Sanitary Waste Research Articles

MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ROMANIA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EU. A STAKEHOLDERS’ PERSPECTIVE

The European waste policy is focused on reducing the negative impact of waste, eliminating the unhealthy use of resources, and on better waste management. The aim of this paper is to analyse Romania’s waste management practices in the EU context. The research methodology is based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis. The descriptive data analysis reveals significant differences among EU countries in terms of the municipal waste generated and the recycling rate. The municipal waste generated registers decrease, whereas there are significant increases in terms of the recycling rates in the EU countries. The qualitative research is based on the analysis of structured interviews among stakeholders, relevant for the waste management in Romania. The information obtained based on interviews was processed using NVivo and the main findings are focused on recommendations for improving the waste management system. We have identified a lack of adequate public support in the waste field due to insufficient awareness programs, lack of operator’s obligation for separate waste sanitation, people's discouragement to separate their household waste, and lack of bins to separate collection. The correction of identified weaknesses could lead to an improved waste management system, feasible only through an active involvement of stakeholders

Assessing the risk of marine litter accumulation in estuarine habitats

Rivers and estuaries are among the main entrances of litter to the marine environment. This study characterizes marine litter deposits in three estuaries of the Gulf of Biscay, assesses its potential impact in estuarine habitats based on expert elucidation, and develops a methodology to estimate the associated environmental risk. Litter was ubiquitous in the estuaries of study, mostly represented by plastic debris and sanitary waste. High marsh communities acted as litter traps, showing significantly higher litter densities than adjacent habitats. The expected impact was valued to be low but different across habitats and possible litter-habitat interactions. The estimated risk was low but different across habitats and estuaries, determined by the probability of encounter and the expected impact. This study contributes to increase the scarce knowledge available on the threat that marine litter poses in estuarine environments and presents a methodology to help identify those habitats under a higher risk.

Multi-sector evaluation of generation, composition and sustainable treatment systems for commercial waste streams in India

India is currently facing fundamental challenges in managing rising amounts of solid waste, in which the growing commercial sector accounts for a large proportion. Development and implementation of sustainable waste management systems require a profound understanding on commercial waste generation and composition characteristics. In this article, solid waste generated from three different commercial establishment areas and scales were investigated, characterised and analysed based on the number of employees in South India. Each commercial waste stream was further stratified into different waste generator types. The multi-sectoral commercial waste analysis results showed that organic waste share ranges from 4.9 to 60.4 wt% for different establishment sizes and types. A noticeable amount of 30.2–55.8 wt% sanitary and biomedical wastes were identified in IT & offices establishments. Through an analysis of 195 companies, mixed waste generation per employee (E) were obtained as 114.8, 180.4, 322.7 and 1537.0 g E−1d−1 for education facilities, IT and offices, manufacturing companies and hotels and restaurants, respectively. The chemical analysis showed that mixed waste of medium and large establishments does not comply with the existing Indian composting requirements. However, commercial waste above a particle size of d > 60 mm complies with the proposed quality guidelines for Indian refuse-derived fuel.

Processing of sanitary and household waste in biotechnical life support systems

In order to establish material loops in biotechnical life support systems (BTLSS), various types of organic waste generated within the system need to be effectively processed. A universal method should be developed to produce mineral fertilizers for the higher-plant compartment of the BTLSS regardless of the level of reduction of the organic compounds contained in the waste and the contents of mineral elements in it. A method of producing mineral fertilizers by organic waste oxidation in the hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution under application of an alternating current electric field is proposed as a possible approach. Methods of processing of human wastes and inedible plant biomass were discussed in previous studies. The present study demonstrates the approach to processing cotton waste and kitchen wastewater. The study describes processing of such wastes by using a supplementary oxidizer (nitric acid) and co-oxidation with other types of organic waste typically generated in the BTLSS. Recommendations are offered on using these approaches to process sanitary/household waste in the BTLSS.

Investigation of borehole water contaminant profile at igwuruta solid waste dumpsite, Rivers State, Nigeria

This study investigated the boreholes contamination profile at Igwuruta solid waste dumpsite. Physicochemical parameters of the water quality of selected boreholes at various distances were examined, and the results indicated that borehole A, B and C had Total Coliform Bacteria (TCB) of 140.0 cfu/100ml, 120.0 cfu/100ml and 0 cfu/100ml respectively. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) threshold of A, B and C indicated 6.0x10 3 cfu/ml, 4.8x10 3 cfu/ml and 42cfu/ml respectively. The water quality index (WQI) of boreholes A, B and C also indicated 560.82, 475 and 2.6, respectively. The result of borehole C water quality indicated it was excellent and potable for drinking. The WQI obtainable at A and B indicated polluted boreholes due to possible leachate infiltration into the groundwater and proximity of these boreholes to the dumpsite. The study recommended the adoption of solid waste re-use, recycling, and sanitary landfill waste management approach as best practice. Keywords: Coliform, Contaminants, borehole water, dumpsite, Physicochemical, waste

Estimation of Methane Emissions from Mirash Municipal Solid Waste Sanitary Landfill, Differences between IPPC 2006 and LandGEM Method

Estimation of Methane Emissions from Mirash Municipal Solid Waste Sanitary Landfill, Differences between IPPC 2006 and LandGEM Method

Identification of Domestic Liquid Waste Sanitation Conditions in an Effort the Improvement of Sanitation in Karanganyar

Domestic liquid waste sanitation conditions in Karanganyar is the circumstances or description of the environment sewage from household activity results in particular black water located in Karanganyar. Identification purposes is to provide information about the condition of domestic waste sanitation in Karanganyar, which is necessary to address insecurity about sanitation. Karanganyar is a Regency which have abundant areas prone to sanitation. Karanganyar has 177 villages with poor sanitation conditions following six villages at risk is very high, 77 Villages at high risk, medium risk and the village of 54 40 Villages are less risky. Sanitary conditions are influenced by various factors, among others, the type of means of sanitation and the quantity of domestic waste generated per person in district at Karanganyar. Type of sanitation facility that is in the community's variegated Karanganyar Regency such as cubluk, jumbleng, septic latrines with goose neck and WC sit with septic tanks. Socio-economic conditions determine the type of selected community sanitation. According to the BPS, the number of poor households in Karanganyar of 5 rating is the largest Sub Gondangrejo, Mojogedang, Jumapolo, Kebakkramat and Karanganyar. From the results of the sample population of 285 quisioner the respondent inhabitants in Karanganyar earned a percentage of population in a town is not served by sanitation more than 60% as follows Jenawi 94.1%, Karangpandan 78%, Jumapolo 75.1%, Karanganyar 70.8%, Jatiyoso 70%, Mojogedang 65.4%, Jumantono 63%, Kebakkramat 62.5% dan Ngargoyoso 61.2%. The results of the identification that Kecamatan prone concluded that sanitation, thus requiring handling domestic waste processing to improve sanitation in Karanganyar Regency. The selected processing system and is expected to effectively, efficiently and in accordance with the socio-economic conditions of society as well as the sustainable.

Processing of household waste in the BTLSS using the wet combustion method

The present study discusses physicochemical methods of organic waste processing in closed biotechnical life support systems (BTLSS). Sanitary and household cotton wastes were processed by the method of wet combustion in hydrogen peroxide using an alternating current electric field – a promising physicochemical method for organic waste processing in the BTLSS. The highest efficiency of the process (in terms of power consumption, duration of the process, and oxidation rate) was achieved in experiments with oxidation of a combination of cotton fabrics and urea-containing wastes such as human urine and feces. The reason for this must be that urea is a reactive aqueous solvent of cellulose.

Utility of multivariate statistical analysis to identify factors contributing river water quality in two different seasons in cold-arid high-altitude region of Leh-Ladakh, India

Monitoring water quality of surface water resources is the key concern in determining the potable water quality in high-altitude region. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate different parameters affecting water quality of river and identify the most important variables and factors significantly affecting water quality. In the present study, multivariate statistical methods including cluster analysis and principal component analysis/factor analysis were applied to analyze the Indus River water quality in the Trans-Himalayan region of India. For this total 25 no. of physicochemical parameters were analyzed in water samples taken from seven different monitoring sites in summer and winter season. All the physical, microbial, chemical, and mineral parameters were analyzed by using the standard methods of American Public Health Association, whereas minerals were determined with the inductively coupled plasma optical emission of spectroscopy method. Thereafter, experimental two-season (28 samples × 25 parameters) matrices of both the seasons were run through the multivariate statistical data analysis. The varifactors obtained from the FA of both the seasons and results indicate that the parameters responsible for water quality variations are mainly related to discharge and temperature (natural), organic pollution (point source: domestic sanitary waste), and nutrients (non-point sources: agriculture) in the summer season. However, in the winter seasons, results showed that the river water was less affected by anthropogenic activities and natural weathering process. Therefore, it is concluded that quality of Indus River water is affected by agricultural, domestic, and hydrogeochemical sources in the summer season. These findings corroborate suitability of multivariate statistical techniques in the elucidation of various parameters for water quality monitoring and determination of different contamination sources.

ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT IN SELECTED SCHOOL CAMPUSES IN PUDUCHERRY REGION, INDIA

Among all the prominent contributors of municipal solid waste (MSW), schools have been chosen for the study since the rate of solid waste generation and its respective composition has not been reported or rather has been underestimated in the schools of Puducherry region. Hence, the present paper is an attempt to fill up this gap in our knowledge. The existing waste management system in selected schools was unsystematic and relatively scarce to meet the waste management objectives in precise manner as specified in Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules 2016, India. During the study it was found that the average per capita waste generation rate in the selected schools was 0.092 ( 0.025) kg/capita/day varying from a high of 0.117 ( 0.021) kg/capita/day in higher secondary schools to a low of 0.059 ( 0.020) kg/capita/day in primary schools. The mean composition of school waste was made up of 39% food waste; 33% paper; 11% silt, soil and mud (combined); 8% plastic; 2% wood, glass, metal and textile (combine); 2% clinical and sanitary wastes; 1% E-waste; 4% other wastes. Approximately, 70 -80% of generated solid waste was burnt or dumped openly in the premises, 10 -15% collected by municipal authorities and the remaining 6 - 8% recovered through informal recycling and composting facilities. On the basis of the findings, recommendations for developing practices for preventing the wastes generation and efficient management of the generated wastes were suggested. Establishing waste avoidance, handling and recovery policies and programs for food, paper, plastic and soil wastes could significantly influence the success of sustainable solid waste management system at the institute level.

Properties of concrete manufactured with use of ceramic sanitary ware waste as aggregate

ABSTRACT In concrete manufacture, cement (Portland type is the most used), water and aggregates (classified into coarse and fine) are used. With the use of several raw materials the generation of waste is inevitable, both in construction and in other sectors, such as the industries producing ceramic materials. Among the types of waste from such industries, can be mentioned the ceramic scrap (from the sanitary ware industry). According to the above, the aim of this research was to study the addition of ceramic scrap as a coarse aggregate in different proportions in the concrete formulation. In order to do this, was select wastes from an industry in the south of Minas Gerais (Brazil), and prepare specimens to determine the fresh (slump test, adhesiveness and porosity) and hardened (compression strength) of concrete. Were fabricated five concrete formulations, one reference (RC) and four with ceramic scrap substituted for coarse aggregate in the proportions of 25% (CSC-I), 50% (CSC-II), 75% (CSC-III) and 100% (CSC -IV). Fresh concretes, two formulations did not show adhesiveness (CSC-III and CSC-IV) and two a small water runoff (CSC-I and CSC-II), however, without compromising the concrete’s workability. Regarding the compression strength, the average values presented were very good, including the formulation with 100% ceramic scrap (fc = 47.78 MPa). Another important aspect observed in the rupture modes was the small adhesion between the ceramic scrap and the mortar due to the glazing in the contour of the waste. As for the porosity of the concretes, those with 25%, 75% and 100% of ceramic scrap in their composition presented lower values than the reference concrete.

Operation of solid waste in intermunicipal sanitary landfills in the province of Cañete - Region Lima, 2018

The objective of this research work is to determine the relationship between the operation of solid waste in intermunicipal sanitary landfills in the province of Cañete - Lima Region, 2018. In order to propose tools for its implementation and avoid the pollution that has been causing in the different districts of the province. The quantitative approach, non-experimental design, correlational type, was used through the survey technique and as an instrument the questionnaire, a population of 120 people, 20 per district of Cerro Azul, Nuevo Imperial and Quilmana. In the result there is no significant correlation between the sanitary landfill variable and solid waste, since the significance 0.05 is less than 0.59, therefore it is not significant and the correlation coefficient Pearson (r=,050) indicates that there is a moderate relationship between both variables. The moderate existence between the variables sanitary landfill and intermunicipal solid waste of the province of Cañete 2018 is concluded, it reflects the little interest in propitiating changes of behavior between authorities of the different districts focused on the investigation, provoking the vulnerability due to the lack of formal and sustainable sanitary landfills

Analysis of the Effects of Aggressive Environments Simulating Municipal Sewage on Recycled Concretes Based on Selected Ceramic Waste.

This paper presents the results of research aimed at finding the possible ways of disposing of ceramic waste material, focusing mainly on the possibility of using it as aggregates in concretes exposed to an aggressive chemical environment (municipal sewage). The research part presents the preparation method and investigation of waste ceramic aggregates (red, glazed and sanitary ceramic aggregates). A suitable ratio of coarse to fine aggregates was selected, and their density, absorptivity and crushing strength were examined. All examined aggregates were also subjected to SEM analysis. Red ceramic aggregate is characterized by a greater degree of crushing compared to glazed and sanitary ceramic aggregate, by 205.7% and 439.4%, respectively. Another part of the research was to compare the properties of concrete with traditional aggregate (gravel, basalt) and with ceramic waste aggregate. The tested parameters included consistency, apparent density, absorptivity, flexural and compressive strengths of concretes. The study proved that the absorptivity of recycled composites is higher than that of traditional composites by 20.8–24.7%. The concrete based on sanitary ceramic waste has the highest strength parameters. Its compressive strength is higher by 10.5% and flexural strength by 5.9% compared with the basalt aggregate concrete. The compressive strength of sanitary ceramics concrete is higher by 42% and by 59% compared with concrete based on glazed ceramic and red ceramic aggregate, respectively. The last part of the research was to examine the resistance of concrete to aggressive environment. The scope of the work included the preparation of the research environment in the form of solutions with an increased concentration of aggressive agents (hydronium, sulfate, magnesium, ammonium ions). Among the concretes with ceramic aggregate, the highest decrease in the compressive strength was demonstrated by the concrete based on red ceramics (128.2%), while the smallest was demonstrated by the concrete based on sanitary ceramics (aggregate from sanitary ceramics (15.4%). The mass loss at different time intervals and compressive strength loss of samples stored in solutions were tested. The smallest weight loss caused by aggressive environment attack was recorded in the concrete based on ceramic sanitary and glazed aggregate (20.2% and 34.5%, respectively, after 120 days of aggressive environment).

Study of Cargo Vessel Sanitation and the Presence E.Coli Bacteria on Food in the Port Area of Tanjung Perak Surabaya

Vessel sanitation is the effort made to prevent infestation of bacteria Escherichia coli as an indicator of contamination of water and foods. This study aimed to identify the presence of the vessel sanitation E.coli bacteria in processed foods in the region cargo vessel Port of Tanjung Perak Surabaya in 2014. This study was observational descriptive with cross-sectional approach. Instrument in this study was the observation form vessel sanitation inspection of Port Health Office Class I Surabaya and the results of laboratory examination of the presence of E.coli bacteria in food on a cargo vessel. The sample size in this study as many as 30 vessels were taken by accidental sampling. The variables of this study was vessel sanitation and the presence of E.coli bacteria in food on a cargo ship. The results showed the ship sanitation in the area of Tanjung Perak Surabaya include kitchen sanitation, sanitary food preparation space, warehouse sanitation, drinking water sanitation, food sanitation, solid waste sanitary mostly have low sanitary risk, where as for the presence of E.coli in processed food the overall cargo vessel food samples contained no E.coli bacteria. Efforts that can be done by keeping the ship clean by crews and sanitation inspection by officer of Port Health Office Class I Surabaya.

A Decentralized and Sustainable Solution to the Problems of Dumping Menstrual Waste into Landfills and Related Health Hazards in India

In a nation like India which consists of 655 million women, 48% of them are not aware of the proper usage of a sanitary napkin. Disposal of used sanitary pads is a major challenge across India. This study investigates how women manage menstrual waste and the amount of sanitary waste that ends up into landfill. Lack of awareness and immense taboo around menstruation in India adds up to the issues of proper sanitary waste management. This infectious waste, if not handled properly, would pose an immense threat to the oceans, land, and human health. So far while importance was given only to promoting the usage of sanitary napkins, it is equally important that the problems caused by dumping sanitary waste in landfills be addressed. Considering the various hazards caused by this widely accepted yet problematic disposal method, it is necessary to come up with a solution that is sustainable on every front. To avoid proliferation of the problem, a decentralized solution to handle the menstrual waste at its generation point is vital. With this study, we try to conclude best practices to be observed and put forth a solution that is more economical, viable and rational than landfill dumping. Keywords: Menstrual waste, Landfills, Land and water pollution, Health of waste pickers, Decentralized solution

Examination of granulometry of ceramic dust which derogations while disposing waste sanitary ceramics for the use of their as addition to the concrete

The purpose of the research presented in this article was to assess the granulometry of ceramic dust in terms of their use as an additive to concrete. The material for testing came from postindustrial sanitary ceramic waste, which was subjected to a crushing process in jaw crushers. A research stand consisting of a Horoir LA-300 laser particle analyzer connected to a computer equipped with appropriate software was used to study the granulometric characteristics. As a side feature, the dust density was examined using a Le Chatelier flask. The results of the tests carried out were compared with the data obtained for the traditionally used concrete additive - silica volatile dusts.

Modification of Refractory Concretes with Aeration Agents as a Method of Protection against the Phenomenon of Spalling

The aim of the work is to carry out tests analyzing the effectiveness of introducing pores to concrete on eliminating explosive spalling of concrete in fire conditions. A fireproof concrete is designed, which contains aluminum cement and aggregate obtained from waste sanitary ware. A Microporan aerating agent is used to modify the concrete features. The tests are carried out on cubic samples with nominal dimensions 10 × 10 × 10 cm and cylindrical dimensions 10 × 20 cm. Three batches of test samples are prepared, with different levels of aeration of the concrete mixture, i.e., without an aeration agent, with 0.5% and a 1% amount of aeration admixture weighted relative to the amount of cement used. Samples of all batches are divided into two series and conditioned in two types of environments with different humidity levels: dry and humid. The article presents the results of strength tests of concrete samples that are subjected to high temperatures similar to the temperatures occurring in the fire environment. The process of heating the samples proceeds according to the standard curve showing the temperature rise during the standard fire. The soaking temperature is in the range of 20 to 1000 °C. After baking in the oven, the samples are tested on a strength machine. The authors carry out only pilot studies. Only results from destructive tests of compressive strength of a refractory concrete composite are presented. The simulation station for the fire impact is the PK-1100/5 high-temperature chamber furnace together with the control system and a computer station with temperature monitoring software. Samples are loaded with increasing temperatures, according to the “temperature–time” standard curve. The compressive strength test is used as a criterion for assessing the effectiveness of the aeration agent. Strength tests are carried out both on unheated and soaked conditions in different environments. This paper presents the results of laboratory tests that allow for the authors to determine the characteristics of the material being tested. The empirical data include, among others, testing of selected physical properties (water absorption of concrete) and mechanical properties (measurements of compressive strength before and after thermal load). Based on the results obtained, conclusions from the tests are formulated. The proposed considerations show that the modification of the composite by aeration is an effective preventive measure in relation to the phenomenon of explosive concrete spalling.

Concrete resistant to spalling made with recycled aggregate from sanitary ceramic wastes – The effect of moisture and porosity on destructive processes occurring in fire conditions

The paper describes a new model of the production of the concrete that is resistant to the conditions of a sudden temperature rise, which simulate a fire. Aluminum cement and aggregate obtained from the sanitary ceramic ware wastes were used for the production of the concrete. The composite was modified by the addition of the polypropylene fibers or by introducing additional porosity into the material. The purpose of the work was to produce a concrete, which would have optimal strength parameters despite the impact of a high temperature equal to 1000 °C. The paper presents the results of the research on the physical properties of the cementitious composites, as well as compressive strength before and after thermal loading. In addition, the microstructure of the heated concretes in various moisture states was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). On this basis, conclusions were drawn regarding the influence of destructive physical changes within the cement paste on the strength properties of the concretes; the beneficial characteristics of the ceramic aggregate in the aspect of the water vapor diffusion were pointed. In addition, the process of the cracks’ propagation in the structure of the cement matrix due to thermal load, and the diffusion of water vapor by the structure of the ceramic aggregate has been schematically modeled in the paper.

EVALUATION OF THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE BOTTOM ASH: A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION

The disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) to thermochemical treatments promotes the formation of ashes as a by-product, which constitutes an important role in the design and operation of energy recovery plants, as the ash can cause corrosion and fouling problems. In this sense, this work analyzed samples of bottom ashes from combustible fractions (organic matter, plastics, textiles, paper/cardboard/Tetra Pak® and sanitary waste) of MSW in natura from Santo André – SP, Brazil. For this, a new methodology for sample preparation was proposed to evaluate the elemental composition of the bottom ashes, for later analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The obtained data showed a standard deviation of less than 10%, guaranteeing a greater reliability of the results and corroborating with standard deviations presented in the scientific literature. In addition, the elemental composition of the bottom ash was similar between the different combustible fractions evaluated. Keywords: MSW, Combustible fractions, SEM-EDS.

Hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites using sanitary ware waste as a raw material

Abstract Zeolites are extensively produced by hydrothermal treatment of different raw materials, such as kaolin. Sanitary ware (SW) is a kaolin-based ceramic ware usually found in sinks, urinals and bathtubs whose production is led by Spanish domestic clay product industry. SW production generates approximately 8% of solid waste in Spain, which increases landfills sizes and pose economic, social and technical problems. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of solid waste of SW industry to produce zeolites once subjected to a conventional hydrothermal treatment during different times and temperatures. Ground SW was subjected to dissolution in a highly basic medium (NaOH 5 M) inside a Teflon-lined stainless steel reactors, at temperatures of 100, 150 and 200 °C for 1 to 30 days. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize both the raw material and resultant mineral phases. Quartz and mullite present in SW transform into zeolites, as temperature and time increase. Mineral assemblage at 100 °C includes zeolite P, Na-faujasite and sodalite as major component and analcime, natrolite, and zeolite A as minor, which behave as metastable phases and their relative abundance depends on aging time. Analcime and cancrinite crystallization is favored by high temperature (150 °C to 200 °C) and increasing aging time produces analcime disappearance. Cancrinite is the dominant mineral after 30 days. Conventional SW waste is an optimal raw material for zeolites synthesis under high alkaline hydrothermal conditions. Combining time and temperature it is possible to drive crystallization towards a target phase.