Santalum Album Research Articles

Biodiversity of Jashpur District Chhattisgarh, India

The biodiversity of Jashpur district of Chhattisgarh was studied using the methods of Frequency, density and abundance. For sampling Loro Ghat was taken. In the present study, at about 77 deciduous forest trees species belonging to 31 different families, were identified with their botanical name and their possible uses by the local tribes were recorded. It is observed that the family Fabaceae represent maximum number of seventeen species, followed by Moraceae with 7 species, Combretaceae with 06 species, Myrtaceae with 5 species Rutaceae with 4 species, Anacardiaceae Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae with 3 species, respectively. Besides, these families Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Burseraceae, Embenaceae, Lamiaceae and Meliaceae were found with two species of each in the surveyed area. On the basis of data analysis Butea monosperma showed their maximum frequency, density and abundance i.e., 0.507, 1.074 and 2.117 respectively, during the sampling, and then followed by Cassia fistula and Shorea robusta with 0.313 and 0.388, respectively. On the other hand, Embilica officinalis, Ficus bengalensis, F. carica, F. glomerata, Pongamia pinnata and Pterocarpus marsupium showed minimum distribution in the forest. Surprisingly, the species like Santalum album, Mangifera indica and Annona reticulate, Terminalia arjuna and Tectona grandis were appeared with high abundance.

Study of Plants used as Cosmetics in Putalibazar, Syangja

In recent days, people from developed countries primarily rely on modern synthesized product for their cosmetic needs, while people from developing/ underdeveloped countries still rely on traditional knowledge and uses locally available plants for their cosmetic needs. As Nepal is an underdeveloped country, most of the people who live in rural areas largely depend upon traditional plants for their cosmetic use. The main objective of this study is to identify and enumerate different plant species used as cosmetics in Putalibazar, Syangja. The data on plants used as cosmetics were collected via participant observation and interview methods. The study revealed that 27 plant species belonging to 18 families were cosmetics. Among them, Curcuma longa L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. and Santalum album L. are the most often utilized plants.

Mechanistic insight of Staphylococcus aureus associated skin cancer in humans by Santalum album derived phytochemicals: an extensive computational and experimental approaches

An excessive amount of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is commonly associated with actinic keratosis (AK) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by secreted virulence products that induced the chronic inflammation leading to skin cancer which is regulated by staphylococcal accessory regulator (SarA). It is worth noting that there is currently no existing published study that reports on the inhibitory activity of phytochemicals derived from Santalum album on the SarA protein through in silico approach. Therefore, our study has been designed to find the potential inhibitors of S. aureus SarA protein from S. album-derived phytochemicals. The molecular docking study was performed targeting the SarA protein of S. aureus, and CID:5280441, CID:162350, and CID: 5281675 compounds showed the highest binding energy with −9.4 kcal/mol, −9.0 kcal/mol, and −8.6 kcal/mol respectively. Further, molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the docked complexes were relatively stable during the 100 ns simulation period whereas the MMPBSA binding free energy proposed that the ligands were sustained with their binding site. All three complexes were found to be similar in distribution with the apoprotein through PCA analysis indicating conformational stability throughout the MD simulation. Moreover, all three compounds’ ADMET profiles revealed positive results, and the AMES test did not show any toxicity whereas the pharmacophore study also indicates a closer match between the pharmacophore model and the compounds. After comprehensive in silico studies we evolved three best compounds, namely, Vitexin, Isovitexin, and Orientin, which were conducted in vitro assay for further confirmation of their inhibitory activity and results exhibited all of these compounds showed strong inhibitory activity against S. aureus. The overall result suggests that these compounds could be used as a natural lead to inhibit the pathogenesis of S. aureus and antibiotic therapy for S. aureus-associated skin cancer in humans as well.

Clinical efficacy of Kuanxiong aerosol for patients with prehospital chest pain: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundKuanxiong Aerosol (KXA)(CardioVent®), consisting of Asarum sieboldii Miq. oil, Santalum album L. oil, Alpinia officinarum Hance oil, Piper longum L. oil and borneol, seems to relieve the symptoms of chest pain and serve as a supplementary treatment for prehospital chest pain in emergency department. Style of the studyThis randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the clinical effect and safety of KXA for patients with prehospital chest pain. MethodsA total of 200 patients were recruited from Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine and randomly divided into KXA group (n = 100) and Nitroglycerin Aerosol (NA) group (n = 100) by SAS 9.2 software. All patients were treated with standardized Western medicine according to the pre-hospital procedure. The experimental group and NA group was additionally treated with KXA and NA respectively. The primary outcome was the relieving time of prehospital chest pain (presented as relief rate) after first-time treatment. The secondary outcomes included the evaluation of chest pain (NRS scores, degree of chest pain, frequency of chest pain after first-time treatment), efficacy in follow-up time (the frequency of average aerosol use, emergency department visits, 120 calls, medical observations and hospitalization at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks), alleviation of chest pain (Seattle angina questionnaire, chest pain occurrence, and degree of chest pain at 12-weeks treatment) and the change of TCM symptoms before and after 12-weeks treatment. In addition, the safety of KXA was also assessed by the occurrence of adverse events. The database was created using Epidata software, and statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS 23.0 software. ResultsA total of 194 participants finally completed the trial, the results showed that after first-time treatment, KXA had a higher relief rate (72.2%) of chest pain within 30 min than that of NA group (59.4%, p = 0.038), KXA group had a lower degree of chest pain (p = 0.005), lower NRS score (p = 0.011) and higher reduction of NRS score (p = 0.005) than the NA. In the follow-up period, KXA group decreased the frequency of 120 call better than that of NA group at 4 weeks (p = 0.040), but KXA had a similar efficacy as NA in the improvement on the of frequency of chest pain, aerosol use, emergency department visits, 120 call, medical observation and hospitalization at 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks (p>0.05). There also had no difference between the two groups on the occurrence of chest pain, degree of chest pain, physical limitation, angina stability, treatment satisfaction, and disease perception between the two groups at 12 weeks (p>0.05). In addition, KXA and NA both improved the patient's chest pain, but not the TCM symptoms. In terms of safety, KXA showed similar safety as NA in this study. ConclusionsKXA relieved prehospital chest pain faster than NA and had a better remission effect on the prehospital chest pain than that of the NA group in short-period. In long-period, KXA showed similar efficacy on the improvement of prehospital chest pain as NA. KXA may be a safe and reliable therapy for prehospital chest pain.

Strigolactone analogue GR24 mediated somatic embryogenesis from leaf tissues of Santalum album L

Strigolactone analogue GR24 mediated somatic embryogenesis from leaf tissues of Santalum album L

Ayurvedic and contemporary view of Vishaghana Mahakashya

Charka Samhita is considered one of the oldest ancient medical books among all literary. Charka explained fifty Mahakashaya in the fourth chapter of Sutra-Sthan namely Shadvirechanshtashreeya. Each Mahakashya are named according to their action, for example Balya Mahakashaya increases strength. Each Mahakashaya has ten drugs. Among the fifty Mahakashaya. Laghu, Ruksha, Aashu, Vishad, Vyavayi, Tikshna, Vikaashi, Sookshma, Ushna, Anirdeshyarasa[1] are the ten properties of poisonous drugs. Drugs which act against toxic effect of substances are called as Vishaghna.[2] Vishaghanamahakashaya shows the anti-toxic effect by treating of Rakta and Pitta Dushti. The term Vishaghana and detoxification are same functionally. Vishaghana Mahakashaya Dravya denatures toxins, neutralise toxins and excretes toxins from the body. It includes Haridra (Curcuma longa), Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia), Suvahaa (Operculina turpethum), Sukshama Ela (Elettaria cardamomum), Paalindee (Hemidesmus indicus), Chandan (Santalum album), Kataka (Strychnos potatorum), Shirish (Albizzia lebbeck), Sinduvaara (Vitex negundo) and Shleshmaataka (Cordia dichotoma). Vishghanamahakashya has large area of therapeutic uses. The objective of this review article includes discussing different aspect of Vishghanamahakashya in Ayurvedic and contemporary aspects.

Integrated mRNA and small RNA sequencing reveals post-transcriptional regulation of the sesquiterpene pathway in Santalum album L. (Indian sandalwood).

In sandalwood, negative pattern of regulation by miRNAs was documented in key genes from the sesquiterpene pathway, with cytochrome P450 reductase showing maximum miRNA targets, followed by sesquisabianene synthase 1. A comprehensive knowledge of the molecular regulation of sesquiterpene biosynthetic pathway through transcriptomic studies is well established in Santalum album (Indian Sandalwood). However, the post-transcriptional regulation of the genes regulating the pathway is still elusive in this genus. In the present study, an integrated analysis of wood transcriptome and small RNA datasets was conducted to investigate the role of miRNAs in regulating the expression of transcripts involved in santalol production mediated by the sesquiterpene biosynthesis pathway. A total of 24,237 transcripts were annotated from the wood transcriptome, and 45 transcripts were mapped to the sesquiterpenoid pathway. Small RNA data analysis identified 257 conserved miRNAs belonging to 50 families and 7 novel putative miRNAs. Sa-miR156, Sa-miR396, Sa-miR166, and Sa-miR319 had the most number of members among the miRNA families. An integrated analysis predicted 69 miRNA members belonging to 12 families that targeted 12 transcripts from the sesquiterpene pathway, with a maximum of 24 miRNAs regulating cytochrome P450 reductase, followed by sesquisabianene synthase 1, which was targeted by 23 miRNAs. Validation of miRNA-mRNA interaction by qRT-PCR revealed a negative pattern of regulation in six miRNA-mRNA target pairs across wood tissues sourced from four genotypes. The present study provides the first crucial insight into the post-transcriptional regulation of the sesquiterpene pathway genes in the genus Santalum and opens up a new perspective in metabolite engineering for enhanced essential oil production in sandalwood. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03816-4.

Studies on Sandalwood Tree ( L.) Based Santalum album Agroforestry System in Haveri District of Karnataka, India

Studies on Sandalwood Tree ( L.) Based Santalum album Agroforestry System in Haveri District of Karnataka, India

Explant Sterilization of Sandalwood (Santalum Album) and Teak (Tectona Grandis) Micropropagation with Commercial Disinfectant

Sandalwood (Santalum album) and Teak (Tectona grandis) are essential wood sources for furniture. Sustainable micropropagation methods can benefit wood availability. This study evaluates NaOCl and Povidone-iodine effects, immersion duration, and concentrations on teak and sandalwood micropropagation. Teak is treated with 10% & 15% NaOCl and 10% & 15% Povidone-iodine. No significant difference was observed between teak treatments; however, povidone-iodine shows potential as an effective teak sterilizing agent. Sandalwood's best sterilization: NaOCl at 10% & 15%.

Clinical Effect of Unani Medicine in a Case of Warts with Medical Images Before and After Treatment

The Unani (Greek) system of medicine is one of the oldest forms of medicine used in various parts of the world. Despite its long journey, this medicine continues to thrive due to its vital role in the field of medical sciences. It encompasses comprehensive knowledge of the underlying causes and definitive treatments. In Unani Research OPDs, patients with chronic illnesses, especially those who have exhausted various integrative treatments, come seeking a cure. One such patient was a 33-year-old female who sought treatment for grainy growths on her fingers. She has prescribed a powder containing Mazu (Quercus infectoria Oliv), Murdar Sang (Litharge), Sandal (Santalum album), and kafoor (Camphor). After using this powder for 15 days, the patient experienced approximately 87.735% improvement. These results suggest that it could be a potential drug of choice for treating warts, deserving a large-scale clinical trial and the use of specialized scales to achieve even better and more significant results.

Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used To Treat Livestock Ailments, In Dallol Manna District, Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State, South East Ethiopia

Historical information on the use of medicinal plants is in danger of extinction due to different changes in different parts of the world, including Ethiopia. This study, carried out in the DallomAna, Oromia regions of Ethiopia, aims at the ethnobotanical analysis of medicinal plants used in the treatment of animal diseases. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the information sources selected. Analysis of ethnobotanical data using tools such as the Consensus Consent Factor (ICF) preference ranking, ranking matrix, and calculating the degree of fidelity. In Dallomanna Region reported all 68 medicinal plant species used to treat veterinary diseases. The most common family is Fabaceae (7 spp.), followed by Euphorbiaceous (5 spp.), Asteraceae (5 spp.) Solanaceae (4 spp.). For the preparation of drugs for the treatment of livestock diseases, plants are generally used as the root, followed by leaves, seeds and stems. All of the medicine is made and used immediately, and some of it is boiled and dried for use. In addition, the most common way of route of administration for treatment animal diseases in the study area is oral, followed by topical application and nasal .The highest consensus criteria (ICF) values were recorded in ophthalmology, followed by dermatology. Most species have been reported for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, followed by species for the treatment of skin diseases and fever. Ten participants compared nine herbs used to treat veterinary diseases to see how they ranked. This was followed by Hagenia Abyssinia in first place, then Zingier ofcinale and Embelia schimperi in third place. Nicotiana tabacum, Phyllanthus ovalifolius, Ruta chalepensis Santalum album followed Hagenia abyssinica, which achieved the highest value among traditional oyster medicinal plants. The main threats to veterinary medicinal plants were overharvesting of available species, agricultural land expansion, and less attention to traditional medicine due to modernization.

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS DAN POLA PENYEBARAN POHON DI HUTAN LINDUNG GUNUNG EGON DUSUN BLIDIT KECAMATAN WAIGETE KABUPATEN SIKKA

This study aims to determine the diversity of species and distribution patterns of trees in the protected forest of Mount Egon, Blidit Hamlet, Waigete District, Sikka Regency and is expected to be useful for the development of science and technology, especially in the field of forestry and plantations. This research was carried out for one month from February 13 to 13. March 2023. The research used was scientific research using survey and transect methods with an observation plot size of 10 x 10. The results obtained from the study found twelve tree species, namely, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Schleichera oleosa, Santalum Album, Dimocarpus longan, Ficus carica, terminalia catappa toona sinensis, averrhoa bilimbi, canarium indicum, shorea spp, dendrocalamus asper, ficus benjamina, with a diversity index of 2,340 with criteria 1<H'<3, the diversity of tree species in the protected forest of Mount Egon is classified as moderate and the distribution pattern with IM< 1 then the distribution pattern is uniform.

Identification and Characterization of the AREB/ABF/ABI5 Gene Family in Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) and Its Potential Role in Drought Stress and ABA Treatment

AREB/ABF/ABI5 (ABA-responsive element-binding protein/ABRE binding factors and ABA INSENSITIVE 5) transcription factors are involved in regulating the expression of ABA (abscisic acid)-related genes and improving plant adaptability to environmental stress. To explore the influence of AREB/ABF transcription factors on santalol synthesis, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the AREB gene family in sandalwood, identified 10 SaAREB genes, and divided them into five subfamilies. We found that all SaAREB genes encoded unstable hydrophilic proteins and the subcellular localization prediction of SaAREBs was that they are located in the nucleus. AREB/ABF genes belong to the bZIP-A subfamily and we found that the 10 AREB proteins all contained bZIP (basic region leucine zipper) and four potential phosphorylation sites (RXXS/T). According to the collinearity analysis results, four of the SaAREB genes were involved in two fragment duplication events. Through qRT-PCR (real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR), we explored the expression profile of SaAREB in different tissues; the effects of ABA treatment and drought treatment on AREB transcription factors were predicted. From the expression of different tissues, we found that SaAREB1 not only responded to prolonged drought but also was highly expressed in stems. Moreover, SaAREB3, SaAREB7, and SaAREB8 specifically respond to ABA treatment. Based on RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) data, we found that SaAREB6 and SaAREB8 were highly expressed in the sapwood and transition regions. Regarding SaCYP736A167, as a key gene in santalol synthesis, its promoter contains the most ABRE cis-reactive elements. These results provide a basis for further analysis of the role of the Santalum album L. (S. album) ABRE/ABF/ABI5 genes in the formation of santalols.

Structural and chemical insights into the prebiotic property of hemicellulosic polysaccharide from Santalum album L.

Hemicellulose was extracted by alkali treatment of de-pectinated cell wall material of Santalum album L. (sandalwood) suspension culture cells. The physicochemical properties and prebiotic activities of a purified major fraction of Hemicellulose-B, termed as HB-I, were investigated. GC analysis of hydrolyzed and derivatized HB-I showed the presence of arabinose (~64 %), galactose (~16 %) and glucose (~16 %) as major monosaccharide units along with minor amount of rhamnose. Methylation and NMR studies on the purified polysaccharide revealed the presence of 6-β-d-Glcp, β-d-Galp, 3,5-α-l-Araf, α-l-Araf, 5-α-l-Araf, 2,3-α-l-Araf and, α-l-Rhap residues, from which a proposed structure of repeating units was established. The growth of probiotic Lactobacillus spp. strains L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus was promoted while that of Escherichia coli was suppressed significantly in presence of HB-I. Our results highlight valorization of sandalwood biomass and explore the role of mixed α, β-linked heteroglycan as a potential prebiotic molecule thus indicating the possibility of development of low-cost bioprocesses for production of functional food ingredients.

Santalol oil of Sandalwood (White) grown in different edaphic factors in west Bengal, India

Santalol means oil of white sandalwood (Santalum album L.) which is most valuable and importantfor different medicinal and cosmetic uses. The quality of this santalol is very much dependent on soil factor as well as climatic factor which is called edhapic factors as a whole. The concept of most of the people is sandalwood plant doesn’t grow in any atmospheric conditions and cannot produce quality sandalwood oil. Keeping all these views in mind we have undertaken a venture of producing sandalwood plants in different locations prevailing varied edaphic factors. A uniform agro-measure and techniques were provided for the proper growth and development in for all the plants in all locations. After attaining its heartwood maturity, we collected the heartwood samples from each location and estimated the santalol following standard distillation method. The aims and object of this experiment were to study the growth index i.e., quantitative assessment and determining the percentage of santalol present in the heartwood for its qualitative assessment. All these peculiarities and the recorded data have been put forth in this paper for a clear explanation.

Characterization of sandalwood (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase whose overexpression enhances cold tolerance through jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling in Arabidopsis.

Santalum album (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase catalyzes FPP into (E,E)-α-farnesene. Overexpression of the SaAFS gene positively improved cold stress tolerance through JA biosynthesis and signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Volatile terpenoids are released from plants that suffer negative effects following exposure to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Recent studies revealed that (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase (AFS) plays a significant role in a plant's defence against biotic attack. However, little is known about whether AFS contributes to plant resistance to cold stress. In this study, a SaAFS gene was isolated from Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) and functionally characterized. The SaAFS protein mainly converts farnesyl diphosphate to (E,E)-α-farnesene. SaAFS was clustered into the AFS clade from angiosperms, suggesting a highly conserved enzyme. SaAFS displayed a significant response to cold stress and methyl jasmonate. SaAFS overexpression (OE) in Arabidopsis enhanced cold tolerance by increasing proline content, reducing malondialdehyde content, electrolyte leakage, and accumulating reactive oxygen species. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that upregulated genes related to stress response and JA biosynthesis and signaling were detected in SaAFS-OE lines compared with wild type plants that were exposed to cold stress. Endogenous JA and jasmonoyl-isoleucine content increased significantly in SaAFS-OE lines exposed to cold stress. Collectively considered, these results suggest that the SaAFS gene is a positive regulator during cold stress tolerance via JA biosynthesis and signaling pathways.

First Report of Pseudoidium santalacearum Causing Foliar Powdery Mildew on Santalum album in Guangdong Province, China.

Santalum album Linn is an evergreen and facultative root hemiparasitic tree. It is attached to host roots through haustorium to withdraw water and nutrients. Its aromatic heartwood, honored as "Green Gold", is widely used in perfumes, incense, medicine, and skin cancer prevention (Sandeep and Manohara 2019, Polaiah et al. 2020). From February to June 2022, powdery mildew was observed on over 80% of S. album in the nursery with a mean temperature and relative humidity of 30/22°C (day/night) and 55/82% (day/night) at the Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangdong, China (23°11'N, 113°23'E). Initial symptoms were circular to irregular white colonies on the leaf surface (Fig. 1). As the disease progressed, white mycelia covered the entire leaf surface and premature defoliation of the infected leaf was observed. Then a bare stem remained and subsequently desiccated (Sundararaj et al. 2022). Infected leaves with mycelia were collected and observed under a Zeiss AX10 microscope. Foot cells of conidiophores (n = 30) were straight to slightly curved cylindrical, and the length and width of foot cells were up to 24.8 to 44.6 × 8.2 to 11.7 μm. Conidiophores (n = 30) were straight, 83.5 to 127.3 μm long × 6.6 to 7.6 μm wide and produced three immature conidia in chains. Conidia (n = 30) were elliptical to cylindrical, measured 31.3 to 41.2 μm × 11.3 to 13.7 μm. The sexual stage was not found. The morphological characterization of our samples was consistent with powdery mildew of S. album in India, termed Pseudoidium santalacearum (Patel et al. 2015). However, the molecular identification was not performed. In this study, we carefully collected the mildew and extracted the genomic DNA. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using universal primers ITS1 and ITS4 (White et al. 1990). The ITS sequences of the three samples (GenBank Accession No. OQ746371, OQ746372, and OQ746373) were all more than 99% identical with the sequence of Erysiphe palczewskii on Caragana arborescens (GenBank Accession No. LC010048) (Takamatsu et al. 2015). It is known that Erysiphe containing chasmothecia belongs to teleomorph, whereas Pseudoidium is an asexual morph of Erysiphe, belonging to anamorph (Hsiao et al. 2022, Meeboon and Takamatsu 2016). In our samples, there was no chasmothecia, and the morphological characterization was consistent with P. santalacearum (Patel et al. 2015). Therefore, we classified it as P. santalacearum. Phylogenetic analysis showed that P. santalacearum had a closer relationship with the E. palczewskii (Fig. 2). Pathogenicity tests were conducted by gently pressing the infected leaves onto five healthy S. album plants. Five non-inoculated plants were used as controls. The plants were placed in a growth chamber (Light/Dark: 16 h/8 h, temperature: 25 ± 2°C). Inoculated leaves developed powdery mildew symptoms after 7-12 days, whereas the control plants remained symptomless (Fig. 1). Morphological and molecular characters of the fungus on the inoculated plants were identical to those on naturally infected S. album, fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. santalacearum on S. album in Guangdong, China. Powdery mildew can generally result in a high mortality of S. album seedlings. Therefore, identification of the pathogen provides a scientific basis for effective diagnosis and prevention of the disease and contribute to an appropriate nursery management of S. album seedlings.

CD07 Corticosteroids: a complex case of friend and foe

Abstract Hypersensitivity reactions to corticosteroids, either immediate or delayed, represent a clinical paradox as one would not expect such reactions to compounds with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. We present the case of a 67-year-old patient referred to our service with three episodes of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to steroids. The first episode occurred in 2016 when the patient was treated for a chest infection with amoxicillin and 5-mg prednisolone. Following 1 day of treatment, the patient developed a widespread erythematous rash. The patient remained systemically well, and the rash resolved over 3 weeks. Subsequently, the patient tolerated penicillin with no issues. In April 2019, following a bupivacaine and triamcinolone steroid injection to the shoulder and back for pain management, the patient developed a widespread erythematous rash. The patient denied any blistering or peeling of the skin and was systemically well. This rash took ∼3 weeks to settle. In August 2019, the patient had a dexamethasone injection to her back and subsequently developed a widespread erythematous pruritic rash. On this occasion, the patient reported symptoms of nausea and headache. The patient has avoided all steroids since 2019 and has developed no rashes. The patient had a negative skin prick test to bupivacaine under the care of immunology. Patch testing results showed positivity to 10/13 compounds tested in the corticosteroid series (Table 1). The patient had a negative patch test result to tixocortol-21-pivalate (0.1%) and to hydrocortisone-21-acetate (1%). In the fragrance series, the patient tested positive to one compound, Santalum album oil (sandalwood oil) 2%. Corticosteroids are classified into four groups (A, B, C and D), with the last subdivided into D1 and D2. A further classification proposed divides corticosteroids into three groups based on their structural characteristics. Allergic reactions to corticosteroids have been reported, with an estimated prevalence of 0.1–0.3%, with contact dermatitis to corticosteroids having a higher frequency (0.5–5%). Although not life-threatening, contact allergy to corticosteroids can have significant impacts on quality of life and on treatment.Table 1Corticosteroid series patch testing resultsHapten/compound%48 h96 hBudesonide0.01+/–+++Betamethasone-17-valerate1++Triamcinolone acetonide1++Tixocortol-21-pivalate0.1Alclometasone-17,21-dipropionate1+/–Clobetasol-17-propionate1++Dexamethasone-21-phosphate disodium salt1+Hydrocortisone-17-butyrate+/–+++Desoximetasone1+++Betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate1+++Methylprednisolone aceponate1+++Corticosteroid mix2.1++++Hydrocortisone-21-acetate1

PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PERKECAMBAHAN BIJI CENDANA (Santalum Album LINN.) DENGAN LAMA PERENDAMAN MENGGUNAKAN AIR KELAPA DAN BAWANG MERAH

Sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.) is an endemic plant that is the identity of the people of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Generative propagation by means of seed soaking treatment is one of the alternatives to sandalwood plant propagation. Factors that are known to affect the success of plant propagation are Growth Regulators (ZPT) and the duration of soaking. This study was conducted to determine the use of coconut water and shallots as well as the effect of soaking duration for sandalwood growth. The research method uses a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) using a factorial design of 2 (two) factors, namely the first factor in the use of coconut water and shallots consisting of 3 levels, namely aquades (control), air kelapa 75% and bawang merah 75% and The second factor includes the length of soaking which consists of 3 levels, namely the Soaking Time of 9 Hours, 18 Hours, and 27 Hours. The results of this study showed that the treatment of the use of Coconut Water and Shallots and the combination of treatments did not have a real effect on germination, germination speed index, germination value and wet weight, while the length of soaking had a significant effect on the germination power and has avery noticeable influence on the sandalwood germinating speed index (Santalum album LINN).

Silicon Nanoparticles (SiNPs) Positively Affect Morpho-Structural Differentiation in Micropropagated Plantlets of Santalum album L.

Silicon Nanoparticles (SiNPs) Positively Affect Morpho-Structural Differentiation in Micropropagated Plantlets of Santalum album L.