SAR Values Research Articles

Germination of leucaena and Rhodes grass seeds in saline and alkaline conditions

Saline and alkaline groundwater can be used for irrigation of pastures. Using leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Tarramba) and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana cv. Topcut), the effects of saline (electrical conductivity [EC], 0-20 dS m), sodic (sodium absorption ratio [SAR], SAR 5-30), and alkaline (0-855 mg L CaCOj equivalent) water on seed germination was investigated, with seedling root growth also measured in leucaena. For leucaena, germination decreased at EC > 15 dS m1, but SAR at values of up to 30 had no effect on germination. Alkalinity was found not to influence germination of leucaena (up to 855 mg L CaCO equivalent). Germination of 'Topcut' Rhodes grass was not reduced significantly with any EC, SAR or alkalinity treatment used in this study. Root growth in leucaena was inhibited by salinity > 5 dS m, SAR > 5 and alkalinity (as CaCO) > 24 mg L. It was found that the inhibition of root elongation of leucaena at high SAR values could be attributed to Ca deficiency, i.e. activity of Ca at the root cell plasma membrane. Germination of leucaena and Topcut Rhodes grass was highly tolerant of the salinity and alkalinity found in alkaline and saline groundwater (including water extracted from coal seams) when used for irrigation.

Low-SAR metamaterial-inspired printed monopole antenna

In this paper, a low-SAR metamaterial-embedded planar monopole antenna is introduced for a wireless communication system. A printed monopole antenna is designed for modern mobile, which operates in GSM, UMTS, LTE, WLAN, and Bluetooth frequency bands. A metamaterial structure is designed to use in the mobile handset with a multi-band printed monopole antenna. The finite integration technique of the CST microwave studio is used in this study. The measurement of antenna performances is taken in an anechoic chamber, and the SAR values are measured using COMOSAR system. The results indicate that metamaterial structure leads to reduce SAR without affecting antenna performance significantly. According to the measured results, the metamaterial attachment leads to reduce 87.7% peak SAR, 68.2% 1-g SAR, and 46.78% 10-g SAR compared to antenna without metamaterial.

Porous Fe3O4-SiO2 core-shell nanorods as high-performance MRI contrast agent and drug delivery vehicle

A high-performance MRI contrast agent and a drug nanocarrier have been realized in porous Fe3O4@SiO2 nanorods (NRs). The Fe3O4@SiO2 NRs of length ~520nm and diameter ~180nm are synthesized by annealing FeOOH@SiO2 nanorods at a temperature of 300℃ under continuous flow of forming gas. The magnetic measurement confirms that the Fe3O4@SiO2 NRs is ferrimagnetic in nature with magnetization of 20emu/g and coercivity HC ~450Oe. The aqueous suspension of the NRs is stable over a time frame of one month and exhibits a high R2 relaxivity value of 192mM−1s−1. The R2 darkening effect is also observed in HeLa cells incubated with NRs in comparison to untreated control cells. The porous Fe3O4@SiO2 NRs further work as an excellent carrier for doxorubicin (DOX) drug with loading efficiency of 65%. The drug release study shows a pH-dependent behavior and is higher in acidic pH (4.3) as compared to the physiological pH (7.4). After 72h, the cumulative DOX release is found to be ~58% at pH 4.3 and ~17% at pH 7.4. The induction heating studies of the NRs exhibit a sharp increasing trend of SAR value with the increase of magnetic field.

Structural, magnetic properties, and induction heating behavior studies of cobalt ferrite nanopowders synthesized using modified co-precipitation method

ABSTRACTNanocrystalline cobalt ferrite CoFe2O4 powders have been successfully synthesized via modified co-precipitation at low temperature. Obviously, well crystalline CoFe2O4 phase was obtained from the precipitated precursors at pH 10 using 5 M NaOH as a base thermally treated at 80°C for 1 h in aqueous medium in the absence and the presence of 1000 ppm cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as well as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as cationic and anionic surfactants, respectively. Meanwhile, the spinel ferrite was observed with the similar conditions using ethylene glycol as an organic solvent. The microstructures of the formed powders exhibited nanospheres like structure with narrow size distribution from 6 to 10 nm. The magnetic properties of the formed cobalt ferrite powders strongly depend on the synthesis conditions. For instance, the highest saturation magnetization (Ms = 36.2 emu/g) was achieved in the aqueous medium, whereas the lowest saturation magnetization (Ms = 16.2 emu/g) was accomplished in the ethylene glycol medium. Indeed, heating properties of the CoFe2O4 samples in an alternating magnetic field (AMF) at 160 kHz were estimated. Of note, it is clear that the specific heat rate SAR values were in the range from 104.5 to 302.0 W/g at different synthesis conditions, making co-ferrite appropriate for hyperthermia treatment of cancer.

Multi-turn multi-gap transmission line resonators – Concept, design and first implementation at 4.7 T and 7 T

A novel design scheme for monolithic transmission line resonators (TLRs) is presented - the multi-turn multi-gap TLR (MTMG-TLR) design. The MTMG-TLR design enables the construction of TLRs with multiple turns and multiple gaps. This presents an additional degree of freedom in tuning self-resonant TLRs, as their resonance frequency is fully determined by the coil geometry (e.g. diameter, number of turns, conductor width, etc.). The novel design is evaluated at 4.7T and 7T by simulations and experiments, where it is demonstrated that MTMG-TLRs can be used for MRI, and that the B1 distribution of MTMG-TLRs strongly depends on the number and distribution of turns. A comparison to conventional loop coils revealed that the B1 performance of MTMG-TLRs is comparable to a loop coil with the same mean diameter; however, lower 10g SAR values were found for MTMG-TLRs. The MTMG-TLR design is expected to bring most benefits at high static field, where it allows for independent size and frequency selection, which cannot be achieved with standard TLR design. However, it also enables more accurate geometric optimization at low static field. Thereby, the MTMG-TLR design preserves the intrinsic advantages of TLRs, i.e. mechanical flexibility, high SAR efficiency, mass production, and coil miniaturization.

Biochemical and histological studies on adverse effects of mobile phone radiation on rat’s brain

With the rapid development of electronic technologies, the public concern about the potential health hazards induced by radiofrequency (RF) radiation has been grown. To investigate the effect of 1800MHz RF radiation emitted from mobile phone on the rat’s brain, the present study was performed. Forty male rats were randomly divided into two equal groups; control and exposed group. The later one exposed to 1800MHz emitted from mobile phone with an SAR value of 0.6W/kg for two hours/day for three months. The brain tissues were collected at the end of the experimental period and separated into hippocampus and cerebellum for subsequent biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic investigations. The rats that were exposed to RF- radiation had a significant elevation in MDA content and a significant reduction in antioxidant parameters (glutathione, super oxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) in both regions. Degenerative changes were observed in the hippocampus pyramidal cells, dark cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells with vascular congestion. In addition a significant DNA fragmentation and over expression of cyclooxygenase-2 apoptotic gene was detected. Those results suggested that, direct chronic exposure to mobile phone caused severe biochemical and histopathological changes in the brain.

Effect of compost rates at different depths on some chemical properties and productivity of soils

Two field experiments were conducted on clay loam soil during the two successive seasons, summer season 2013 using maize plants and winter season 2013/2014 using wheat plants at El-Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station, El-Gharbia Governorate to evaluate the effect and residual effects of compost rates placed in 20 and 40 cm depths, arranged in parallel orientation with respect to one another and spaced at 3 m apart or placed on the surface soil layer as well as the control on improving some soil chemical properties and availability of some nutrients either macro or micro, and the productivity of yield and yield components of maize and wheat plants. Furthermore, economical analysis was done by calculating the net income and investment ratios to determine the economical treatment. The experiments were conducted in a split plot in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Results can be summarized as follows:(1)- All treatments slightly decreased the soil reaction (pH). Furthermore, all treatments caused progressive increases in soil salinity (EC) and total soluble salts (TSS) for the two soil depths (0-20 and 20-40cm) in the two growing seasons. Also, soluble cations and anions slightly increased with all treatments. While, SAR values were decreased compared with the control for the two soil depths in the two growing seasons. (2)- Generally the application depth and the addition rates of compost clearly enhanced the nutrient statues of the investigated soil.( 3)- Organic carbon (O.C, %) and C/N ratio were slightly increased in surface and subsurface soil layers as a result of the application depth and the addition rates of compost. (4)- All treatments led to markedly increases in the available macronutrients (N, P and K) and available micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) of the soil at the two soil depths in the two growing seasons either with mole depth or compost rates.( 5)- The yield and yield components of maize and wheat positively responded to all treatments compared with the control. The highest values of yield and its components for maize and wheat plants were obtained by the addition of 10 ton compost fed -1in 40 cm mole depth. The highest grain yield of maize plants increased to 68.46 %, also, the highest grain and straw yields of wheat plants increased to 70.27 and 91.67 %, over the control, respectively. (6)- According to the economical analysis, the application of 10 ton compost fed-1in 40 cm mole depth was the best treatment compared with the other treatments, since it gave the highest net income (12346.38 L.E fed-1.). While, the lowest values were always incorporated with control (10 cm surface depth without any applications of compost). (7)- Therefore, it is more useful to use those treatments (compost rates at different depths) to get a markedly improve in both chemical properties and nutrients which reflect on higher yield incorporated with high net income, as well as to substitute a part of chemical fertilizers by using compost to minimize the pollution resulted from the intensive use of it.

Personal Safety in Electromagnetic Environment of Electric Vehicle

With the extensive application of automotive electrical and electronic equipment, issues of electromagnetic radiation and electromagnetic compatibility have become increasingly prominent, human body in complex automotive electromagnetic environment is bound to be some damage of electromagnetic radiation. This paper established a relatively sophisticated car simulation model,through electromagnetic characteristics of antenna model, we got automotive electric field distribution and simulation results of human body SAR value, so conclusion can be drawn that automotive electromagnetic environment is relatively safe to passengers.

Radio-frequency triggered heating and drug release using doxorubicin-loaded LSMO nanoparticles for bimodal treatment of breast cancer

Radio-frequency responsive nanomaterials combined with drugs for simultaneous hyperthermia and drug delivery are potential anti-cancer agents. In this study, chitosan coated La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 nanoparticles (C-LSMO NPs) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Under low radio-frequency (365kHz, RF), C-LSMO NPs (90nm) showed good colloidal stability (+22mV), superparamagnetic nature (15.4 emu/g) and heating capacity (57.4W/g SAR value). Chitosan facilitated doxorubicin entrapment (76%) resulted in DC-LSMO NPs that showed drug release upon a 5min RF exposure. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells responded to a 5min RF exposure in the presence of bimodal DC-LSMO NPs with a significant decrease in viability to 73% and 88% (Pearson correlation, r=1, P<0.01) respectively, as compared to hyperthermia alone. Internalization of DC-LSMO NPs via the endosomal pathway led to an efficient localization of doxorubicin within the cell nucleus. The ensuing DNA damage, heat shock protein induction, and caspase production triggered apoptotic cell death. Moreover, DC-LSMO NPs successfully restricted the migration of metastatic MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. These data suggest that DC-LSMO NPs are potential bimodal therapeutic agents for cancer treatment and hold promise against disease recurrence and drug resistance.

SU‐F‐I‐27: Measurement of SAR and Temperature Elevation During MRI Scans

Purpose:The poor reliability and repeatability of the manufacturer‐reported SAR values on clinical MRI systems have been acknowledged. The purpose of this study is to not only measure SAR values, but also RF‐induced temperature elevation at 1.5 and 3T MRI systems.Methods:SAR measurement experiment was performed at 1.5 and 3T. Three MRI RF sequences (T1w TSE, T1w inversion recovery, and T2w TSE) with imaging parameters were selected. A hydroxyl‐ethylcelluose (HEC) gelled saline phantom mimicking human body tissue was made. Human torso phantom were constructed, based on Korean adult standard anthropometric reference data (Fig.1). FDTD method was utilized to calculate the SAR distribution using Sim4Life software. Based on the results of the simulation, 4 electrical field (E‐field) sensors were located inside the phantom. 55 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) temperature sensors (27 sensors in upper and lower cover lids, and one sensor located in the center as a reference) were located inside the phantom to measure temperature change during MRI scan (Fig.2).Results:Simulation shows that SAR value is 0.4 W/kg in the periphery and 0.001 W/kg in the center (Fig.2). One 1.5T and one of two 3T MRI systems represent that the measured SAR values were lower than MRI scanner‐reported SAR values. However, the other 3T MRI scanner shows that the averaged SAR values measured by probe 2, 3, and 4 are 6.83, 7.59, and 6.01 W/kg, compared to MRI scanner‐reported whole body SAR value (&lt;1.5 W/kg) for T2w TSE (Table 1). The temperature elevation measured by FBG sensors is 5.2°C in the lateral shoulder, 5.1°C in the underarm, 4.7°C in the anterior axilla, 4.8°C in the posterior axilla, and 4.8°C in the lateral waist for T2w TSE (Fig.3).Conclusion:It is essential to assess the safety of MRI system for patient by measuring accurate SAR deposited in the body during clinical MRI.

MO-FG-CAMPUS-IeP3-01: Evaluation of Specific Absorption Rate and Temperature Increase Induced by Artificial Medical Implants During MRI Scan

Purpose: Heating of patients or burning of biological tissues around medical implants by RF power during MRI scan is a significant patient safety concern. The purpose of this study is to not only measure SAR values, but also RF-induced temperature elevation due to artificial hip joints during MRI scans. Methods: SAR measurement experiment was performed on three discrete manufacturers at 1.5 and 3T. Three MRI RF sequences (T1w TSE, T2w inversion recovery, and T2w TSE) with imaging parameters were selected. A gelled saline phantom mimicking human body tissue was made (Fig.1). FDTD method was utilized to calculate the SAR distribution using Sim4Life software. Based on the results of the simulation, 4 electrical field (E-field) sensors were located around two artificial hip joints inside the phantom. 56 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) temperature sensors (28 sensors on each artificial hip joint) were located on both left and right artificial hip joints to measure temperature change during MRI scan (Fig.1). Both E-field and FBG temperature sensors were calibrated with traceability at Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS). Results: Simulation shows that high SAR values occur in the head and tail of the implanted artificial hip joints (Fig.1 lower right). 3T MRI scanner shows that the local averaged-SAR values measured by probe 1, 2, and 3 are 2.30, 2.77, and 1.68 W/kg, compared to MRI scanner-reported whole body SAR value (≤1.5 W/kg) for T1w TSE and T2w_IR (Table 1). The maximum temperature elevation measured by FBG sensors is 1.49°C at 1.5 T, 2.0°C at 3 T, and 2.56°C at 3 T for T1w TSE, respectively (Table 2). Conclusion: It is essential to assess the safety of MRI system for patient with medical implant by measuring not only accurate SAR deposited in the body, but also temperature elevation due to the deposited SAR during clinical MRI.

Rare earth metals' influence on the heat generating capability of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles

The aim of this study is to synthesize and assess the potential applications of rare earth doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles in cancer treatment through hyperthermia.The synthesis of CoFe2−xRExO4 (where RE=Yb, Dy, Gd and x=0.01–0.3) through the co-precipitation method is presented. The composition and properties of the nanoparticles where investigated and evaluated in correlation with their heat generating capability. The XRD and EDX analysis indicated phase separation for high rare earth content with the appearance of Gd2O3 and Dy2O3 secondary phases, which leads to unwanted changes in the nanoparticles' magnetic properties and consequently of the specific absorption rate. All the nanoparticles present functional group belonging to the surfactant as determined by FT-IR and Raman. Magnetic and specific adsorption rate measurement suggest increases in saturation magnetization and SAR value in doped ferrites, compared to CoFe2O4 with as much as 26% and 15% for Dy doped and Gd doped samples respectively.

Hydrochemical evaluation of Rangit river, Sikkim, India: using Water Quality Index and multivariate statistics

This study is aiming to focus on hydrogeochemical investigation of water samples from Rangit river basin and assessment of water quality for human consumption and agricultural purposes. River water is neutral to mildly alkaline, with dominance of K+, Ca2+, HCO3 −, and SO4 2− in ionic strength. K+–Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3 − is the major hydrochemical facies in upstream river water, whereas Ca2+–K+–Mg2+–HCO3 − water-type dominates in downstream stretches of river. The weathering of rock-forming minerals mainly controls the solute acquisition process. The high equivalent ratios of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)/(Na+ + K+) and the low ratio of (Na+ + K+/TZ+) reveal that the chemical composition of river water is mostly determined by carbonate weathering with partial contribution from silicate weathering. An evaluation of Water Quality Index of sampled river water indicates that the majority of the water samples are good–moderate for human consumption and domestic usages. Irrigation suitability of river water in relation to EC content, SAR, and RSC values suggests that river water is good–excellent type for agricultural applications.

Assessment of Liliequist membrane by 3D-SPACE technique at 3T.

Liliequist membrane (LM) is the most important anatomic structure for the success of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). Identification of this membrane is difficult with conventional MRI techniques. The purpose of this retrospective study is to determine the impact of three-dimensional sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip-angle evolutions (3D-SPACE) sequence with variant flip-angle mode (VFAM) in the assessment of LM at 3-T MRI devices. 3D-SPACE with VFAM images were obtained in 445 patients. LM visibility and integrity were scored as 0 (good), 1 (moderate), and 2 (poor) on these images for each parts (sellar, diencephalic, and mesencephalic) and overall of the membrane. According to the LM overall integrity scores, 11% (48 cases) of the patients had perforated membrane. According to subsegmental integrity scores, sellar part was completely intact in 63% of patients, diencephalic segment was completely intact in 60% of the patients, and mesencephalic segment was completely intact in 95% of the patients. Visibility scores of the third ventricle inferior wall were significantly higher in the patients with intact LM (p = 0.001). There was not any statistically significant relationship between LM pattern and overall integrity (p = 0.352). LM attachment sites could be detected easier in the patients who had better visibility of third ventricle inferior wall or intact LM (p < 0.001 for both). 3D-SPACE technique is a useful alternative for the evaluation of morphology, integrity, individual variations, topographic relationships, and visibility of LM since it has some advantages including lower SAR values, fewer artifacts, and high-resolution images.

Irrigation And Risk Of Saline Pollution. Example: Groundwater Of Annaba Plain (North East Of Algeria)

In the Annaba plain (Northeast of Algeria), the anthropogenic activities have imposed serious unfavorable impacts on hydraulic, hydrochemical and biological balances that influence the socio-economic future of this area. A hydrochemical analysis was performed in 29 wells distributed over the whole of the plain region during the period of high water (December 2013) to assess the quality of groundwater for its suitability for irrigation. Several parameters were analyzed such as pH, TDS, Ca +2, Mg +2, Na+ , K+ , HCO3 - , Cl- and SO4 - . Analysis of results suggests that groundwater in the study area has the same qualities; however the observed degradation reflects a change in the water quality, and the SAR values vary from 0.08 to 16 with an average of 1.3. The US salinity laboratory, Wilcox, and percentage Na+ it suggest that the majority of groundwater samples are not good for irrigation.

Comprehensive study of printed antenna with the handset modeling

ABSTRACTThis article presents a comprehensive study on the performance of a compact multiband antenna operating in LTE700, GSM850, GSM 900, DCS1800, PCS 1900, UMTS 2100, most of LTE bands (especially the low‐frequency LTE 700 band), and wireless applications. The antenna consists of a monopole in conjunction with meander line antenna. An EBG structure is used to miniaturize the antenna size and to enhance the gain in the direction away from the antenna to lower the SAR within the human body. The EBG structure also contributes in open the operating bands. The proposed antenna is tested using the four recommended test positions of the CTIA association where the proposed antenna reveals good performance in all test cases. Return loss, radiation patterns, SAR, and efficiency of this antenna are computed in free space, in the presence of handset (keypad, battery, speaker camera, RF circuit, and LCD) in talking position, in standby position, in packaging, and as well as in the presence of head and hand in free space and in a car. The SAR values are taken into account not to exceed the standard safety levels. In addition, radiation efficiencies of these handset antennas are computed in the presence of head and hand. All simulation results are performed using the CST software. Simulation results are in good agreement with the measurement results. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:974–980, 2016

Hydrogeological, petrophysical and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the groundwater aquifers east of Wadi El-Natrun, Egypt

The studied water-bearing formations in the investigated area are the Quaternary and the Miocene aquifers. The groundwater movement takes a direction from the eastern and northern directions where the surface water sources are located to the western and southern directions. By comparing the water level data of 1960 and 2010, up to 25m drawdown was noticed in the southern part due to excessive pumping. On the other hand, water level rising was observed in the same period reaching up to 10m in the northwestern part due to seepage from the irrigation channel.Petrophysical properties of the studied aquifers were estimated from well logs. The formation water resistivity (Rw) averages 15.2ohmm whereas the formation factor (F) averages 5.1. The averages of the total porosity, the effective porosity and permeability are 36.5%, 33.1% and 1126.3mdarcy, respectively. In addition, the gamma ray logs were used to estimate the volume share of shale which showed an average value reached about 34.6%. Total porosity, effective porosity and permeability showed an increasing trend to the northwestern direction where the recharge area is located.The concentrations of TDS and the dissolved elements are higher in the shallow groundwater compared to the deeper one, which could be related to soil salinity and evaporation processes. Ion exchange, water–rock interaction and evaporation processes are the main geochemical processes affecting the chemistry of the studied groundwater. Sodium chloride/bicarbonate types are the most common chemical types in the study area. Most of the water samples are of old meteoric origin (Na2SO4 type) and old marine origin (MgCl2 type). On the basis of SAR and EC values it is concluded that most of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation purposes.

Human Health Aware Network Selection for Avoiding Health Disorders

The primary objective of this paper is to minimize the health disorders caused by electromagnetic signals transmitted by the mobile devices. In literature, it is identified that the chance of getting health disorders such as depression, sleep disturbance, brain tumor, cancer, etc., is caused by the continuous exposure of radio signals from various sources like Mobile Base Stations, Mobile Devices and many other electrical or electronic devices. The impact of such EM radiation is based mostly on the SAR value which depends on the intensity and frequency of the radiation. The radiofrequency electromagnetic fields are grouped into “possible group 2B carcinogen” by the World Health Organization that has less proof of impact on human health, but the calculable SAR values are not too away from the safety standards. Today the usage of mobile devices with multiple network interfaces is quite common with every person in the urban areas than rural areas of India. Also, in urban areas, multiple base stations with different network standards are used to provide an overlapped coverage area which allows the mobile devices to select a best network among the available networks at any time. This paper proposes a new network selection scheme which considers various network parameters such as Cost of the Service, Security Level, Power Consumption, Network Status, and Available Bandwidth along with the SAR value for seamless mobility and to protect human health. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first handoff scheme which considers the SAR value as a handoff decision parameter. This proposed network selection algorithm will optimize the network performance and the SAR value to protect the human health.

Implantable Wideband Low-Specific-Absorption-Rate Antenna on a Thin Flexible Substrate

This letter proposes an implantable wideband low-specific-absorption-rate (SAR) antenna on a flexible substrate. The proposed antenna structure was printed on a thin flexible substrate, which is suitable for implantable human body applications. A sigma-shaped monopole radiator and the C-shaped design excited fundamental and coupled modes that dominated the near E-field distribution evenly to achieve a low SAR. The proposed antenna was fabricated and measured on a flexible substrate. The smallest size (80 $~\hbox{mm}^{3}$ ) was achieved with low-profile flexible substrate compared to a state-of-the-art implantable antenna over 400 MHz, and 68% fractional bandwidth was achieved. The maximum peak value of the average SAR was approximately 230 W/kg when the input power was 1 W. The maximum input power of the proposed antenna was approximately 10 mW.

A combinatorial approach to enhance the biocompatibility and heating efficiency of magnetic hyperthermia- Serum Albumin conjugated ferrimagneticmagnetite nanoparticles

ABSTRACTMagnetic hyperthermia is a non-invasive cancer treatment method which is used synergistically with the current cancer treatments. Improved biocompatibility and enhanced heating characteristics are the pressing challenges to be addressed in magnetic hyperthermia. Through a novel combinatorial approach, we have attempted to address both the challenges. Ferrimagneticmagnetite nanoparticles (FMNPs)of size 50 nm were synthesized by thermal decomposition method and were converted to hydrophilic phase by 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS). Serum Albumin (SA) from rat was conjugated over the APTMS-FMNPs to convert to biocompatible phase. The preliminary haemolysis experiments show that SA-FMNPs are non-haemolytic (1.2 % haemolysis). It is observed from the magnetic heating experiments that due to better colloidal stability, the Specific Absorption Rate value of the SA-FMNPs are higher (2100 W/g) than the FMNPs without SA (1400 W/g). Thus we report here that SA conjugation over FMNPs (with a high saturation magnetization of 75 emu/g) provides a novel combinatorial approach to enhance both the biocompatibility and the SAR value for magnetic hyperthermia.