Sapindaceae Research Articles

Chemical properties of Fermented Sapindaceae vinegar Antioxidant Activity and Sensory Evaluation

The purpose of this study was to examine the chemical properties, antioxidant activities, and sensory test of a two-stage fermented vinegar produced from three Sapindaceae families, namely Lychee (Litchi chinensis), which divided into four cultivars (Chakraphat, Hong-Huay, Thai-Cho, and Ohia). Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) and Longan (Dimocarpus longan). Alcoholic fermentation was produced using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and acetous fermentation was produced using Acetobacter pasteurianus. In the samples during the alcoholic fermentation, the glucose and fructose contents decreased continuously and the contents of alcohol increased at the end of the fermentation process. The result showed the lychee wine produced from Ohia cultivar exhibited the highest content of alcohol (12.34±0.09% (v/v)) and exhibited the highest content of acetic acid in the acetous fermentation (3.79±0.00% (v/v)), while Longan exhibited the highest content of the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (87.33±0.00mg/mL and 52.54±0.57mg/L). The 9-point hedonic scale showed that the drinking vinegar produced from Rambutan exhibited the highest overall acceptability (7.70±1.62), which indicated the very much pleasant level of the vinegar preference of the consumers.

Extraction, purification, structural features and biological activities of longan fruit pulp (Longyan) polysaccharides: A review.

Dimocarpus longan Lour. (also called as longan) is a subtropical and tropical evergreen tree belonging to the Sapindaceae family and is widely distributed in China, Southeast Asia and South Asia. The pulp of longan fruit is a time-honored traditional medicinal and edible raw material in China and some Asian countries. With the advancement of food therapy in modern medicine, longan fruit pulp as an edible medicinal material is expected to usher in its rapid development as a functional nutrient. As one of the main constituents of longan fruit pulp, longan fruit pulp polysaccharides (LPs) play an indispensable role in longan fruit pulp-based functional utilization. This review aims to outline the extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics and biological activities (such as immunoregulatory, anti-tumor, prebiotic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and inhibition of AChE activity) of LPs. Besides, the structure-activity relationship, application prospect and patent application of LPs were analyzed and summarized. Through the systematic summary, this review attempts to provide a theoretical basis for further research of LPs, and promote the industrial development of this class of polysaccharides.

Characterisation, Antioxidant Activity and Chain Breaking Properties of Blighia sapida Oil Extracts

The ackee (Blighia sapida), a member of the Sapindaceae family is native to West Africa but has been naturalised in the Caribbean. Fully mature fruits are consumed in Jamaica and its diaspora. The arilli of the mature fruit is rich in monounsaturated lipids. Lipid extracts of the fruit are not currently utilised commercially. In the current study, lipid extracts of the arilli and seeds of the fully mature fruit were characterised. The acid, iodine, peroxide, and saponification values of the lipid extracts, as well as the refractive index were determined. Their antioxidant and chain breaking properties were also evaluated. Ackee arilli oil and seed oil had acid values of 3.2 ± 1.3 mg KOH/g and 4.7 ± 0.3 mg KOH/g, respectively (p > 0.05). The refractive index of ackee arilli oil and seed oil was 1.46 and 1.45, respectively (p > 0.05). Ackee seed oil had an iodine value of 48 and arilli oil 47 – 56 (g I2/100 g oil) (p > 0.05). Oil extracts from the mature arilli of the fruit had a saponification value of 211-213 mg KOH/g whereas ackee seed oil had a saponification value of 140 mg KOH/g. The peroxide values for the arilli and seed oil samples were 1.88 ± 0.35 and 19.55 ± 2.90 mEq/kg, respectively (p < 0.05), indicating that arilli oil had greater stability than ackee seed oil. The reducing capacity of ackee seed oil (3184 ± 526 %) and arilli oil (2078 ± 252 %) was not significantly different (p > 0.05). Fractionation of arilli oil extracts revealed that neutral lipids made up the major portion followed by glycolipids. Phospholipids were present in very small quantities. DPPH radical scavenging assay revealed percentage inhibitions of 3.2 % and 20.1 % for arilli and seed oils, respectively. Ackee arilli oil contained higher quantities (p < 0.05) of phenolics compounds (14.35 ± 0.66 ppm gallic acid/g) than the seed oil (11.47 ± 0.53 ppm gallic acid/g). Ackee oil exhibited several characteristic features of oils that are currently utilised commercially. Ackee oil extracts could be considered for utilisation in commercial applications in the food and cosmetic industries.

Anti-Alzheimer's and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Seed Extract of Sapindus emarginatus Vahl on Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Mice

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common nerve problem that leads to memory loss, particularly in the elderly. A shortage of acetylcholine in the brain, as well as oxidative stress, induces Alzheimer's disease. Currently, limited drugs are available to treat Alzheimer's disease because continuous use of these medications causes several side effects. Hence, we need high efficacious drugs to treat Alzheimer's disease with fewer side effects. Sapindus emarginatus Vahl or soap nut is a member of the Sapindaceae family. It's been used traditionally as an antiepileptic, antipruritic, antifertility, antiemetic, and anti-inflammatory agent. It is cheap, widely available, and reported to counteract chronic diseases linked to oxidative stress, such as ulcers and dyslipidemia. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-Alzheimer and antioxidant properties of ethanolic seed extract of Sapindus emarginatus (ESSE) against scopolamine-induced amnesia. Methods: The total flavonoid level of the ESSE was estimated by a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The scopolamine (1 mg/kg/PO) was administered as a single intraperitoneal injection on the seventh day for induction of dementia in mice. The ESSE (250 and 500 mg/kg/PO) and donepezil (2.5 mg/kg/PO) was administered orally for 7 days. The neurobehavioral tests such as an elevated plus maze, radial arm maze, and Y-maze tests were undertaken for estimation of behavioral trials. The brain homogenate was used for the estimation of acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase, and oxidative cell injury markers such as MDA, LH, SOD, CAT, and GSH. Results: The total flavonoid content of the extract was 0.47 mg of QE/g. Scopolamine degraded memory, as well as caused alterations in acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase, and elevated oxidative stress in the brain. Pretreatment with ESSE reduced scopolamine-induced behavioral, neurochemical, and oxidative stress markers. Conclusion: The ESSE has an anti-amnesic impact, making it an attractive option for targeting multiple events as a possible technique to slow cognitive impairment.

Novel Cultivar of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge ‘Yan Liu’

Bunge, a member of the Sapindaceae family, is a deciduous shrub or tree that is primarily distributed in north China. Xanthoceras sorbifolium is considered to be an ideal oil-rich seed tree species that has significant ecological, economic, and medicinal value (Ao, 2012; Liu et al., 2017). It can grow well in cold, barren environments, and even in saline-alkali land. It is also a valuable ornamental landscaping plant because of its beautiful form and luxuriant, colorful flowers. It has a long blooming period and flowers later than apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.) and peach

Antibacterial Activity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Methanol Extract Leaves of Orange Leaves (Filicium Decipiens) Against Staphylococcus epidermis

The Filicium decipiens (umbrella sunshade) tree, known as ormo kiara ormo or ki soap, belongs to the Sapindaceae family, namely saponin-producing plants which are estimated to have high levels of saponins and toxicity. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of parasol leaves against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The extract was macerated using methanol as a solvent. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the parasol leaf contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and steroids. Then proceed with the fractionation process of parasol leaf extract to obtain the n-hexane fraction with liquid:liquid partition using water:ethyl acetate = 1:1 as solvent. The antibacterial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method (Kirby and Bauer diffusion). The concentration variations of the n-hexane fraction were 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, control (+) cifroploxacin and control (-) DMSO. The highest concentration results were shown at a concentration of 75%, namely 12.52 and a decreasing concentration of 25%, namely 11.12, 100% concentration, 11.02, and 50% concentration, which was 10.62. While the concentration of K(+) namely Cifrofloxacin was 31.95. And shows that the largest concentration is targeted by a concentration of 75% which is 12.52.

Fruit morphological diversity and quality of pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake) from six populations in Riau, Indonesia

Abstract. Mardaleni, Jumin HB, Nandariyah, Yunus A. 2022. Fruit morphological diversity and quality of pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake) from six populations in Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2526-2533. Pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake), which belongs to the Sapindaceae family, has economic value, but information on the morphological diversity and quality of its fruit is unknown. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the morphology and quality of pulasan fruits from six populations in Riau Province, Indonesia and observe the kinship among populations. A total of 18 qualitative and 13 quantitative characteristics were evaluated on 67 pulasan cultivars. The difference among morphological characteristics was to analysed using ANOVA and Duncan multiple range tests, while the kinship analysis used UPGMA. Results of the quantitative and qualitative characterization of pulasan fruits showed high diversity among populations. The fruit is oblong, and it has a uniform skin color, sweet taste, aril cream-white color, and aril that can be easily peeled from the seeds. These characteristics indicate good fruit quality. Dendrogram analysis divided the population into two large groups at 73% similarity. The first group consisted of the population of Kampar Kiri, Gunung Sahilan, and Kuok, whereas the second group consisted of the population of Bengkalis, Siak, and Kuansing. The results of this study provide baseline information to obtain potentially superior characteristics for breeding and conservation of genetic resources, which can be used as a basis for the conservation of the germplasm of pulasan.

Skrining Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksi N-Heksan Ekstrak Metanol Daun Kerai Payung (Filicium decipiens) terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis

Kerai Payung (Filicium decipiens) belongs to the Sapindaceae family, which contains several active compounds that can be used as antibacterial. This study aims to determine secondary metabolites contained in the parasol leaf and the antibacterial activity of n-hexane fraction of the parasol leaf against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. Identification of compound components in the n-hexane fraction of Kerai Payung leaves was carried out qualitatively by TLC using a solvent ratio of n-hexane: ethyl acetate (9:1), (8:2) and (7:3). The best separation result was using nhexane:ethyl acetate (7:3) solvent to produce 7 spots visible at 366 nm UV. The antibacterial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method (Kirby and Bauer diffusion). The concentration variations of the n-hexane fraction were 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, control (+) cifroploxacin and control (-) DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide). The results of the antibacterial test against Staphylococcus epidermidis showed that the average value of the largest inhibition zone diameter was obtained at a concentration of 75%, which was 12.77 mm. The concentration groups of 25%, 50%, and 100% were 9.77 mm, 11.42 mm, 10.75 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, the K(+) group, namely Cifrofloxacin, was 31.95 mm.

Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Kulit Batang Matoa (Pometia pinnata) Dengan Metode 1,1-Diphenyl-2 picrylhidrazyl (DPPH)

Pometia pinnata is a plant belonging to the Sapindaceae family that spread in the tropics, including Indonesia, which can be used as antioxidants. It is known to contain flavonoid compounds. Flavonoid is a substance that has antioxidants in capturing free radicals because it contains a hydroxyl group which is a reducer and can be beneficial for hydrogen donors to free radicals. This study aims to determine the chemical content and antioxidant activity of Pometia pinnata skin using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhidrazyl (DPPH). Sample extraction was conducted using a multilevel extraction method with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents. The results showed that Pometia pinnata skin extract contains Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, Steroids, and Terpenoids. While the value of antioxidant activity showed the IC50 value of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts are 25, 5, 9, 4 µg/mL. The IC50 value indicates that the antioxidant activity is in an extremely strong category.

Comparative genomics and phylogenetic relationships of two endemic and endangered species (Handeliodendron bodinieri and Eurycorymbus cavaleriei) of two monotypic genera within Sapindales

BackgroundHandeliodendron Rehder and Eurycorymbus Hand.-Mazz. are the monotypic genera in the Sapindaceae family. The phylogenetic relationship of these endangered species Handeliodendron bodinieri (Lévl.) Rehd. and Eurycorymbus cavaleriei (Lévl.) Rehd. et Hand.-Mazz. with other members of Sapindaceae s.l. is not well resolved. A previous study concluded that the genus Aesculus might be paraphyletic because Handeliodendron was nested within it based on small DNA fragments. Thus, their chloroplast genomic information and comparative genomic analysis with other Sapindaceae species are necessary and crucial to understand the circumscription and plastome evolution of this family.ResultsThe chloroplast genome sizes of Handeliodendron bodinieri and Eurycorymbus cavaleriei are 151,271 and 158,690 bp, respectively. Results showed that a total of 114 unique genes were annotated in H. bodinieri and E. cavaleriei, and the ycf1 gene contained abundant SSRs in both genomes. Comparative analysis revealed that gene content, PCGs, and total GC content were remarkably similar or identical within 13 genera from Sapindaceae, and the chloroplast genome size of four genera was generally smaller within the family, including Acer, Dipteronia, Aesculus, and Handeliodendron. IR boundaries of the H. bodinieri showed a significant contraction, whereas it presented a notable expansion in E. cavaleriei cp genome. Ycf1, ndhC-trnV-UAC, and rpl32-trnL-UAG-ccsA were remarkably divergent regions in the Sapindaceae species. Analysis of selection pressure showed that there are a few positively selected genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on different datasets, including whole chloroplast genome sequences, coding sequences, large single-copy, small single-copy, and inverted repeat regions, consistently demonstrated that H. bodinieri was sister to the clade consisting of Aesculus chinensis and A. wangii and strongly support Eurycorymbus cavaleriei as sister to Dodonaea viscosa.ConclusionThis study revealed that the cp genome size of the Hippocastanoideae was generally smaller compared to the other subfamilies within Sapindaceae, and three highly divergent regions could be used as the specific DNA barcodes within Sapindaceae. Phylogenetic results strongly support that the subdivision of four subfamilies within Sapindaceae, and Handeliodendron is not nested within the genus Aesculus.

Insights Into Comparative Analyses and Phylogenomic Implications of Acer (Sapindaceae) Inferred From Complete Chloroplast Genomes.

Acer L. (Sapindaceae) is one of the most diverse and widespread plant genera in the Northern Hemisphere. It comprises 124–156 recognized species, with approximately half being native to Asia. Owing to its numerous morphological features and hybridization, this genus is taxonomically and phylogenetically ranked as one of the most challenging plant taxa. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequences of five Acer species and compare them with those of 43 published Acer species. The chloroplast genomes were 149,103–158,458 bp in length. We conducted a sliding window analysis to find three relatively highly variable regions (psbN-rps14, rpl32-trnL, and ycf1) with a high potential for developing practical genetic markers. A total of 76–103 SSR loci were identified in 48 Acer species. The positive selection analysis of Acer species chloroplast genes showed that two genes (psaI and psbK) were positively selected, implying that light level is a selection pressure for Acer species. Using Bayes empirical Bayes methods, we also identified that 20 cp gene sites have undergone positive selection, which might result from adaptation to specific ecological niches. In phylogenetic analysis, we have reconfirmed that Acer pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum as sister species. Our results strongly support the sister relationships between sections Platanoidea and Macrantha and between sections Trifoliata and Pentaphylla. Moreover, series Glabra and Arguta are proposed to promote to the section level. The chloroplast genomic resources provided in this study assist taxonomic and phylogenomic resolution within Acer and the Sapindaceae family.

Schleichera oleosa Seed Extract Reduced the Proliferation of Breast Cancer by Regulating the BRCA1 and p16 Genes.

Background:Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide. Schleichera oleosa (kusum tree) belongs to the Sapindaceae family commonly found in many states of India. This plant is traditionally being used in various pathological conditions. Methods: In vitro studies were performed using seed extract of Schleichera oleosa. Different concentrations of seed extracts were treated on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and its effect on migration and colony formation were observed. BRCA1 and p16 gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Results:We have analyzed anticancer and anti-metastatic effects of seed extract in breast cancer and IC50 was 140µg/ml concentration. Further, its inhibitory role in cell migration and colony formation was at 140µg/ml (P<0.0001) concentration and reduced significantly growth of sphere at 140 µg (P<0.0031) and 150µg (P<0.0010) concentration after 5 days of treatment. The apoptosis study was shown a significant increase at 140 µg (P<0.0001) in apoptotic cells. Expression of BRCA1 and p16 were found to be over-expressed as 1.4 and 1.7 fold, respectively, at 140µg/ml concentration after 24 h of treatment at the transcription level. BRCA1 protein was up-regulated but p16 expression down-regulated at 140 to 150µg/ml (One-Way ANOVA, P<0.0001) concentration. Conclusion:In this study, we found a significant role of S. Oleosa seed extract has an anti-cancer as well as anti-metastatic via up-regulation of BRCA1 and p16 genes in breast cancer cells.

Characterisation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antibiofilm Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesised from Harpullia arborea Bark Extract

Introduction: In recent years, plant-based antibacterial substance has replaced the conventional chemical synthesis method. Harpullia arborea belongs to the Sapindaceae family; its bark, fruit, and seeds are used by Indians as leech repellent, hair wash, and antirheumatic agents. Plant-mediated green synthesis of nanomaterials is gaining popularity due to its environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness. Aim: To synthesise Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) using bark extract of Harpullia arborea and evaluate their antibacterial efficacy against food borne pathogens. Materials and Methods: The in-vitro study of antimicrobial activity of Harpullia arborea bark extract was utilised for the synthesis of nanoparticles with 2 mM of silver nitrate. The study was conducted from March 2017 to April 2017. The synthesised nanoparticles were confirmed and characterised using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, while Fourier transform infrared, and electron microscopy utilised for the determination of shape and size of the synthesised particle. The synthesised AgNPs were subjected to antibacterial activity against food isolates using agar well diffusion method. Furthermore, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and antioxidant were also measured with titre plate and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazylhydrate (DPPH) method, respectively. Results: The UV-Vis spectra showed conformation of AgNPs with surface resonance peak of 430 nm, and Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirmed the involvement of biological molecules in AgNPs synthesis. In addition, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed AgNPs with a spherical shape with diameters from 26.3-40.6 nm. The well diffusion method showed the antibacterial activity of AgNPs against bacterial isolates. The results showed that AgNPs possess higher antimicrobial potency than non AgNPs. The lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was observed against Staphylococcus aureus [3.5 mg] and followed by Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [4.5 mg]. The DPPH method has confirmed that silver nanoparticles have a similar antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Harpullia arborea bark extract can be used effectively in the production of potent antimicrobial and antioxidants for commercial use.

Structure of the secondary xylem and development of a cambial variant in Serjania mexicana (Sapindaceae)

Summary The lianas in the family Sapindaceae are known for their unique secondary growth which differs from climbing species in other plant families in terms of their cambial variants. The present study deals with the stem anatomy of self-supporting and lianescent habit, development of phloem wedges, the ontogeny of cambial variants and structure of the secondary xylem in the stems of Serjania mexicana (L.) Willd. Thick stems (15–20 mm) were characterized by the presence of distinct phloem wedges and tangentially wide neo-formed cambial cylinders. As the stem diameter increases, there is a proportional increase in the number of phloem wedges and neo-formed vascular cylinders. The parenchymatous (pericyclic) cells external to phloem wedges that are located on the inner margin of the pericyclic fibres undergo dedifferentiation, become meristematic and form small segments of cambial cylinders. These cambia extend tangentially into wide and large segments of neoformations. Structurally, the secondary xylem and phloem of the neo-formed vascular cylinders remain similar to the derivatives produced by the regular vascular cambium. The secondary xylem is composed of vessels (wide and narrow), fibres, axial and ray parenchyma cells. The occurrence of perforated ray cells is a common feature in both regular and variant xylem.

Distribution and mapping pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake Bill. Liinh) in Riau ecosystem zone area

Pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake Bill. Liinh.) is one of the genetic sources of the Sapindaceae family which has many benefits, including fresh fruit, processed food industry as well as traditional and modern medicines. Currently, the existence of outward appearance has experienced scarcity, even threatened with extinction. This study aims to determine the distribution and create a map of the outward distribution in the Riau Ecosystem Area. This study uses a survey method, namely the technique of getting outward distribution points by tracking using the Garmin 76csx Global Positioning System (GPS). The data obtained were processed using the Map Source program and ArcGIS 10. The basic map used was a map of the administrative boundaries of Kampar, Kuantan Singingi, Siak and Bengkalis districts as well as a map of soil types. The outward distribution of each sub-district is presented descriptively and in the form of a map. Overlays of germplasm have been explored in as many as 495 trees spread over four districts in Riau. The population of the outward distribution in the mineral soil ecosystem zone is more than the population in the peat soil ecosystem zone. Distributed in groups with unequal populations.

Preliminary Study on Major Phenolic Groups, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Capacity of Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis Anacardioides) Fruit Extracts

Background: Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) is one of eleven species that belongs to the Sapindaceae family, which is native to Australia. Objective: This study screened major phenolic groups from fresh or dried whole fruits, or just their skin. Methods: Using optimal ultrasound assisted extraction conditions with either acetone (50%) or methanol (50%) as extraction solvents. This study further tested their antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic activity against a panel of ten cancer cell lines for their potential health benefits. Results: The results showed that levels of major phenolic groups were significantly different with solvents used or types of materials (whole fruit or skin). The extract from dried skin fruit using acetone 50 % (SD-A50) had the highest level of total phenolic content(112.47 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (101.89 mg CAE/g); however, the extract from fresh skin (SF-A50) had the greatest proanthocyanidin content (124.22 mg CAE/g). This SF-A50 extract also showed the strongest antioxidant activity and had the highest growth inhibition and the lower dose response (GI50 values of 20-145 μg/mL) against the HT29 (colon); U87, SJ-G2 (glioblastoma); MCF-7 (Breast); A2780 (ovarian); H460 (lung); A431 (skin); Du145 (prostate); BE2-C (neuroblastoma); and MIA PaCa-2 (pancreas) cancer cell line, revealing its therapeutic potential. Conclusions: Fourteen major compounds, including catechin were detected from the Tuckeroo fruit extract; future studies are recommended to further isolate, identify and test the health potentials from group and individual compounds of the Tuckeroo fruit extract.

Lychee Seed as a Potential Hypoglycemic Agent, and Exploration of its Underlying Mechanisms.

Food is people’s primal want. A reasonable diet and healthy food not only provide nutrients for human growth but also contribute to disease prevention and treatment, while following an unhealthy diet can lead to an increased risk of many diseases, especially metabolic disorders, such as diabetes. Nature is enriched with different food sources, and it seems that purely natural products are more in line with the current concept of health, which enhance the formation of the notion that “Food/Diet Supplements from Natural Sources as a Medicine.” As a delicious fruit, the medicinal values such as anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidation, and antiglycating properties of lychee have been found. Lychee (Litchi in Chinese) is a subtropical fruit plant belonging to the family Sapindaceae. It has been widely cultivated in warm climates worldwide, particularly in China, for thousands of years. In recent years, various phytochemical components such as quercetin, procyanidin A2, and (2R)-naringenin-7-O-(3-O-αL-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) have been identified in a lychee seed, which may lend a lychee seed as a relatively safe and inexpensive adjuvant treatment for diabetes and diabetic complications. In fact, accumulating evidence has shown that lychee seed, lychee seed extracts, and related compounds have promising antihyperglycemic activities, including improving insulin resistance, anti-inflammatory effect, lipid regulation, neuroprotection, antineurotoxic effect, and renoprotection effect. In this review, we summarized publications on antiglycemic effects and mechanisms of lychee seed, lychee seed extracts, and related compounds, which included their efficacies as a cure for diabetes and diabetic complications in cells, animals, and humans, attempting to obtain a robust evidence basis for the clinical application and value of lychee seed.

Food and nutrition-related disease

Plants and fungi used by humans for food represent complex mixtures of chemicals, some of which have dose-dependent neurotoxic potential that may trigger acute, delayed or long-latency neurological disease. Whether or how botanical chemicals trigger nervous system disorders, including their participation in sporadic neurodegenerative diseases, is a growing area of research interest in environmental neurology. Acute-onset disorders include hypoglycemic encephalopathy induced in hungry children who ingest immature fruit of the Soapberry family (Sapindaceae), notably lychee (Litchi sinenesis) in Asia or ackee (B.

Amelioration of Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Injury by Pometia pinnata

Introduction: Cisplatin is one of the most effective anticancer drugs. But using cisplatin can cause very serious nephrotoxicity and acute kidney injury (AKI). Pometia pinnata (PE) or commonly referred to as matoa is a typical plant, especially Papua, Indonesia. Pometia pinnata belongs to the Sapindaceae family. This study aimed to determined the nephroprotective activity of the extract ethanol pometia pinnata on rats induced cisplatin. Methods: 30 rats are divided into six groups, each group were contained 5 rats. Group I was a normal group which rats only given CMC (carboxy methyl celluloce). Group II was a negative group which rats injected 7 mg / kgbw of Cisplatin in day 3. Group III was a positive group which rats given vitamin C 1% from day 1 to 7 and in day 3 rats were injected cisplatin. Group IV-VI were extract groups (100 mg / kgbb, 200 mg / kgb, 400 mg / kgbb) which rats orally given extract from day 1 to 7 and in day 3 rats were injected cisplatin. On day 8 rats were injected ketamine 1% which directly took the blood from the heart. Results: The result shows that EEPE on rats biochemical parameters including urea, creatinine, uric acid. Group II showed that there was a significant increase (p <0.05) compared to the normal group that was not given cisplatin and extracts. Whereas in the group given the extract in groups IV, V, and VI there was a reduction in biochemical parameters because the Pometia leaf extract had high antioxidant activity so that it had nephroprotective activity. extract ethanol pometia pinnata can reduced the level of sodium, potassium and chloride of each group after receiving cisplatin. Statistically group II that only given cisplatin has significantly different with group I (p<0,05) and also statically different with group VI (p<0,05).

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and acute toxicity evaluation of Litchi chinensis seed extract in albino rat

Litchi chinensis is a edible fruits of soapberry family commonly known as lychee; is traditionally used for the treatment of inflammation, headache, and body pain. The present study investigated the toxicity, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activity of the ethanolic crude extract of Litchi chinensis to support its traditional use in its folk medicine and to screen the phytochemical constituents. 70% ethanolic extract of seeds of Litchi chinensis (LCSE) was prepared and preliminary phytochemical screening was performed. Acute toxicity of LCSE was carried out based on OECD guidelines 423. In vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of the extract was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema and hot plate methods in Wistar albino rat's model. Results revealed that LCSE contains phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and alkaloids. LD50 values were found to be higher than 5000 mg/kg body weight; no any sign of toxicity, behavior changes, moribund, and mortality were observed in LCSE treated animals. Oral administration of LCSE at the dose of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg produced a significant (p&lt;0.05) dose-dependent inhibition in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and hot plate. These results suggest that LCSE is non-toxic, and shows potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities over Wistar albino rats. These finding demonstrate that lychee seed extract acts as a good therapeutic candidate for the safe anti-inflammatory agents.