Sappan Research Articles

Pembuatan SELAT (Secang Latte) Bersama Ibu PKK sebagai Sarana untuk Meningkatkan UMKM di Kecamatan Rungkut

MSMEs contribute 61.07% of GDP, equivalent to 8.6 trillion. The Surabaya local government is developing MSMEs by encouraging its people through increasing creativity and innovation so that they can create new business ideas. The purpose of this service is to help produce an innovative drink that has many properties, explore the properties possessed by sappan wood and Indonesian spices in the drink, learn to design a creative and innovative business, help develop MSMEs in the region. The service method carried out is Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) because the area already has MSME assets in the form of wedang secang which needs product innovation to further expand the market. The results of this service increase sales of wedang secang MSMEs through new product innovations of secang with added milk.

Bioprospection of Potential Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Compounds from “Secang” [Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod.

One plant in the Sulawesi region that is utilized in traditional medicine is “secang,” which is the local name of the Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod. The use of its wood is in the form of decoction to be drunk every day because it has properties for maintaining the body's immune system. Secang tree – as a valuable medicinal plant – is also known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Analysis has revealed that sappan wood harbors a variety of bioactive compounds – including brazilin, brazilein, sappan chalcone, and protosappanin. However, its use is only limited to the use of the wood. Hence, this research aims to analyze the bioprospection of the secang plant using parts of the wood, fruit, and leaves in terms of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activity. The three parts of secang were extracted using ethanol solvent and then made into five concentrations – namely, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%. The antimicrobial activity test used five test bacteria – namely, Listeria monocytogenes, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella thypi, and Staphylococcus aureus – using the well method. Next, the DPPH antioxidant activity test was contrasted with the vitamin C control. The antidiabetic activity test used an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor and compared with the acarbose control. The results obtained show that all samples can inhibit the growth of the five test bacteria from a concentration of 20–100%. Extracts of secang leaves and fruit have better antimicrobial and antioxidant abilities than secang stems. In the antioxidant test, the ability of the three extracts to bind free radicals increased as the concentration increased. Meanwhile, the antidiabetic test showed that the highest results were obtained from 40% secang leaf extract. Secang has shown promising medicinal properties and is an important resource in traditional medicine, hence warranting the exploration of its potential role as an important source of bioactive compounds for drug development.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK KAYU SECANG ( Caesalpinia sappan L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Edwardsiella tarda DAN Edwardsiella ictaluri PATOGEN BUDIDAYA PERIKANAN

The disease caused by pathogenic bacteria is one of the main problems in aquaculture in the Jambi Province. One of the diseases that occurs in cultivated catfish is due to infection by bacteria Edwardsiella tarda and Edwardsiella ictaluri, which cause Edwardsiellosis with a mortality rate above 50%. The antibacterial properties of the sappanwood extract (Caesalpinia sappan, L.) can be used to overcome problems in aquaculture, while reducing the use of antibiotics that can have negative impacts. This research aims to explore the antibacterial potential of sappanwood extract (Caesalpinia sappan, L.), a local plant believed to possess strong antimicrobial activity. The study began with isolating bacteria from catfish that showing symptoms of the disease, identifying the test bacteria, followed by extracting sappanwood using 96% ethanol solvent. Subsequently, the antibacterial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method with extract concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10%. The research results indicate that sappanwood extract at a concentration of 5% has a very strong ability to inhibit the growth of E. tarda and E. ictaluri bacteria. The inhibition zones produced show significant antibacterial activity equivalent to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin used as a positive control.

Kajian Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Kayu Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) dan Pemanfaatannya Pada Udang Vannamei (Liptopenaeus vannamei) Segar

Vannamei shrimp (Liptopenaeus vannamei) is a prominent fishery commodity due to its high consumption demand. However, susceptibility to bacterial damage and quality deterioration poses challenges. This study investigates the antibacterial potential of sappan wood extract in preserving shrimp shelf life. The research explores optimal extraction parameters, including solvent type and maceration duration, to assess yield percentage and antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Utilizing a Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD) in two phases, the study identifies 90% ethanol solvent and 6 hours maceration (P4M6) as the most effective treatment, yielding 7.32%. The extract addition significantly reduces shrimp microbial count, highlighting its potential in food preservation.

Contribution of extractives to the bark color of Caesalpinia sappan

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of Caesalpinia sappan (sappan wood) bark extractives by analyzing color change of the bark after extraction and the color of the extracts with several color measurement methods. Successive extraction was performed with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and hot water. Color change of the bark was measured using CIELab color system and the extracts were analyzed with Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometer, total phenolic content (TPC), and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the highest change on the bark color after methanol extraction with the Δa* and Δb* values of -2,53 ± 0,60 and -3,64 ± 1,20 respectively. Also, methanol extract showed the highest total phenolic content (860,24 ± 30,19 mg GAE/g). In addition, the Ultraviolet-Visible is analysis showed a peak at 478 nm in the hot-water soluble extract and two peaks in the methanol soluble extract at 396 nm and 478 nm. Hydroquinone was detected as one of the major compounds by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry in the methanol soluble extract. It was suggested that the color of Caesalpinia sappan (sappan wood) bark as well as the deep red coloration of its extract might be contributed by multiple phenolic compounds contained in the methanol extract with hydroquinone as its precursor. Therefore, it is also a potential source for coloring matter.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) kombucha

Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) is well known for its antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and antibacterials. Unfortunately, this plant has not been used properly. In this study, sappan wood is processed into a kombucha drink through fermentation. Kombucha fermentation gives sappan wood drink a distinct and pleasant flavor while improving quality. The study aimed to increase the functional value of kombucha using sappan wood as raw material. Kombucha was prepared with sappan wood powder (16 mesh size) at various concentrations (0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2% (w/v)) and 10% (w/v) sugar concentration. The effect of various sappan wood concentrations as a substrate for kombucha demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) reduction in pH and improvement in total phenol content, IC50 value of antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity against E. coli. The best sappan wood kombucha treatment was obtained at a concentration of 1.2% with pH of 3.85, total phenol of 874.44 mg GAE/mL, total sugar of 6.62%, IC50 value of 85.43 ppm, antibacterial activity against E. coli of 8.57 mm, and antibacterial activity against S. aureus of 7.99 mm.

In-vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity for Combination of Ethanol Extract from Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and Red Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roxb.)

Sappan wood and red ginger rhizome have been utilized as herbal medicine due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, analgesic, and immunomodulatory activities. Previous study revealed that sappan wood and red ginger rhizome showed good anti-inflammatory activity. However, the studies are focused on single extract. There are no research about combining the sappan wood extract and red ginger rhizome extract for antiinflammatory agent. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the combination of sappan wood and red ginger rhizome ethanol extracts for antiinflammatory properties using red blood cell (RBC) membrane stabilization test. The tested samples consisted of sappan wood ethanol extract, red ginger rhizome ethanol extract, combination formulas (F1, F2, and F3), and positive control (diclofenac sodium). F1 comprises a 1:1 mixture of ethanol extract of sappan wood and red ginger rhizome, while F2 and F3 are composed of 2:1 and 1:2, respectively. The IC50 values for sappan wood ethanol extract, red ginger rhizome ethanol extract, and formulas F1, F2, and F3 were 47.63, 181.26, 101.93, 94.98, and 104.98 ppm, respectively. Statistical analysis using the one-way Anova followed by the Games-Howell post-hoc test revealed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the IC50 of each sample. For single extracts, sappan wood is better as an anti-inflammatory. Meanwhile, in the formulations, Formula F2 is superior as an anti-inflammatory agent

Immune response enhancement by dietary supplementation with Caesalpinia sappan extract in weaned pigs challenged with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

BackgroundAt present, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most severe epidemics impacting pig farming globally. Despite the fact that a number of studies have been conducted on potential solutions to this problem, none have proven effective. The focus of problem solving is the use of natural ingredients such as plant extracts. Popular throughout Asia, Caesalpinia sappan (CS) is a therapeutic plant that inhibits PRRSV in vitro. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the efficacy of CS extract dietary supplementation on the productive performance, antibody levels, immunological indicators, and lung pathology of PRRSV-challenged weaned pigs. A total of 32 weaned piglets (28 days old) were randomized into 4 groups and kept separately for 14 days. The treatments were organized in a 2 × 2 factorial design involving two factors: PRRSV challenge and supplementation with 1 mg/kg CS extract. The pigs in the PRRSV-challenged groups were intranasally inoculated with 2 mL of PRRSV (VR2332) containing 104 TCID50/mL, while those in the groups not challenged with PRRSV were inoculated with 2 mL of normal saline.ResultsIn the PRRSV-challenged group (CS + PRRSV), supplementation with CS extract led to an increase in white blood cells (WBCs) on Day 7 post infection (p < 0.05) and particularly in lymphocytes on Days 7 and 14. The antibody titer was significantly greater in the CS + PRRSV group than in the PRRSV-challenged group not administered CS (PRRSV group) on Day 14 postinfection (S/P = 1.19 vs. 0.78). In addition, CS extract administration decreased the prevalence of pulmonary lesions, which were more prevalent in the PRRSV-challenged pigs that did not receive the CS extract.ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that supplementation with CS extract is beneficial for increasing WBC counts, especially lymphocytes, increasing the levels of antibodies and reducing the prevalence of lung lesions in PRRSV-infected pigs.

Physical, Chemical, Organoleptic Characteristics, and Antioxidant Activity of Instant Cascara Powder with Additions of Ginger and Sappan Wood

The aroma and taste of cascara products are generally mild, and the use of cascara powder also produces a blackish-brown extract color. To enhance both the taste and aroma, it is recommended to add ginger (Zingiber officinale) and sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan). Ginger contains essential oils to enhance aroma and has antioxidant activity. On the the hand, the Brazilin compound in sappan wood provides a natural red color, and the polyphenols have antioxidant activity. This study aimed to determine the effects of adding ginger and sappan wood extracts on physical, chemical, and organoleptic properties, as well as the antioxidant activity of instant cascara powder, with a focus on selecting the best and most preferred formulation. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used with one factor, namely concentration of ginger and sappan wood extracts. The treatment consisted of six levels, including F1 as control (cascara 100 g), F2 (cascara 70 g, ginger 5 g, and sappan wood 25 g), F3 (cascara 70 g, ginger 10 g, and sappan wood 20 g), F4 (cascara 70 g, ginger 15 g, and sappan wood 15 g), F5 (cascara 70 g, ginger 20 g, and sappan wood 10 g), and F6 (cascara 70 g, ginger 25 g, and sappan wood 5 g). The results showed that additions of ginger and sappan wood extracts impacted physical property, namely redness value, chemical properties including moisture, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity, as well as all organoleptic parameters. The best and most preferred formulation was sample F2 which had a redness value of 6,39, moisture content of 2,62%, polyphenol content of 35,41 mg GAE/g, and antioxidant activity amounting to 64,5%. Moreover, the average value of color preference was 5,32 (somewhat like), fragrance 4,32 (neutral), taste 4,8 (neutral – somewhat like), and overall 4,84 (neutral – somewhat like).

Formulation and Stability of Microemulsion Preparations From Secang Wood Extract (Caesalpinia Sappan L) and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO)

Research has been conducted to make microemulsion preparations from virgin coconut oil (VCO) and secang wood extract. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of secang wood extract with ethanol solvent, determine the Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB) value of a mixture of three surfactants that can form the most stable microemulsion preparations, and determine the most optimal variation in the concentration of secang wood extract in secang microemulsion formulations.This study began with the manufacture of secang wood ethanol extract from secang wood powder and 96% ethanol, then tested for flavonoid levels. Furthermore, VCO microemulsions in a mixture of water with secang extract are made with variations in HLB values, namely 12, 13, 14, and 15. Microemulsions with HLB variations were tested for stability through organoleptical observations and turbidity values by storage treatment at room temperature, heating, and centrifugation. Microemulsions were also tested for free fatty acid (FFA) levels. After that, the preparation of microemulsions with the most stable HLB is carried out with variations in the concentration of secang wood extract in the formulation. Microemulsions with extract variations were tested for stability through organoleptical observation and turbidity values after 24 hours, heating, and centrifugation. Microemulsions with optimal concentrations of secang wood extract were tested for antioxidant activity. The secang extract produced from the extraction was reddish-brown in color and had total flavonoids equivalent to 230.6 mg QE/g samples. The most stable microemulsion from this study is a microemulsion with an HLB value of 15 with a ratio of water:extract:VCO:surfactant which is 65:2,5:2,5:30. The microemulsion features transparent red, 1 phase, and smells like Tween 80 with turbidity value below 1% during storage, heating, and centrifugation with microemulsion FFA value of 0.53%. Based on variations in the concentration of secang wood extract, the higher the concentration of the extract, the more unstable the microemulsion produced. The 3% secang extract microemulsion is the most optimal microemulsion with antioxidant activity (IC50) of 1.4573±0.2694 mg/mL.

Effect of crop pattern and types of manure on the growth of Sappan wood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) in Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia

Sappan wood plants are one of the medicinal plants in Indonesia. Considering the potential of Sappan wood plants in the health and industrial sectors, special cultivation techniques are required to ensure that Sappan wood plants can grow with a large stem diameter. A large stem diameter can be achieved by using the appropriate planting distance. The right planting distance requires land with sufficient organic content. This research aims to determine the optimum planting distance and the appropriate type of organic material to produce Sappan wood plants with a large diameter. The experimental design used was a Split Plot Design, with planting distance (J) as the main plot and organic fertilizer (P) as the sub-plot. The planting distance factor levels were J1 = 1m x 1m, J2 = 2mx2m cm, J3 = 3m x3m. The organic fertilizer factor levels were P1 = Cow Manure Fertilizer, P2 = Chicken Manure Fertilizer, and P3 = Sheep Manure Fertilizer. The results showed an interaction between the planting distance treatment and the use of manure fertilizer on the parameters of stem diameter and soil pH of Sappan wood plants at 3 MAP (months after planting). The planting distance treatment independently influenced the results, with a 1m x 1m planting distance providing the best results for plant height and stem diameter. In general, the application of different types of manure did not significantly affect the growth of Sappan wood plants.

Ultrasound assisted extraction of sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) using different solvents

Caesalpinia sappan L. or known as sappan wood is a plant that had been used in traditional food, beverages and traditional medicine. It contains many active phytochemicals compound such as brazilin, sappanchalcone, xanthone, coumarin and flavones. Extraction is the common method to get the active compounds in plants and the use of new method of extraction is very recommended. The research was aimed to analyze the effect of different solvent (ethanol, water and 2-propanol) to the characteristic of sappan wood extract obtained from ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) process. Approximately 10 g of sappan wood was mixed with 100 ml solvent and extracted using probe type of ultrasound extractor for 15 mins and 500C. Extracts were analyzed for their yield, color, phytochemical compound, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity. Ethanol gives the highest yield (6.125%) with the color tends to be between ruby red and traffic red. This result is in accordance with the calculation of Hansen solubility parameter (HSP). All of the three extracts contained saponin, tannin, flavonoid and triterpenoid. Ethanol also gives the highest TPC (254.14 mg GAE/100 g) and lowest IC50 (3.19). It can be concluded that ethanol is better solvent to extract phytochemical component in sappan wood.

Evaluation of staining betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) using natural and synthetic dyes with and without the addition of preservatives

Bamboo is a widely utilized product. The use of dyes in coloring is now becoming important in bamboo dyeing as color can provide consumer appeal and improve aesthetics. Unlike wood, bamboo has a relatively uniform color, which is beige on the inside and green on the outside. Another important step in bamboo processing is preservation. This research examines bamboo colored using synthetic dyes using textile dyes which are azo group, natural dyes derived from the extraction of sappan wood, and examines the addition of borax boric preservatives. There are four treatments: natural dyes with preservatives, natural dyes only, synthetic dyes with preservative, and synthetic dyes only. Several tests were carried out, namely retention, penetration, staining evaluation using the CIELab method, and color change tests. It was found that natural dyes exhibited higher retention than synthetic ones, and both dyes without preservatives surpassed those with preservatives. Penetration was higher in natural dyes and those with preservatives. In comparison to the natural dyes, the color produced from synthetic dyes has a higher red intensity and a darker brightness level. While the addition of preservatives produces a lighter color with a higher brightness value. All treatments showed discoloration due to UV light exposure.

Antioxidant and color properties of black soybean tempe beverage with the addition of sappan wood and cinnamon

Black soybean was fermented into Tempe to increase its functional properties and bioavailability. To develop black soybean tempe into a beverage for practical consumption, sappan wood and cinnamon were added to improve the appearance and functional properties. This research aims to determine the effect of sappan wood and cinnamon addition on antioxidant levels, phenolic levels, and brightness levels of black soybean tempe beverages. The research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a ratio of sappan wood and cinnamon at 0:0, 3:0.5, 2.5:1, and 2:1.5 (%w/w). Beverage made from commercial yellow soybean tempe was used as control. This research started by making tempe using Yogyakarta's traditional method. Beans were dehulled, boiled for 30 minutes, soaked in boiling water for 36 hours, boiled again for 30 minutes, inoculated with RAPRIMA, and incubated for 40 hours at room temperature. Tempe beverage was made by milling tempe and 80°C water at 1:3 (w/w) and the barks at the mentioned ratio, followed by filtration. The beverages were then analyzed for their Ascorbic Acid Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (AEAC), total phenolics using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and brightness levels using the CIE method. The results showed the antioxidant properties ranged between 82.67-86.93 mg AEAC/ml, total phenolics: 53.43-66.53 mg GAE/ml, color brightness parameter L*: 33.82-34.49, a *: 1.97-2.01, and b*: 4.09-5.05. It can be concluded that adding sappan wood and cinnamon improved the antioxidant levels and appearance of black soybean tempe beverages. The highest antioxidant properties and brightness level were obtained by adding 3% and 0.5% of sappan wood and cinnamon bark, respectively.

Unveiling the Potential of Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) as a Novel Tanning Agent: A Promising Alternative for the Leather Industry

The exploration of vegetable tanning's natural resources is fascinating as an alternative to basic chromium sulfate for its natural abundance and considerable environmental impact. In this work, an attempt has been made to extract vegetable tannin from Caesalpinia sappan L. bark using water as a solvent with different levels of temperatures and incubation times. The highest yield efficiency was observed at 80 °C for 4 hours. The presence of tannin content and polyphenolic compounds were screened by the phytochemical analysis using Iron (III) chloride (FeCl3), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and ensured by the thin layer chromatography (TLC), and the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The extracts were then determined by percentage of extract yield, phytochemical, tannin type, moisture, total solids, and tannin characteristics. The findings indicate that the extract of Secang contains 4.98±0.28% total moisture, 95.02 ± 0.28% total solids, and 72.12 ± 2.81% total soluble solids, 52.28 ± 1.79% tannins, and 19.84 ± 1.41% non-tannin. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed a clear functional group within Caesalpinia sappan L., as evidenced by the type of tannin that is condensed. The TLC assay exhibited a considerable intensity under UV lights. It included several shades of light blue and blue, which could indicate the presence of secondary metabolites and tannin. Compared to mimosa, as the commercial standard for tanning agents in the leather industry, Caesalpinia sappan L. presents promise as an eco-friendly substitute for basic chromium sulfate and a new alternative source of vegetable tannin for the leather industry.

Dyeing of Pineapple Leaf Fibers Using Various Natural Dye Extracts and Mordants

ABSTRACT Pineapple leaf fiber is an environment-friendly natural fiber that does not harm any natural substance. To produce commercially available and attractive textile materials, pineapple leaf fibers were bleached with hydrogen peroxide and colored with natural dyes. Four natural dyes (turmeric powder, ebony fruit, lac, and sappan wood) were selected as natural sources for the extraction of natural colorants with and without salt, alum, and lime as mordants. The hydrogen peroxide concentration of 10 %owf, liquor ratio of 1:100, contact time of 30 min, and bleaching temperature of 70 °C were found to be the optimum bleaching parameters. The uses of different types of mordant on natural dyes give a variety of shades. The positive value of color axes (a* and b*) was an affirmation of mixture of red and yellow colors of mordanted-dyed PALF. PALF displayed a satisfactory dyeing performance for ebony fruit extracted dye with adequate fastness properties (from good to excellent) for light, wash, and perspiration, whether unmordanted or mordanted. Meta-mordanting increased the colorfastness properties of the samples. Results show excellent coloring ability for pineapple fiber dyeing, which can be a potential substitute for synthetic fiber as a sustainable approach to clean production.

Improvement of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) performance using Crude Brazilein Extract from Sappanwood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) with the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles

Improvement of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) performance using Crude Brazilein Extract from Sappanwood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) with the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles

The efficacy of topically applied Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) ethanol extract during incision wound healing in albino rats.

Medical manifestations in the form of incisions, burns, and trauma will trigger a natural wound-healing process that involves complex interactions between cells. Brazilin and other secondary metabolites found in Sappan wood have numerous bioactive qualities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Sappan wood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) ethanol extract topically on the incision wound healing of albino rats. Twenty male rats were randomly assigned into five groups with four replications, i.e., (C-) was treated ointment-based, (C+) was treated with 10% povidone-iodine, (T1, T2, and T3 groups) were treated with Sappan wood extract concentration for 6.5%, 15%, and 30%, respectively. The treatment was topically administered to wounded areas twice a day for 15 days. Wound healing was evaluated histologically as the following parameters collagen deposition, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), angiogenesis, and fibrosis degree using H&E staining. IL-2 level was evaluated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Wound length reduction was calculated on days 8 and 15. As a result, the 6.5% (T1), 15% (T2), and 30% (T3) Sappan wood extract groups were improved significantly (p < 0.05) compared to ointment-based (C-) and povidone-iodine (C+) groups on the collagen deposition, PMN, angiogenesis, fibrosis degree, and IL-2 level. In particular, the 6.5% (T1) Sappan wood extract group was highlighted significantly (p < 0.05) compared to other groups, evidenced by the improvisation of wound healing parameters and reduction of wound length on days 8 and 15. In conclusion, a 6.5% Sappan wood extract revealed its applicability to improve incision wound healing in albino rats.

Synergistic Formulation and Shelf Stability Evaluation of Brown Seaweed (Sargassum sp.) Infused Tisane Enhanced with Butterfly Pea Flower and Sappan Wood

Conventional seaweed beverages often concentrate solely on individual compounds, lacking the integration of complementary herbs. This study aimed to develop a functional tisane using Sargassum sp., butterfly pea flowers, and sappan wood, resulting in an antioxidant-rich tisane with favourable sensory attributes and storage stability. The research consisted of two phases: formulating the functional tisane and evaluating its quality stability. Sargassum sp. tisane contained flavonoids, saponins, phenols, and tannins. Hedonic testing revealed that the composition of Sargassum sp. significantly influenced taste and aroma preferences, with Formula F1 (ginger) achieving the highest taste score of 3.87. Formula F1 included sterols, saponins, and tannins, with an antioxidant content of 9.93 ppm. While the tisane’s pH slightly decreased during storage, importantly antioxidant activity remained consistently high until the end of storage. Microbial and other shelf-life parameters were evaluated using a combination of low-temperature storage and standard food preservatives in sterilized bottles. In conclusion, this study highlighted the potential of formulating a functional tisane using Sargassum sp., butterfly pea flowers, and sappan wood. These findings contributed to an improved comprehension of how to create appealing, stable, and bioactive-rich tisanes by utilizing a combination of marine herbs.

Facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide using Caesalpinia sappan L. extract as green reducing agent

Facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide using Caesalpinia sappan L. extract as green reducing agent