Sappan Research Articles

Natural color performance from nine species origins of lowland wood wastes

In the past, natural pigments derived from plant-biomass wastes had been widely used for coloring purposes (e.g. fabrics/batik), before finally getting pushed aside by the imported synthetic/inorganic pigments. Thorough attempts to revive the use of such natural pigments then deserve carrying out. Relevantly, conducting storage of liquid/wet or dry natural coloring pigments, extracted from wood wastes; and use of fixatives for batik fabrics intended to impart fabric-color variations. Wood wastes (i.e. leaves and barks) were obtained from nine plant species (Acacia mangium Willd, Avicenia marina L, Caesalpinia sappan L, Ceriop tagal Perr. CB. Rob, Pelthophorum ferruginum Benth, Rhyzophora mucronata Lamk, Tectona grandis Linn.f., Terminalia catappa L and Xylocarpus granatum KD Koenig.), prevalently growing on plain/lowland areas; and their wood portions commonly utilized by wood industries, which generate similar wastes enormously. The pigments in liquid/wet and then in dry forms were produced from those wastes. The production process of pigments adopted traditions by local batik crafters in Bogor. Variations occurring in fabric colors could be due to fixatives, i.e. lime (CaCO3), ferrous sulphate/tunjung (FeSO4); and various wastes. Six-month storage insignificantly changed the coloring qualities of natural coloring pigments applied to fabrics, compared to those of corresponding initially produced pigments. Leaf wastes always contained green-colored compounds, while bark wastes appeared aptly brownish in color. Color performances of bark extracts at fabrics with ferro-sulfat fixative brought about strong grey colors, and with lime fixative produced brown colors. Coloring of fabrics using leaf waste extracts with ferro-sulfat fixative aptly exhibited greenish grey; while with lime fixative became reddish brown. Testing results on the leaching resistance of pigment-colored and fixative-treated fabrics against rubbing and exposure to sunlight revealed a very good category (4-5), but against detergent, washing was very low (2-3).

Effect of growth regulators and organic matter on the growth of Sappan wood seedlings (Caesalpinia sappan L.)

Sappan wood is a useful woody plant from Brazil that could possibly be utilized as a natural dye. The generative proliferation of Sappan wood is hindered by its sluggish seed germination (dormancy), which necessitates greater efforts to break seed dormancy through the use of plant growth regulator (PGR) and organic matter as a planting media mixture to improve seedling growth. This study was conducted during dry season from June to September 2022 at experimental field of Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran_with an aim to determine the effect of PGR (IAA, NAA, BAP) and organic matter (cow manure) on the growth of Sappan wood seeds. The design used was a randomized block design (RBD) with 14 combination treatments of different types of PGR with the concentration of 1.25 ppm and the use of organic matter that is cow manure (comparison 2:1) with three replications. The data obtained were then processed using one-way ANOVA and continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 95% confidence level. The use of plant growth regulators (auxin and cytokinin) and organic matter affected the growth of Sappan wood seedlings, especially on the variables of seedling height (22.37 cm), stem diameter (3.89 mm), number of leaves (8.67), leaf area (104.84 cm2), root length (26.03 cm), dry weight of roots (1.15 g) and dry weight of the stem (1.6 g), but it was not significantly affected by the root volume. The combination of IAA+BAP 1.25 ppm and organic matter in the form of cow manure (2 : 1) was selected as the best treatment to increase the growth of Sappan wood seedlings.

Karakteristik kimia serta organoleptik es krim dengan penambahan puree semangka (Citrullus lanatus Schard) dan ekstrak kayu secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn)

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Schard) contains 93.4% low calories and water, 0.5% protein, 5.3% carbohydrates, 0.2% fat 0.1% fiber, 0.5% ash and vitamins (A, B and C). The usage of watermelon is not optimal in food innovation products due to commonly consume as fresh fruit. Ice cream is one of the food that has an increase in consumers every year but innovated as functional product should be analyzed. Secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) has potency as an addition to the antioxidant content in ice cream. The addition of watermelon puree and sappan wood extract into the formulation can increase the nutritional value of the resulting ice cream. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding watermelon puree and sappan wood extract on ice cream characteristics. The study was conducted with 2 factors resulted 9 combination treatments using a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's. The results of this study indicated that the addition of sappan wood extract to ice cream had an effect on the antioxidant, sugar content, color intensity of brightness L and intensity of yellow color b+. Meanwhile, the parameters of fat content, protein content, melting power, color intensity a+ had no significant effect. The addition of watermelon puree concentration had no significant effect on the protein content, a+ color intensity and color organoleptic. There was an interaction between watermelon puree and secang wood extract the antioxidant, sugar content, fat content and color intensity of L and b+. While there was not interact between these two ingredients on the parameters of protein content, melting power and color intensity b+.

Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. heartwood and subsequent synthesis of gold nanoparticles

Abstract Since microwave (MW)-assisted synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Caesalpinia sappan (CS) extract as both a reducing and stabilizing agent is currently unavailable, a MW-based synthesis protocol was investigated and presented for the first time in this work. In addition, to rapidly prepare the reactant for this purpose, the MW-assisted extraction of CS heartwood was studied. From the optimization experiments, it was found that the extraction using the MW irradiation at 300 W for 3 min produced the extract with high and reproducible brazilin content which could be readily used for the synthesis of AuNPs. Under the optimal synthesis conditions, roughly spherical CS-AuNPs with an average diameter size of 49.6 nm and acceptable 28-day stability were obtained within only 1 min. The resulting CS-AuNPs were capable of selective binding to Fe2+, Fe3+, and Al3+, leading to particle aggregation as well as noticeable change of color and shift of UV-Vis absorption maxima. From these results, CS-AuNPs could be fabricated via this fast, green, and efficient route. Furthermore, their potential application for colorimetric sensing of certain metal ions was preliminarily explored and proposed in this work.

Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities of Acetone Extract Caesalpinia sappan L.

Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) from the Caesalpiniaceae family is a plant that has been widely used as a health drink such as herbal medicine, in Sundanese called jamu or wedang secang. The drink containing C.sappan extract is traditionally believed to have the ability to reduce symptoms of colds, coughs, canker sores, and rheumatism, overcome fatigue and improve blood circulation. In this research, wood extract of C. sappan L in acetone solvent tested as antibacterial and anticancer. The antibacterial test was performed on the bacteria Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668 and Enterococcus. faecalis ATCC 49619 with paper disc diffusion method. The microdilution method was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The anticancer test is carried out in vitro on A549 lung cancer cells using the MTT method assay. The results showed that the wood extract of C. sappan L in acetone has weak antibacterial activity against S. mutans ATCC 35668 and E. faecalis ATCC 49619. The MIC is 1250 ug/mL, respectively. Aceton wood extract of C. sappan L. showed moderate anticancer activity with IC50 value 90,01µg/mL. Thus, the extract of C. sappan L. in acetone has the potential as a source of anticancer compounds.

Cytotoxic effects of fractions, isolates, and nanoparticles of soursop leaf (Annona muricata L.) and sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) against human cervical cancer HeLa cells

Cytotoxic effects of fractions, isolates, and nanoparticles of soursop leaf (Annona muricata L.) and sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) against human cervical cancer HeLa cells

The antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase of ethanolic and aqueous extracts from various parts of Thai Caesalpinia sappan L.

The antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase of ethanolic and aqueous extracts from various parts of Thai Caesalpinia sappan L.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) of sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.): Effect of solvent concentration and kinetic studies

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) of sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.): Effect of solvent concentration and kinetic studies

Variation in Colourants of the Dyes by Gamma-ray Irradiation

The emergency conservation of historical objects is necessary because several instances in which paintings and records were flooded owing to unusual weather conditions have recently been reported. Early action is especially important in preventing biodeterioration in case of flood damage. In this study, the feasibility of using gamma rays as a biological control method was assessed. Material stability was evaluated by applying different irradiation doses to natural dyes used in historical paintings and costumes. Sappan wood, gardenia fruit, and indigo were selected and prepared as natural dye samples using standard colorant materials. The fading behavior of the samples was analyzed by measuring their CIE L*a*b* color space values, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to obtain their spectra. We confirmed that the dyes began to decompose upon exposure to gamma rays at a dose of 10 kGy. Irradiation at a dose of 50 kGy led to the complete decomposition of the chromophoric groups because the dye components could not be detected by LC-MS. Therefore, studying the influence of low-dose gamma-ray irradiation is necessary to preserve dye colorants. The data obtained in this study can be used as a foundation for further research on the influence of gamma rays on historical objects.

Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Transparent Solid Soap Combination of Secang Ethanolic Extract and Clove Bud Oil Against Skin Disease Bacteria

Secang wood ethanolic extract and clove bud oil have antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The formulation of both in transparent bath soap is additional protection for the body. This study formulated soaps and determined their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Soap was made using the hot process and the antibacterial activity was tested using the agar diffusion. The soap formulas F0 (as the base), F1 (3% clove bud oil), and F2 (a combination of 3% clove bud oil and 0.5% sappan wood ethanolic extract) have good appearance and quality including pH, foam stability, free alkali, unsaponifiable fat, and mineral oil content. The water content in the soap is >15%. The inhibitory diameter values of the soap (F0, F1, and F2) against S. aureus, P. acnes, and P. aeruginosa were in the moderate to strong category. Based on the contact time test of 90 seconds, F0 cannot kill bacteria; F1 can kill Staphylococcus aureus Propionibacterium acnes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; F2 killed Staphylococcus aureus in 90 seconds and Propionibacterium acnes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 60 seconds.
 Keywords: soap, clove bud oil, secang, antibacterial

Analisis Kandungan Metabolit Sekunder, Antioksidan dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Minuman Tradisional Serbat Khas Kalimantan Barat dengan Variasi Komposisi dan Lama Perendaman

Serbat drink is a traditional drink typical of the Malay of West Kalimantan made from plant spices usually served in the Saprahan tradition. Serbat drinks are widely circulated among the public because, empirically, they are useful for health problems, one of which is to treat diarrhea. Objectives: To analyzed the content of secondary metabolites, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity of serbat drink on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria which were known from the presence or absence and measurement of the length of the inhibition zone (the clear area around the disc) with the positive control, namely ciprofloxacin, and negative control, namely distilled water. Methods: The plant spices used in this research include cardamom, cloves, star anise, cinnamon, pandan leaves, sappan wood, anise, and ginger. Serbat drink was made in 3 variations, namely composition A, composition B, and composition C. The three composition variations were carried out for two soaking times, namely 15 minutes and 540 minutes. This study used the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method for phytochemical screening, the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pikrilhidrazil) method for examination of antioxidant activity, and Escherichia coli bacteria cultured in 3 agar and tested using the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) to determine its antibacterial activity. Results: The secondary metabolites contained in each serbat water sample, antioxidant activity from strongest to weakest among the serbat samples, and the absence of visible inhibition zones. Conclusion: Serbat drink does not have antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli.Keywords: secondary metabolites, serbat drink, variations in composition, variations in the soaking time

Potential of Secang Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Ethanol Extractas Anti-Oxidant and Sun-Protection

Although sunlight has numerous health benefits, prolonged direct exposure to the sun can be harmful to the skin. Among the negative effects of sun exposure are redness and burning of the skin, as well as dullness, wrinkles, dryness, and premature aging, as well as skin cancer. The use of sunscreen to protect the skin from the harmful effects of prolonged sun exposure is becoming more widespread. On the other hand, some sunscreens contain potentially harmful chemicals such as isopropyl alcohol, DEA (diethanolamine), TEA (triethanolamine), and MEA (monoethanolamine), which can cause allergic reactions as well as kidney and liver disorders when used for an extended period of time. As a result, this investigation was carried out in order to determine the antioxidant potential of natural ingredients, specifically sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.), using the DPPH method, as well as its potential as a sun-protective agent using an in vitro SPF test using ultraviolet-visible (Uv-Vis) spectrophotometry (Uv-Vis). The results revealed that the maceration method produced a 17.779 percent yield of ethanol extract of sappan wood, which was used in this study. The extract possesses extremely potent antioxidant activity, as evidenced by its IC50 value of 12,611 mg/L. Furthermore, based on the results of tests and the calculation of the SPF (sun protection factor) value, sappan wood extract has been shown to have potential as a sun protection agent. Using an extract concentration of 120 mg/L, the highest SPF value.

Dye Identification in Mounting Textiles of Traditional Korean Paintings from the Late Joseon Dynasty

In the framework of the ‘Amorepacific Project for the conservation of Korean pictorial art’ (2018–2023) at the British Museum, three traditional Korean paintings have been investigated with the aim of supporting their conservation and obtaining information about the dyes used in the mounting textiles and other mounting elements. The paintings include a rare example of late 18th-century traditional Korean portraiture (accession number 1996,0329,0.1); a late 19th-century two-panel screen silk painting of Pyeongsaeng-do-Scenes of life (accession number 2016,3028.1); and a late 19th-century twelve-panel screen silk painting representing the Five Confucian virtues (accession number 1957,1214,0.1). The mounting textiles were investigated non-invasively by using digital microscopy and fibre optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), and the results guided a minimally invasive sampling campaign. Fourteen samples were analysed by using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and tandem mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS), leading to the identification of the natural dyes indigo, sappanwood (Biancaea sappan, formerly Caesalpinia sappan), amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) in the mounting elements of the 18th-century portrait. These results confirmed some of the non-invasive observations and were in agreement with the production date of the painting. Both natural and synthetic dyes were identified in the mounting textiles of the panel screens. Among the synthetic dyes, fuchsin (C.I. 42510), methyl violet 3B (C.I. 42536), methyl blue (C.I. 42780) and benzopurpurin 4B (C.I. 23500) were identified. These are early synthetic dyes first synthesised between the 1860s and the 1880s, suggesting that the silk textiles are likely to have been dyed in the last part of the 19th century.

The Addition of Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris L.) to Dawet Ayu Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) as a Functional Drink Containing Anthocyanins

Dawet Ayu is a traditional drink made from rice flour, coconut milk, and brown sugar. Natural colors derived from suji plants are often used. We can make Dawet ayu into a functional drink with anthocyanin content using natural colors such as sappan wood and beetroot. We can use the benefit of this research as a reference that sappan wood and beetroot contain anthocyanin which acts as an antioxidant that is beneficial for health. We conducted the study to analyze the characteristics, acceptability, and anthocyanin levels of sappan wood dawet ayu with the addition of beetroot. The research design used was descriptive, experimental research that compared three groups with the addition of beetroot (50 g, 100 g, and 150 g). The research design used was a randomized block design. The results of statistical tests using the Friedman test showed that there were significant differences in the indicators of color, aroma, texture, and taste. The hedonic test obtained the highest public acceptance of sample P1 (50 grams of beetroot) with a taste score of 3.30 (like very much), color was 3.77 (like very much), the aroma was 3.58 (like very much), and texture was 3.48 (really like it), with the sample P3 (150 gr beetroot) of 23.14 mg/100g as the highest anthocyanin content. Sappan wood Dawet Ayu products with the addition of beetroot are acceptable in the community. The more addition of beetroot and sappan wood in the dawet ayu product, the higher the anthocyanin content.

Valorization of Corn Husk Waste for Textile Applications

ABSTRACT Agriculture biomass is a widely known renewable source that has a high possibility of recycling. The present investigation deals with the extraction, pre-treatment, dyeing, and characterization of natural fiber obtained from agricultural residues of corn husk. Water retted corn husk fibers were subjected to two steps of scouring and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide. The process effectively reduced non-cellulosic impurities, increased cellulose content to almost 79%, enhanced water absorption (431.5%), and increased fiber whiteness (54) with minimal impact on breaking tenacity (17.17 CN/tex). Natural dyeing was performed by using dye extracted from Sappan wood, and it was observed that fiber dyed without mordant exhibits a good color strength (K/S) of 13.21. Optimum dyeing conditions were determined by the response surface methodology, where K/S was kept as the main response. Modern spectroscopic characterization techniques were used for confirmatory analysis. The optimized recipe for natural dyeing is a 20% liquid dye concentration at 70°C for 1 hour, which achieved a K/S of 10.2–10.5 with adequate wash and light fastness properties in the range of 3–4 and 7–8, respectively. The current study will pave the way for the efficient textile application of this abundant but unnecessarily wasted biomass.

Green Synthesis of MgO Nanoparticles Using Caesalpinia Sappan Seeds and their Application for Direct Conversion of Alcohol to Azide

Azides have been considered as one of the energy rich functional groups as they are prominent precursors for reactive species like nitrenes and nitrenium ions. Also, they were utilized in synthesis of triazoles, triazolines and triazenes. The present work reports an eco- friendly synthesis of MgO NPs by utilizing Caesalpinia Sappan seeds as a novel fuel by solution combustion method. Multiple characterization techniques encompassing FTIR, UV- visible, XRD and SEM were used to study physico-chemical properties of synthesized MgO NPs. A convenient synthesis of amino alcohol via mixed anhydride method was carried out in the first step. Further, amino alkyl azide has been synthesized under mild condition by using the green synthesized MgO nanoparticles as a catalyst along with the addition of 2-azido-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium hexafluorophosphate, a safe, stable and efficient diazo transfer reagent. Structures of newly synthesized compounds were well characterized by HRMS, Proton and C-13 analysis techniques.

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN MINUMAN FUNGSIONAL BERBASIS NIRA KELAPA DENGAN PENAMBAHAN EKSTRAK SECANG, KAYU MANIS, JAHE DAN BERAS HITAM

The development of coconut sap-based products with the addition of secang wood extract, cinnamon, ginger and black rice is one of the right steps to provide a beverage source of antioxidants to suppress the development of degenerative diseases caused by exposure to free radicals. Objective: to examine the effect of the type and amount of extract on the total phenol, anthocyanin, antioxidant activity levels of coconut sap based- functional drinks by added extract of sappan wood, cinnamon, ginger and black rice based. This is a factorial experimental study using a Randomized Block Design. Factors tried were: 1) Type of extract (sappan wood (J1), cinnamon (J2), ginger (J3) and black rice (J4)); 2) amount of extract addition (15%, 20%, 25%). Variables observed were: total phenol and anthocyanin levels. The results showed that the type of extract and the amount of its addition affected on the total phenol and anthocyanin levels of functional beverages made from coconut sap. Functional beverages with the addition of sappan wood, cinnamon, ginger and black rice extracts contained total phenols of: (4.8; 3.68, 2.68 and 3.68)mg/mL and anthocyanins content of (25.23; 7,72; 8.76; and 38.22)mg/L, respectively.. The more the addition of extract, the higher the anthocyanin and phenol levels. The mean value of anthocyanin levels in the addition of extracts 15%, 20% and 25% were: (13.08; 18.81; and 28.05) mg/L and the total phenol content, (2.94; 3.59, and 4.21 GAE/g), and antioxidant actifity (DPPH) were: (65,3%), (66,7%), (69% ) respectively. Functional drink based on coconut sap with the addition of black rice extract has the highest antioxidant activity.Keyword : secang wood, cinnamon, ginger, black rice

Immunomodulator activity test of ethanol extract of Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) in mice (Mus musculus) infected by Staphylococcus aureus

Introduction: The potential of immunomodulators from a natural product is widely studied as a choice of natural immune support supplements. In Indonesia, Caesalpinia sappan (Sappan wood) is a traditional herbal drink to boost the immune system. Sappan wood contains potential compounds as immunomodulators, such as brazilin, sappanchalcone, and phenol. This study aims to determine the immunomodulatory activity of Sappan wood infected by Staphylococcus aureus.

Inhibitory Effects of Selected Medicinal Plants on Bacterial Growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious threat to global public health due to its capacity of tolerate conventional antibiotics. Medicinal plants are traditionally used to treat infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens. In the present study, 16 medicinal plants were screened for antibacterial activities to preselect more effective species. Ethanol extracts of selected medicinal plants (Caesalpinia sappan L., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Sanguisorba officinalis L., and Uncaria gambir Roxb) were partitioned successively with different solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, 1-butanol, and water). Disc diffusion assay and broth microdilution were performed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of plant extracts and fractions against Staphylococcus aureus strains. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the extracts and fractions was determined against the human hepatoma (HepG2) and human lung carcinoma (A549) cell lines using a trypan blue exclusion method. A few extracts and fractions showed significant inhibitory effects on the bacterial growth of all tested strains, including multidrug-resistance (MDR) clinical isolates. The ethyl acetate fraction of C. sappan had the most potent effects with minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) of 31.2/62.5 μg/mL and showed low cytotoxicity with over 90% cell viability in both cells. Our results suggest that medicinal plants have considerable potential as alternatives to conventional antibiotics.

Formulation and Evaluation of Sappan Wood Extract Transparent Solid Soap with Variations in the Concentration of Glycerin as a Humectant

Soap is a product that can be used to clean hands from bacteria and dirt. One of the natural ingredients that can be formulated into soap is sappan wood. Sappan wood contains 5 compounds belonging to flavonoids, including brazilin, brazilein, 3'-O-methyl brazilin, sappanin, chalcone, and sappanchalcone which have antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This study aims to formulate sappan wood extract into a transparent solid soap preparation with an olive oil base using variations in glycerin concentration, namely F1 (10%), F2 (15%), and F3 (20%) transparent soap preparations. The type of research conducted is experimental research. Evaluation of transparent soap preparations consisted of organoleptic testing, pH, moisture content, foam stability, wetting power, and hardness of the preparation. The results of the study showed that the transparent soap met the requirements for the organoleptic test, pH test, water content test, wetting power test, and hardness test. In the results of the stability test, F3 foam has a longer foam stability compared to F1 and F2.