon (FC), and calorific value of 15.428%, 6.032%, 40.222%, 38.318%, and 2161.758 cal/g respectively. Regarding the experiment results, the maximum bio-oil yield was obtained at 200 V with a yield of 27.289%. For the particle size variable, the maximum bio-oil yield was achieved with particles of 10-40 mesh, resulting in 27.289% yield. Regarding the temperature variable, the highest bio-oil yield was obtained at 600 °C with a yield of 29.362%.

Carbon Absorption Potential in Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. in The Waters of East Melano Bay, Lemukutan Island, Bengkayang District, West Kalimantan Province

Increasing human activities have caused negative impacts on the environment, such as rising earth's surface temperature and extreme climate change. This impact is caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide and methane. Marine vegetation such as seaweed Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. It can also help absorb carbon and reduce carbon emissions through the process of photosynthesis. Seaweed that has the potential to reduce carbon emissions is Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. which is located in the waters of East Melano Bay, Bengkayang Regency. This study aims to determine the density of seaweed species Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. in East Melano Bay, as well as analyzing the carbon sequestration potential of seaweed. The method used is to use the descriptive method of exploration. The descriptive method of exploration aims to describe the state of a phenomenon. This study uses the quadrant transect method in sampling in the field, while the determination of carbon content uses the analysis of biomass, ash content, moisture content and volatile substances. The results of the analysis that have been carried out show the density value of Sargassum sp. has the highest value of 102.4 Ind/m2 and Padina sp. 76.05 Ind/m2. Carbon sequestration by seaweed Sargassum sp. is 105,637 tons of C/ha and Padina sp. amounting to 78,032 tons of C/ha. Based on the description in this study, it can be concluded that the highest carbon absorption is in Sargassum sp.

Enhancing salt stress tolerance in black gram (Vigna mungo L.) through the exogenous application of seaweed liquid fertilizer derived from Sargassum sp.

Seaweed extract is being used as an organic biostimulant in agricultural and horticultural crops to reduce chemical fertilizers. This research aimed to determine the importance of seaweed liquid fertilizers (SLFs) derived from Sargassum sp. when given exogenously to black gram (Vigna mungo L.) under saline stress, and growth characteristics were analyzed in the laboratory. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of the plants were studied at the vegetative stage of 30 days after infusion of saline stress (50, 100, and 150 mM, NaCl) and SLF (5 %, 10 %, and 15 %) for five days. Our findings demonstrated a substantial stimulatory effect on black gram growth characteristics. The most effective treatment was a 10 % SLF concentration, which improved the morphology, chlorophyll pigments, RWC, proline, and protein content of black gram under salt stress. The finding was confirmed by LC-MS analysis of seaweed liquid fertiliser, which revealed the presence of growth regulators (alpha-Tocopherol, Isocorydin, 5,6-Dihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyflavanone, Alloxanthin, 6,7,3′,4′-Tetrahydroxyflavanone, Flavanomarein, 3-Hydroxyechinenone, and Zeaxanthin). Thus, these SLF from Sargassum sp. might be exploited as a promising biostimulant in plants that are under abiotic stress, perhaps leading to more ecologically friendly agricultural practices in the future.

Purification and Screening of the Antialgal Activity of Seaweed Extracts and a New Glycolipid Derivative against Two Ichthyotoxic Red Tide Microalgae Amphidinium carterae and Karenia mikimotoi.

Ichthyotoxic red tide is a problem that the world is facing and needs to solve. The use of antialgal compounds from marine macroalgae to suppress ichthyotoxic red tide is considered a promising biological control method. Antialgal substances were screened and isolated from Bangia fusco-purpurea, Gelidium amansii, Gloiopeltis furcate, Hizikia fusifarme, Laminaria japonica, Palmaria palmata, and Sargassum sp. to obtain new materials for the development of algaecides against ichthyotoxic red tide microalgae using bioactivity-guided isolation methods. The fractions of seven macroalgae exhibited selective inhibitory activities against Amphidinium carterae and Karenia mikimotoi, of which the ethyl acetate fractions had the strongest and broadest antialgal activities for the two tested red tide microalgae. Their inhibitory effects on A. carterae and K. mikimotoi were even stronger than that of potassium dichromate, such as ethyl acetate fractions of B. purpurea, H. fusifarme, and Sargassum sp. Thin-layer chromatography and ultraviolet spectroscopy were further carried out to screen the ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum sp. Finally, a new glycolipid derivative, 2-O-eicosanoyl-3-O-(6-amino-6-deoxy)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-glycerol, was isolated and identified from Sargassum sp., and it was isolated for the first time from marine macroalgae. The significant antialgal effects of 2-O-eicosanoyl-3-O-(6-amino-6-deoxy)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-glycerol on A. carterae and K. mikimotoi were determined.

The Existence of Macroalgae in Indonesia: Unlocking the Nutritive Potential for Sustainable Beef Production

Abstract Assessment of the existence of macroalgae and revealing the chemical composition to investigate the potential usage for feed to support sustainable beef production has been conducted in Indonesian prominent livestock production area specifically Lombok, Bali, Yogyakarta, Lampung and Bengkulu. These regions host numerous seaweed production centres, while others hold the capacity to develop into seaweed cultivation zones. To assess the existence, utilisation, and accessibility of macroalgae in each region, observations and interviews were conducted. Subsequently, dominant macroalgae species were sampled and subjected to proximate analysis to determine their nutritional profiles. The results showed that the dominant macroalgae observed included red algae (Rhodophyta) like Eucheuma sp., Gracilaria sp., and Acanthophora sp., green algae (Chlorophyta) such as Ulva sp. and Caulerpa sp., and the brown alga (Phaeophyta) Sargassum sp. The dominant macroalgae found in all five observation sites with high abundance were Sargassum sp., Gracilaria sp., and Eucheuma cottonii. Ulva sp. and Eucheuma spinosum were present at four sites, while Acanthophora sp. and Caulerpa sp. were found at three sites. The dry matter content of the macroalgae ranged from 9.92% to 17.01%, with the highest values observed in the Eucheuma group (14.11%-17.01%). This was followed by Sargassum sp. (12.55 ± 2.40%), Ulva sp. (12.28 ± 2.33%), and Gracilaria sp. (11.09 ± 3.79%). Caulerpa sp. exhibited the lowest dry matter content (9.92 ± 1.29%). The crude protein (CP) content varied both within and between groups of algae species and observation sites. Gracilaria sp. exhibited the highest CP content (13.55 ± 0.16%), followed by Caulerpa sp. (11.87 ± 2.22%), Sargassum sp. (8.98 ± 0.42%), and Ulva sp. (6.98 ± 0.94%). The mineral content of the macroalgae was noticeably high, which is reflected in the low organic matter content. Ulva sp. had the highest organic matter content (80.17%), followed by Sargassum sp. (70.55%), Gracilaria sp. (66.53%), Caulerpa sp. (47.61%), and Eucheuma cottonii (43.50%). The readily available seaweed in this study tend to exhibit moderate to high protein and mineral content, making it a promising partial replacement or supplement for conventional feed, potentially contributing to sustainable beef production. Gracilaria sp., the most readily available seaweed, high in nutrient content with the potential to partially replace conventional feed protein sources. Its abundance of vitamins and minerals may enrich the overall value of the feed.

Determination of Bioactive Compounds and Antibacterial of The Brown algae Sargassum sp.

Determination of Bioactive Compounds and Antibacterial of The Brown algae Sargassum sp.

Perubahan Berat Badan Mencit (Mus musculus) Model Diabetes Melitus Tipe 1 yang Diterapi Ekstrak Alga Coklat Sargassum sp

In type 1 diabetes, when the body does not produce enough insulin or none at all. This causes blood glucose levels to remain high while the body's cells are starved for energy. As a result, the body turns to alternative energy sources, namely fat and muscle, leading to weight loss. Sargassum sp contains steroid, alkaloid, phenol, flavonoid, saponin and tannin compounds that can be antioxidant and antidiabetic. This study aims to determine changes in body weight of mice (Mus musculus) type 1 diabetes mellitus models treated with Sargassum sp. This study is an experimental study. Mice were divided into 6 groups, namely KN, K-, K+, P1, P2 and P3. Body weight was weighed on day 0, day 14 (post STZ induction) and day 28 (post drug administration). The data were analysed by ANOVA using SPSS program. The results showed that Sargassum sp extract can increase the body weight of DM mice.

Effect of Addition of Seaweed (Sargassum Sp) Charcoal with Pure Graphite on The Optical Properties of Graphene Oxide Synthesized by the Modified Hummer’S Method

Synthesis of graphene oxide from a mixture of pure Graphite and seaweed charcoal using a modified Hummers method was carried out with five variations of the composition, namely 100% graphite, 70% graphite– 30% seaweed, 60% graphite – 40% seaweed, 50% - 50%, 100% seaweed. From this experiment, it will be seen how adding seaweed with Graphite affects the optical properties of the resulting graphene oxide. Characterization was carried out using FTIR, XRD, and SEM, and for optical properties, a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer was used. The FTIR test results showed the presence of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) functional groups. The XRD test results showed the crystal size of graphene oxide, and the SEM test showed graphene oxide's morphology in the form of thin sheets and chunks. The FTIR, XRD, and SEM tests showed that adding seaweed with Graphite had no effect. The results of the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer test showed that the highest absorbance value was at a variation of 50% - 50%, namely 49.547 at a wavelength of 245 nm, while for the lowest energy gap value, namely the variation of 100% seaweed 2.2875 eV and the highest 100% graphite 4, 2393 eV, the energy gap shows that there is an influence, the more seaweed composition used, the lower the energy gap

Effect of Addition of Seaweed (Sargassum sp) Charcoal with Pure Graphite on the Electrical Properties of Graphene Oxide Synthesized by the Modified Hummer’s Method

Graphite is the primary raw material used to create graphene oxide. However, other biomass sources can also be used to create or combine the carbon source. Seaweed (Sargassum sp.), which has a decent carbon content, was used in this study as the biomass used as a carbon source for mixing. The objective of this research is to ensure how adding seaweed charcoal will affect the electrical characteristics of graphene oxide. The modified Hummer process was used to create the materials. There are four different compositions available: pure graphite (100%), 70:30 (graphite and seaweed), 60:40 (graphite and seaweed), and 50:50 (graphite and seaweed). The product of graphene oxide variations made from other compositions will be compared to those of 100% graphite composition. The result demonstrated that the addition of seaweed charcoal to the graphene oxide synthesis was successful. It can be seen from some of the characteristics of graphene oxide at an angle of 2Ɵ by XRD testing. In the FTIR test, it was discovered that the graphene oxide sample contained C-O, C=O, C=C, and O-H functional groups, and in the SEM test, peeling was discovered on the sample surface as a result of the oxidation process. The addition of seaweed charcoal with pure graphite synthesized by the modified Hummers method affects the electrical properties of the resulting graphene oxide. The material's conductivity value and the area capacitance value of the graphene oxide material both drop in the LCR Meter characterization instrument.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Sargassum sp Extract in Lotion Preparations

Sargassum sp. is a type of brown algae found in Indonesian marine waters with great potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries. There is antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential in Sargassum sp. extract so that it makes this type utilised as a lotion preparation. It is necessary to know the potential of Sargassum sp. extract in making lotions. This research uses extraction method to produce Sargassum sp. extract with organic solvent extraction technique, namely alcohol. In addition, the emulsion method was used in the manufacture of lotion preparations. Furthermore, secondary metabolites and anti-inflammatory (irritation) tests were conducted. In addition, the lotion preparation can be evaluated by conducting organoleptic, pH, and homogeneity tests. The results showed that the Sargassum sp. extract contained significant antioxidant compounds, as indicated by a decrease in DPPH absorbance. Sargassum extract contains alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and tannin. In addition, lotion preparations containing Sargassum sp. extract also showed a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in skin cells exposed to UVB radiation. In addition, the irritation test showed negative results with a safety level without causing irritation to the skin. These findings indicate the potential of Sargassum sp. extract in producing lotion preparations with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that can contribute to skin protection from oxidative damage and inflammation.

Sargassum sp. extract improve hematological profile of tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

Background Strategies to increase body resistance and prevent disease in aquaculture include using vaccines, antibiotics, and probiotics. Today, the use of antibiotics with natural ingredients is becoming a trend. Sargassum sp is a natural ingredient that contains high antioxidants and antibiotics. Methods This research was conducted from March to May 2022 at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, in two stages: 1) the sensitivity of extracts of Sargassum sp. and 2) the application of Sargassum sp. extract orally in tilapia (O. niloticus). The parameters measured were clear zone, minimum inhibitory concentration, LD50 test of leaf extract of Sargassum sp. in tilapia (O. niloticus), hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, total leukocytes, total erythrocytes, leukocyte differentiation, and survival rate. Data on hematology parameters were tabulated and analyzed using a One-Way ANOVA followed by a Student Newman Keuls (SNK) test when deemed necessary. Results The results showed that the extract of Sargassum sp. inhibited the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with a clear zone of 6.5-15.0 mm, which is classified as resistant. At doses of 2000, 2500, and 3000 ppm, it did not cause death in fish for 96 hours (LD50). Hematological parameters can be a sign of the health status of fish. Tilapia given Sargassum sp. in different doses gave an effect between treatments after 30 days of rearing and post-test against A. hydrophila bacteria (p<0.05). The results showed that the hematology of fish fed with Sargassum sp. extract was in the normal or healthy range. Healthy tilapia had erythrocyte counts ranging from 1.34-2.11×106 cells/mm3, hematocrit 26.17-33.19%, hemoglobin 6.26-11.2 g/dL and total leukocytes 1.01-1.50×104 cells/mm3 and total erythrocytes 5.88-9.13×104 cells/ mm3. Conclusions A dose of 3000 ppm provided the highest health improvement against A. hydrophila bacterial infection.

EFFECT OF BROWN ALGAE (Sargassum Sp) GEL ON ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE LEVELS IN PERIODONTITIS RATS INDUCED BY SILK LIGATION MODEL

Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by colonies of dysbiotic bacteria that form biofilms and cause destruction of the periodontal tissues. This damage can be induced by silk ligation on Sprague Dawley teeth and results in an increase in Alkaline Phosphate levels in the gingival sulcus. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of brown algae extract gel (Sargassum sp) on reducing alkaline phosphatase levels in gingival sulcus fluid in Sprague Dawley periodontitis induced by silk ligation Material and Methods: This research is True Experimental with the Pre test - Post test Control Group Design. The research sample consisted of 36 male Wistar rats which were ligated with silk to periodontitis. Rats were divided into two groups (n=18), the control group was treated with Tie-es metronidazole gel plus and brown algae extract (Sargassum sp) gel treatment with a concentration of 75%. Sampling of gingival sulcus fluid (CSG) on days 0 and 5, ALP levels were measured using a UV/V is spectrophotometer with an absorbance of 450 nm. Results and Discussions: This study showed a decrease in ALP levels after being treated with metronidazole and 75% brown algae extract gel, the normal amount of ALP levels in the reference was 53-57 U/L and increased when inflammation occurred to 8283 U / L then a significant difference was obtained. The average reduction in ALP levels from pre test to post test for each group was 39-41 /L, and there was a significant relationship between giving brown algae extract and a decrease in ALP levels (p <0.05). Conclusion: Brown algae gel extract (Sargassum sp) concentration of 75% has a lowering effect on alkaline phosphatase levels of gingival sulcus fluid in periodontitis induced by silk ligation

Facile Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles From Sustainable Sargassum sp. Seaweed Material and Its Anti-inflammatory Application.

Background Sustainable and environmentally friendly methods of producing nanoparticles are now being investigated by scientists. Because there are so many marine renewable resources, scientists are focusing their attention on studying seagrass, seaweed, mangroves, marine macroalgae, and microalgae. An exciting new frontier in research involves the synthesis ofnanoparticles using extracts from seaweed. Seaweed extracts are utilized to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), which serve as both reducing and stabilizing agents. Seaweed extracts possess bioactive substances like proteins, polysaccharides, and polyphenols that enable them to effectively convert silver (Ag+) ions intoAg NPs.Ag NPs derived fromSargassum seaweed have played an essential role in improving the anti-inflammatory properties of seaweed extracts. This study aimed to investigate thebiosynthesis of Ag NPs fromSargassumseaweed and evaluate their anti-inflammatory properties. Materials and methods About 50 g of seaweed samples were mixed with 100 mL of distilled water and stirred for 24 hours. Additionally, 1.2g of silver nitrate (0.120 M) was dissolvedin 60 mL of distilled water to make a silver (Ag) solution. A 60 mL solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) was mixed with a 40 mL solution of seaweed extract in water, and the mixture was stirred with a stirrer for 24 hours.A UV spectrophotometer was used to regularly monitor the reduction ofAg+ ions in the solution. Ag NPs were purified using a sequence of centrifugation steps with a duration of 10 minutes at a speed of 2500 revolutions per minute (rpm). To remove moisture from the water-suspended nanoparticles, they were vacuum-dried for 24 hours. Results The synthesis of Ag NPsfrom seaweed extract resulted in a noticeable change in the color of the mixture, which went from pale to brown. The alteration in color signifies the reduction of AgNO3 to Ag+ ions, facilitating the creation of Ag NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement verified the remarkable crystallinity of the synthesized Ag NPs. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images indicated a spherical, homogeneous structure. The Ag NPs derived from seaweed exhibited significant anti-inflammatory characteristics. Conclusion Utilizing Sargassum sp. seaweed in the biological synthesis of Ag NPs shows promiseto develop nanomaterials that canexhibit anti-inflammatory effects. This technique has benefits, such as being environmentally friendly and cost-efficient. Additional research in this area is essential for effectively exploiting the potential of Ag NPs in anti-inflammatory activity.

Efek Perbedaan Jenis Rumput Laut Sebagai Agen Fitoremediasi Pada Sistem Budidaya Udang Windu (Penaeus monodon) Semi Intensif

The primary sources of organic waste in prawn ponds include feed waste from the farming process as well as ongoing metabolic activity, such as the production of urine and faeces. The increase in organic waste has an impact on reducing the water quality, one of the solutions is by implementing phytoremediation with seaweed. This research aimed to analyzed the growth and ability of seaweed Sargassum sp., Gracillaria sp., and Caulerpa sp. as phytoremediation agents to reduce organic matter in waters. This research was conducted for 68 days and used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment are A Sargassum sp., B Gracillaria sp., C Caulerpa sp. and D control. The results indicated that treatment C tended to decrease total organic matter (TOM) and sediment organic matter by 123.74 mg/l and 1.37%, respectively. The result also revealed that Caulerpa sp. the most effective seaweed to be used as phytoremediation organic materials in tiger shrimp farms compared to the two other seaweed species (i.e., Gracillaria sp. and Sargassum sp.). The growth of seaweed showed that there was a significant difference in specific growth of seaweed. The best specific growth rate value in treatment C was 1.37 ± 0.1%. The results of this study shown that Caulerpa sp. has more effective remediate organic matter and improve seaweed growth than Gracillaria sp. and Sargassum sp.

Identification of Fatty Acid Content of Sargassum sp. Seaweed and Ulva sp. in Different Seasonal Conditions

The active ingredients contained in seaweed prepare for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food supplement needs from seaweed Sargassum sp. and Ulva sp. in different seasonal conditions it is thought to have a contribution of specific active ingredients. However, the fatty acid profile and morphology of the seaweed species Sargassum sp. obtained in the dry season and rainy season had the same results as the profile of the seaweed Ulva sp. which was collected in the Bangsring Beach area, Wongsorejo District, Banyuwangi, Indonesia. This is thought to be due to the extreme differences in dry season and rainy season conditions that have not yet resulted in real or drastic changes in the composition and quantity of macro and micronutrients, water quality and active fatty acid compounds as well as the adaptability of seaweed. Fatty acids of Sargassum sp. dominated by the composition of linoleic acid (C18:2), palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1), while the fatty acids of Ulva sp. dominated by the composition of heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2n6).

ANTIBACTERIAL SCREENING OF SARGASSUM SP EXTRACT. OPPOSING VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS BACTERIA

Antibiotics cause resistance to pathogenic bacteria, and the emergence of resistance and bacterial pathogenic infections makes scientists try to find new drugs. One of the efforts is to use marine organisms as a natural antibacterial agent, one of them is Sargassum sp. Sargassum sp contains alginate and iodine which are used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and textile industries. Apart from that, Sargassum sp. contains active compounds of steroids, alkaloids, phenols and triterpenoids which function as antibacterials, can be used to inhibit the growth of Vibrio sp bacteria which is the cause of firefly disease which is most dangerous for tiger prawns. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of the extract Sargassum sp. In inhibiting the growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria with different levels of solvent start with methanol, ethyl asetat, and n-hexane. The rejuvenation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyimelalai bacteria is carried out in two stages, the first is planting on Triptyc Soy Broth (TSB) medium and the second stage is planting on Triptyc Soy Agar (TSA) medium. Antibacterial sensitivity test using disc diffusion method. The results of the test showed that 1). sargassum sp which is extracted by metanol solvent inhibits the growth of Vibrio parahemolyticus bacteria. 2). sargassum sp which extract by etil sestat and n - heksan solvent can't inhibit the Vibrio parahemolyticus bacteria.

Sargassum sp. extract improve hematological profile of tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

Background Strategies to increase body resistance and prevent disease in aquaculture include using vaccines, antibiotics, and probiotics. Today, the use of antibiotics with natural ingredients is becoming a trend. Sargassum sp is a natural ingredient that contains high antioxidants and antibiotics. Methods This research was conducted from March to May 2022 at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, in two stages: 1) the sensitivity of extracts of Sargassum sp. and 2) the application of Sargassum sp. extract orally in tilapia (O. niloticus). The parameters measured were clear zone, minimum inhibitory concentration, LD50 test of leaf extract of Sargassum sp. in tilapia (O. niloticus), hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, total leukocytes, total erythrocytes, leukocyte differentiation, and survival rate. Data on hematology parameters were tabulated and analyzed using a One-Way ANOVA followed by a Student Newman Keuls (SNK) test when deemed necessary. Results The results showed that the extract of Sargassum sp. inhibited the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with a clear zone of 6.5-15.0 mm, which is classified as resistant. At doses of 2000, 2500, and 3000 ppm, it did not cause death in fish for 96 hours (LD50). Hematological parameters can be a sign of the health status of fish. Tilapia given Sargassum sp. in different doses gave an effect between treatments after 30 days of rearing and post-test against A. hydrophila bacteria (p<0.05). The results showed that the hematology of fish fed with Sargassum sp. extract was in the normal or healthy range. Healthy tilapia had erythrocyte counts ranging from 1.34-2.11×106 cells/mm3, hematocrit 26.17-33.19%, hemoglobin 6.26-11.2 g/dL and total leukocytes 1.01-1.50×104 cells/mm3 and total erythrocytes 5.88-9.13×104 cells/ mm3. Conclusions A dose of 3000 ppm provided the highest health improvement against A. hydrophila bacterial infection.

Identification of macroalgae from the West Coast of Sulawesi and potential utilization as ruminant feed sources

The use of macroalgae as a ruminant feed is being widely developed due to its rich nutritional content and the presence of anti-methanogenic substances that may be able to reduce the formation of methane gas in ruminants. Macroalgae are cultivated and not cultivated; the species are diverse and grow in groups throughout Indonesian waters. This study aims to identify macro algae morphology that is easily found in the waters of the West Coast of Sulawesi and its potential use as a source of ruminant feed. Macro alga samples of cultivated and non-cultivated algae were collected from farmers and fishermen from the West Coast of Sulawesi, then continued with morphological identification. Several related articles and previous research obtained data regarding nutritional content using proximate analysis (protein, lipid and ash) and its potential use as a feed source. Research shows several macroalgae species that are easily found in the waters of the west coast of Sulawesi, namely macroalgae cultivated Gracilaria sp, Eucheuma denticulatum, Eucheuma cottonii, and Caulerpa sp. In contrast, the non-cultivated ones are Sargassum sp, Padina australis, Halymenia sp, Halimynea sp, and Caulerpa sp. Of the eight species, It is nutrient-rich and may be utilized as a source of feed for ruminants in the form of pure or extracts, but the proportion of macroalgae in the diet must be taken into account.