Sanitary Requirements Research Articles

ОСВЕДОМЛЕННОСТЬ СТУДЕНТОВ КРАСНОДАРСКИХ ВУЗОВ О МЕРАХ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ СТАФИЛОКОККОВОГО ТОКСИКОЗА

This article is devoted to the study of the level of competence of students of 4 universities of Krasnodar in relation to food poisoning caused by staphylococcal toxin. The work analyzes the awareness of students about the etiology, manifestation of the disease and prevention of this food poisoning. As is known, there is a certain correlation between non-compliance with the principles of rational nutrition among students, including the consumption of products with an indefinite shelf life and/or improper storage conditions, and an increased risk of staphylococcal toxicosis. Due to the increased academic load, the intensity of the educational process, and small breaks between academic classes, university students lack time for a full meal. In this regard, they can eat in public catering establishments that potentially do not fully comply with sanitary and epidemiological requirements and technological regulations for food production, which may pose a threat to their health. It should also be noted that the low degree of sanitary and hygienic education among students is one of the significant factors that determine the relevance of the problem of staphylococcal toxicosis among students. According to the results of the survey, deficiencies in students' knowledge were identified and the most vulnerable groups were identified. The results of the survey confirm the demand for preventive activities aimed at improving the awareness of university students about staphylococcal toxicosis.

Удовлетворенность студентов-медиков дистанционной формой организации практики: уроки пандемии COVID-19

This study focused on the assessment of medical students' satisfaction with the organization of practical training in pandemic conditions through the identification of discrepancies between the conditions of the actual implementation of practical training of medical students and their expectations. The study contributed to the identification of problems in the organization of educational and industrial practice in a distance format during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research design was based on the application of an internet survey using Google Forms and the processing of quantitative data using descriptive statistics. Data visualization using histograms and comparison with Gaussian curve was used to interpret the results. Difficulties of practice supervisors in organizing practical activities of students in the distance format were revealed, as to solve the set tasks of practice supervisors had to use, in a very short period of time, developed digital educational resources with accompanying online counseling and using the capabilities of the simulation center, taking into account sanitary and epidemiological requirements for maximum immersion to real medical cases. The results of the study can become a tool for collecting reliable feedback on the suddenly changed format of medical students' practical training on the example of Kazan Federal University. The study reflects the results of the new format of internship organization, which allows supervisors of practical training to rethink the possibility of this format for future times.

ВОЗМОЖНЫЕ ПУТИ МИКРОБНОЙ КОНТАМИНАЦИИ МАСЛОЖИРОВОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ, ПРЕДСТАВЛЕННОЙ В ТОРГОВЫХ СЕТЯХ КРАСНОЯРСКА

The purpose of the study is to identify possible ways of microbial contamination of oil and fat products in retail chains in Krasnoyarsk based on the analysis of the taxonomic composition of contaminant microorganisms. During the analysis of samples of margarine and vegetable oil, bacteria belonging to the families Micrococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Bacillaceae and Paenibacillaceae were identified. In one sample of margarine, coliform bacteria were found in an amount exceeding the standards by more than 125 times; in other samples of oil and fat products, coliform bacteria were not detected. Based on cultural-morphological properties and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in margarine samples, Bacillus atrophaeus Nakamura 1989, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens (Hedges 1922) Collins and Jones 1984, Kocuria varians (Migula 1900) Stackebrandt et al. 1995, Paenibacillus sp., Staphyloccocus pasteuri Chesneau et al. 1993 and Staphylococcus epidermidis (Winslow & Winslow 1908) Evans 1916 were identified. Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus megaterium de Bary 1884, Bacillus pumilus Meyer and Gottheil 1901 (Approved Lists 1980), Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter 1872) Cohn 1872 emend were identified in vegetable oil samples. Wieser et al. 2002. The ecological features of the isolated bacterial species suggest that the microbial contamination of the analyzed samples of vegetable oil is due to the introduction of soil bacteria from the air. Microbial contamination of the analyzed samples of margarine is due to both the introduction of bacteria from the air and non-compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements by personnel. This conclusion was made on the basis that margarine contaminating microorganisms are represented by both soil and human-associated bacterial species. Microorganisms-contaminants of vegetable oil are represented only by soil bacteria.

Bronchopulmonary pathology among egg poultry workers

Introduction. Poultry farming is one of the leading branches of agriculture, whose workers work under the influence of various factors that have a sensitizing, fibrogenic and toxic effect on the respiratory system. Materials and methods. As part of a cross-sectional study, the incidence of diseases of the respiratory system, medical and social factors of life, and the state of the respiratory system in one hundred thirty five egg poultry workers were studied. A hygienic assessment of the factors of the working environment and the labour process was carried out. The results of the study were statistically processed using the Statistica 10 software. Results. The air condition of the working area at the enterprise under study was established to meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. A high incidence of chronic bronchitis and a significant prevalence of respiratory dysfunction in egg poultry workers have been detected. With an increase in work experience, there is a decrease in the indices of external respiratory function and an increase in the level of allergic mood of the body of employees of the main occupationso. The use of smoking tobacco products is not a priority risk factor in the formation of diseases in workers of the main poultry farming occupations. Taking into account the results obtained it is planned to continue research on the study of working conditions that are risk factors for violations of the state of the respiratory system in egg poultry workers and the mechanism of their formation. Limitations. The study has regional (Saratov region) and occupational (poultry farm workers) limitations. Conclusion. The concentration of the dust in the air of the working area in workers in the main occupations of egg poultry does not exceed acceptable values. At the same time, a high incidence of chronic bronchitis was revealed, as well as a significant prevalence of respiratory dysfunction in workers, which is associated with an increase in occupational experience. The results of the assessment of the state of the respiratory system determine the expediency of studying modern working conditions in egg poultry workers and their influence on the formtation of bronchopulmonary pathology.

Design Requirements for the Device for Differentiating Pathological States of Biological Tissues

The appearance of the device for mini-gamma-quantum differentiation of biological tissues, the arrangement of units (research unit and control unit), units (cassette holder, electronic units, etc.) and individual parts (cassette, etc.), as well as control panels (front and rear) have ergonomic indicators that ensure convenience use (preparation for operation – ease of installation of the device on the table, connection to the electrical network and grounding, loading/unloading of biological tissue samples into/from the cassette, etc.); ease of use (ease of working with the control panel and the cassette with the cassette holder); the convenience of preventive maintenance work (cassette disinfection, etc.). The control unit and the research unit are located in different housings of the device: a) control unit – in a high-strength plastic case; b) research unit – in a stainless steel metal case. A measuring device in the form of a scintillation detector is located in the metal case of the research unit, consisting of: a case, a scintillator (crystal, plastic, liquid), a photoelectric multiplier, a power cell, a source of ionizing low-energy gamma radiation in a special protective case that ensures compliance with sanitary requirements and radiation safety standards, and a cassette for biological tissue to be examined (a sample of biological tissue is placed in the biopsies section of the cassette), which is installed in the cassette holder. The design of the cassette holder includes a knife for cutting excess biopsies. The cassette holder is firmly fixed in the housing of the device's research unit. The control unit houses power elements, a microprocessor controller for processing information and maintaining a database, providing communication with peripheral electronic devices. The front panel of the device houses the information monitor and control points. On the back panel there is a device on/off switch, a fuse and places for connecting additional devices. The device has the possibility of applying protective grounding.

The history of the development of atmospheric air hygiene in historical milestones and persons of the A.N. Sysin Institute

This article presents a retrospective analysis of the origin and further development of domestic atmospheric hygiene, closely intertwined with the history of the A.N. Sysin Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene since the beginning of the XX century. As the stages of the formation of an independent hygienic discipline and the deep integration of its scientific principles into the legislation and practice of the domestic sanitary and epidemiological service, the authors present the directions of research carried out at various times on the basis of the laboratory of atmospheric air hygiene of the Institute. For each such stage, the role of hygiene scientists who worked at the A.N. Sysin Research Institute at various times is indicated, as well as their achievements as a legacy preserved as part of the interdisciplinary scientific school of atmospheric hygiene. There are described works of such scientists as A.N. Sysin, V.A. Ryazanov, M.S. Goldberg, Yu.G. Feldman, V.A. Hoffmekler, M.A. Pinigin and L.A. Tepikina, which are rightfully considered classics of the scientific justification of the used sanitary and epidemiological requirements and hygienic standards. Along with the description of scientific ideas, the article presents fundamental problematic issues of atmospheric air hygiene, formulated at the Institute back in the 70s of the last century. The consistent development of regulatory legal regulation of atmospheric air protection in Russia up to the modern integration of an extensive database of hygienic standards into the practice of environmental regulation can be considered a reflection of the scientific achievements of the Laboratory of Atmospheric air Hygiene of the Institute. Adherence to traditions is presented on a par with advanced ideas developed at various times at the A.N. Sysin Research Institute, aimed at unconditionally ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.

The impact of military actions on the contamination of grain fodder with micromycetes in the south of Ukraine

The most important condition for the development and efficiency of animal husbandry is the creation of a solid fodder base, as the level of animal productivity is determined by their feeding up to 50–80%. The use of grain from various crops as animal feed and in the food industry raises questions about its quality and compliance with sanitary and medical conditions. The study aimed to investigate the spread of molds and their contamination of animal feed with biotic contaminants in the south of Ukraine under martial law. The veterinary and sanitary condition of grain products was determined based on generally accepted organoleptic, toxicological, biological and microbiological studies. During 2023–2024, 75 feed samples (fodder grains: wheat, barley, peas, soybeans, corn, grain mixtures, mixed fodder, and bran) were analyzed in farms in southern Ukraine. It was found that 54.7% of the tested feed met sanitary and hygienic requirements, 45.3% had grain integrity and discoloration, and mixed fodder and bran had discoloration, flowability, odor, and lumps. An excess of the norm of infection by insect pests of pea grain B. incarnatus by 2.8 times, and wheat bran and feed by N. granella by 2.4 times, respectively. The damage of grain and grain products by micromycetes was detected, 69 field isolates were isolated, of which 49.3% showed low toxicity. The main pollutants were mold saprophytes in 2023 of the genus Aspergillus — 47.2%, Mucor — 30.5%, Penicillium — 16.7% and Rhodotorula — 5.6%, while in 2024 the composition of epiphytic mycobiota of feeds slightly expanded, Fusarium — 3.0%, Aspergillus — 18.2%, Mucor — 6.1%, Penicillium — 9.0%, Rhodotorula — 21.2%, Clodosporiums — 6.1%, Trichothotecium — 15.2%, Alternarias — 3.0%, Rhizopus — 6.1% of isolates were identified. In the south of Ukraine, before 2024, the most commonly identified molds were Aspergillus spp. (47.2–51.8%), but in 2024, the most commonly isolated molds were Rhodotorula spp. (21.2 %), Aspergillus spp. (18.2%) and Mucor spp. The species composition of molds isolated from feed in 2024 changed slightly and other representatives appeared that were previously isolated much less frequently — Rhodotorula spp. (21.2%), Trichothеcium spp. (15.2%), Cladosporium spp. (6.1%), Rhizopus spp. (6.1%) and Alternaria spp. (3.0%). Thus, the climatic conditions of a particular year or season, and artificial changes in the chemical and biological composition of soils (including military actions) do not affect the presence, but only the species diversity of micromycetes

Optimization of ventilation efficiency in tunnel-type underground spaces using response surface methodology: a case study of Yunlong Mountain civil defense in Xuzhou

Civil defense projects, designed as wartime underground spaces, often lack effective natural ventilation and have considerable depth, which complicates their use as public spaces in peacetime. However, the application of passive ventilation technologies can create effective airflow channels within these structures, significantly enhancing ventilation efficiency and thus improving the overall thermal comfort level. For this study, air age, along with average wind speed, temperature, and relative humidity as stipulated by the “Requirements for Environmental Sanitation of Civil Air Defense Works during Peacetime Use” (GBT 17216-2012), were selected as evaluation metrics. This paper compares the ventilation effectiveness between single ventilation shafts and multiple ventilation shafts under positive and negative pressure conditions in underground civil defense structures. The results indicate that negative pressure ventilation in multiple shaft configurations performs optimally across various ventilation approaches. Subsequently, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized to further optimize the positioning of multiple ventilation shafts. The study examined the impact of three ventilation shaft locations on average wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, and air age, leading to an optimized design. Specifically, the optimal positions are 54.76 m for Shaft A, 51.45 m for Shaft B, and 79.85 m for Shaft C, achieving an average wind speed of 0.222 m/s, a temperature of 26 °C, a relative humidity reduction to 85.47%, and an average air age of 10.57 s. This research provides practical insights for the optimization of ventilation in underground civil defense facilities.

Очистка торфяных грунтовых вод методом ультрафильтрации и ионного обмена

Purpose: assessing the effectiveness of peat groundwater purification using a combination of two methods of ultrafiltration and membrane purification. Identify specific characteristics of the composition of peat or groundwater, determine possible possible methods of treating these waters to ensure compliance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.3684–21 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the maintenance of territories of urban and rural settlements, for water bodies, drinking water and drinking water supply to the population, atmospheric air, soil, residential premises, operation of industrial and public premises, organization and implementation of sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures” to the quality of drinking water. Determine the list of composition indicators that require cleaning. Conduct an assessment of wastewater treatment methods used to treat peat groundwater. Togo, Conduct research on the composition of purified groundwater before and after treatment, determine the effectiveness of the treatment methods used according to various indicators. Determination of the concentrations of groundwater composition components was carried out using approved methods in accordance with GOST R 57164-2010 clause 5; GOST R 57164-2010 clause 6; PND F 14.1:2:4.207-04; PND F 14.1.2:3:4.121-97; PND F 14.1:2:4.114-97; GOST 31594-2012 Method A; PND F 14.1:2:4.50-96; PND F 14.1.2:3:4.111-97; PND F 14.1.2:3:4.111- 97; PND F 14.1.2:3.154-99; PND F 14.1.2:3:4.123-97; GOST 31859-2012; PND F 14.1.2:3:4.4-95; GOST 31940-2012 clause 6; PND F 14.1.2:4.178-02; PND F 14.1.2:4.214-06. An analysis of the results of laboratory studies of the composition of peat groundwater before and after treatment was carried out, and the effectiveness of ultrafiltration and membrane water purification methods was determined. The results of studies of the effectiveness of purification of peat groundwater using ultrafiltration and membrane purification methods show that purified groundwater meets the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the quality of drinking and domestic water supply established by SanPiN 2.1.3684-21. Practical significance: the results obtained from studies of the effectiveness of peat groundwater treatment using ultrafiltration and membrane treatment methods indicate the possibility of using these methods, because they ensure that water quality meets the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.3684-21.

Gestão Estratégica da Tecnologia da Informação: O Laboratório Químico-farmacêutico da Aeronáutica

The article discusses the importance of Strategic Management of Information Technology (IT) in the context of pharmaceutical industries, especially after the establishment of ANVISA in 1997. With increasing sanitary requirements and the need for Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), companies face the challenge of managing a vast amount of information. The Chemical-Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Aeronautics (LAQFA) is presented as an example of how adopting structured processes can lead to significant improvements in organizational performance. The study emphasizes the need for a new organizational structure that facilitates the flow of information and decision-making. Additionally, it highlights the importance of team training and creating an environment that promotes information democratization. Knowledge management is seen as an essential tool for continuous improvement and operational efficiency, enabling companies to adapt to changes and innovations in the sector.

PROCESSING OF MEAT PRODUCTION WASTE INTO ANIMAL FEED

During the slaughter and primary processing of animals, production of sausages, canned food, medicines and other products, meat processing plants, meat processing shops, slaughterhouses and other enterprises working with meat raw materials receive a significant amount of raw materials that are considered production waste - non-food raw materials. According to sanitary requirements, it cannot be used for food purposes. It is processed into animal feed or utilized. The amount of non-food meat raw materials ranges from 12...30% of the live weight of animals in meat and fat production during primary processing of livestock and 2...10% in the production of semi-finished products and sausages. It quickly deteriorates, becomes biohazardous, and loses quality. Therefore, if accumulation is necessary, non-food meat raw materials should be stored separately, not in contact with the environment, polluting it and negatively affecting workers. Processed non-food meat products such as industrial fat and dry animal feed also require special storage conditions. Depending on the capacity of the enterprise, the amount of meat raw materials unsuitable for food purposes, the technical equipment of the production, and the economic feasibility of its processing, different technologies and, accordingly, different processing equipment are used. It should ensure high-quality processing of a wide range of different types of meat, and be maximally adapted to the formation of technological lines with closed transport devices. Processing must be carried out in compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules and legal requirements. It is only possible to design modern technological lines for processing meat production waste into animal feed in accordance with the existing environmental safety requirements based on the results of new scientific research and the introduction of innovative engineering developments.

Gambaran Sanitasi Lingkungan Pasar dan Tingkat Kepadatan Lalat di Pasar Inpres Larantuka, Kecamatan Larantuka, Kabupaten Flores Timur

Market environment sanitation is an effort to monitor, prevent, control and control everything in the market environment such as flies. The density of flies can increase if the environment is dirty, for example markets that do not meet market environmental sanitation requirements such as rubbish dumps, waste water drainage channels and adequate water supplies. The aim of this research is to determine the description of environmental sanitation conditions and the density of flies at the Larantuka Inpres Market, Larantuka District, East Flores Regency. The type of research used is descriptive observation. The samples used in this research were all market sanitation facilities or facilities. The data obtained was then analyzed descriptively. The results of the research show that the results of the environmental sanitation conditions of the Larantuka Inpres Market based on the results of calculating the assessment variables on the external supervision observation sheet for environmental health inspections are categorized as not meeting the requirements for a healthy market (57.5%). The level of fly density at the Larantuka Inpres Market based on the results of measurements and calculations was obtained. 7 birds/blockgrill with a high density category of flies, it is necessary to secure the fly breeding places and if possible plan control measures. Therefore, it is necessary to collaborate between the government and local communities, including traders, market managers and district health services, to pay attention to the cleanliness of the market environment.

Co-composting to close the cycle of resources during rose cultivation in Kenya: An agronomic and pesticide residue assessment

Recycling green waste through composting is a promising practice for the transition towards a bio-based circular economy in the floricultural sector of Africa, especially for Kenya where cut flower export accounts for nearly 14 % of its total export value in 2017. Rose waste is a large waste stream, but its intrinsic properties make it challenging to recycle. Composting on commercial scale was studied on a rose farm near Lake Naivasha, (Kenya). Three mixtures were examined: (1) rose waste (RW) only, (2) 80 % RW + 20 % tomato waste and (3) 90 % RW + 10 % mature rose compost. Trapezoidal piles of approximately 4000 kg green waste were composted following the turned windrow approach, samples were taken at six occasions. The nine-month composting study, including pesticide fate assessment, showed consistent performance across tested mixtures. All mixtures resulted in mature and stable compost with C/N ratios below 10 and a high fertilizing potential, meeting international sanitation requirements. Final average volume reduction was 82 %, total N values ranged between 8.1 and 8.9 mg g−1 compost and pH values were alkaline (8.0–8.3). Out of the approximately 50 pesticides commonly used in rose cultivation only 8–12 pesticides could be detected in the matured composts with the highest contribution of flubendiamide and fluopyram. Scenario analysis showed the feasibility of closing the resource cycle in the African floricultural sector via continuous crop rotation over eight years with an amendment rate of 11.5 kg per m2. Overall, this study provided straightforward implementable practices for rose waste management, which facilitates the re-use of valuable green waste in Africa and thereby contributes to the transition towards a global circular economy.

Перспективы увеличения минеральной базы цветной металлургии

The article discusses the issues of strengthening the mineral resource base of non-ferrous metallurgy by introducing ore processing wastes into the production cycle. The relevance of the study is explained by the decreasing availability of mineral resources. The conventional ore processing technologies increase the volume of processing tailings in storages. Waste-free disposal of primary processing waste is not developing, and this waste is often used without extracting metals from it to match the sanitary requirements. The acute environmental problems are aggravated primarily by the lack of leverage for centralized accounting and regulation of the accumulated waste. The efficiency of leaching technologies is proved by a comprehensive method that includes experiments and calculations with a comparison of processing options. Quantitative values have been obtained and dependence diagrams of metal extraction on the contributing factors have been plotted, which make it possible to characterize the processes of leaching the mill tailings using a disintegrator. It has been proved that during the mechanochemical activation of the leaching process, metals extraction exceeds the extraction efficiency of the conventional waste processing technologies and ensures a safe level according to the sanitary requirements. It is determined that the mechanochemical activation in the disintegrator during metal leaching increases the strength of concrete mixtures based on secondary tailings. It is concluded that activation of the leaching processes in the disintegrator ensures the extraction of 50 to 80% of the previously lost metals from the mill tailings. The development of man-made deposits with innovative technologies with metal leaching is a real step towards expanding the mineral resource base of metallurgy and improving the environmental situation in the mining regions. Unlike the technologies related in terms of the application area and the purpose, the discussed technology enables waste-free processing of ores.

Practical Experience of Using the Index of Comparative Health Hazard to Substantiate the List of Pollutants for Monitoring

Introduction: When selecting the most hazardous pollutants for inclusion in air quality monitoring programs, it is important to consider criteria of population health risk. Objective: To substantiate the list of priority air pollutants for 10 new cities of the Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk Regions enrolled in the Clean Air Federal Project using the index of comparative hazard to population health and results of air quality testing to elaborate monitoring programs for the period until the results of summary calculations for the territory are obtained. Materials and methods: We used data provided by the Federal Supervisory Natural Resources Management Service (Rosprirodnadzor) on actual annual emissions (Form No. 2-TP (Air) for 2022) from sources of air pollution located in the cities of Angarsk, Achinsk, Zima, Irkutsk, Lesosibirsk, Minusinsk, Svirsk, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Cheremkhovo, and Shelekhov. Compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements for ambient air quality was established based on data from monitoring sites of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet) and the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) for 2020–2022. To substantiate the lists of air pollutants to be monitored within the framework of public health surveillance, we ranked chemicals according to Russian Risk Assessment Guidelines R 2.1.10.3968–23. Results: Based on the results of assessing contributions to the total index of comparative carcinogenic hazard, certain chemicals were proposed to be included into monitoring programs due to their carcinogenic potential when inhaled (acetaldehyde, benzo(a)pyrene, benzene, buta-1,3-diene, lead, carbon, formaldehyde, chromium (IV), etc.). Evaluation of percent contributions to the total index of comparative non-carcinogenic hazard revealed the need to expand monitoring programs to include the following highly hazardous chemicals: dialuminum trioxide, dihydrosulfide, dimethylamine, manganese and its compounds, sulfuric acid, fluorides, and chlorine. According to the findings, 10 to 24 pollutants were recommended for inclusion in the 2023–2024 public health surveillance program. Conclusion: The use of comparative hazard indices and consideration of their contributions to the corresponding total indices of comparative carcinogenic and/or non-carcinogenic hazard allowed us to substantiate the lists of pollutants to be included in the public health surveillance programs in 10 new cities enrolled in the Clean Air Federal Project for 2023–2024 and to expand them by including admixtures posing human health risks.

Legal responsibility in agricultural relations

In modern conditions of modernization of state agricultural policy, the role of agricultural law, subject of legal regulation, protection of the interests of the entities of agricultural sector, and ensuring food security of the republic is increasing. The goal is to study the features of agricultural legal relations, identifying main problems associated with the application of legal liability. Analysis of the state, use of rules and norms of agricultural legislation and development of measures aimed to support, stimulate, and protect the rights of agricultural producers in Kazakhstan. The methods are based on materials from domestic and foreign scientists, scientific publications, and changes in legislative regulations. A comparative analysis and assessment of legal relations in agro-industrial production were used. Results - the state of affairs is considered and important issues of application of legal responsibility in the context of lawful actions and its features are identified. Various types of violations of legal obligations are analyzed: non-compliance with land use rules, sanitary and hygienic requirements, environmental standards - illegal use of pesticides, abuse of antibiotics in raising livestock, violation of environmental standards that can pollute water or damage the soil. Conclusions - the authors propose a number of effective measures to improve legal behavior in agricultural entities: strengthening control by the state law enforcement agencies, creating more effective punishment mechanisms, increasing awareness of participants in agricultural legal relations, which will prevent unfair practices and will promote conservation of natural resources and environment. Agricultural law presupposes land, property, labor, financial, and management relations in agriculture. This contributes to organizational, production and economic activities of agricultural production entities in accordance with the goals of entrepreneurship in agricultural sector.

Алматы қаласының қатты тұрмыстық қалдықтарын жинау, шығару және жою жүйелерінің экологиялық қауіпсіздігін бағалау

The main purpose of the work: assessment of the state of compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements, environmental safety to the systems of collection, removal, disposal of solid household waste in Almaty. An analysis of the collection, destruction, disposal of solid household waste was carried out according to the accounting documents of the Department of Ecology and Environment of the KSU (municipal state institution) of Almaty. The pollution of the city by solid household waste has a significant impact on the environment, environmental pollution, environmental safety of public health. The practical significance of the work done, the use as educational material in the field of environmental protection and life safety and the publication of educational and methodological guidelines for this work. A phased introduction of separate waste collection is being carried out on the territory of the city district. For this purpose, 63 containers have been installed on container sites of multi-storey residential buildings, as well as in places of mass recreation of the population, such as beaches and parks. After sorting, 11.48% of secondary raw materials can be obtained in the waste sorting complex.

Epizootological and epidemiological situation of anthrax in Siberia and the Far East (1985–2023)

Anthrax remains relevant in the world and in the Russian Federation. In Siberia and the Far East, epizootological, epidemiological, environmental and microbiological monitoring of anthrax is constantly carried out. To analyze the epizootological and epidemiological situation of anthrax, we used the information from veterinary institutions and Rospotrebnadzor for 24 regions, as well as reference and archive materials. On the territory of Siberia and the Far East for the period from 1985 to 2023, pronounced epizootological and epidemiological problems of anthrax are observed in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Republic of Buryatia, Omsk Region and the Altai Territory. Over the last five-year observation period, high epizootic activity has been observed in the west of the Republic of Tyva. A total of 3,375 livestock animals and 128 people fell ill. The anthrax database contains information on 7,491 stationary anthrax-infected points in 22 subjects and 562 anthrax burials and cattle burials in 17 subjects of Siberia and the Far East. B. anthracis strains have slight variability in biological properties and belong to two global genetic lines – A and B. In order to prevent anthrax, it is necessary to ensure surveillance of soil foci of anthrax (anthrax burials and cattle burials, “plague fields”), a high level of livestock animals registration and their specific vaccination coverage; to control the implementation of veterinary and sanitary requirements for pre-mortem inspection and emergency slaughter of livestock, the sale of meat and meat products, and biological waste disposal; to carry out explanatory work among the population.

Environmental Analysis of Basic Sanitation Quality of Residential Houses in Cokro Spring Stream Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract Fulfillment of basic sanitation includes clean water, availability of latrines, wastewater disposal facilities, and waste management facilities. Cokro Klaten Spring along its flow has many activities including washing clothes and agricultural activities by the surrounding community. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of basic sanitation owned by the community using Cokro spring water. This research method is descriptive to find out in detail the conditions that exist at the research location by taking data through questionnaires on respondents as many as 298 households who at the time of the study were carrying out activities using the flow of Cokro Klaten Spring. The results of research on basic sanitation of residential houses along the flow of Cokro Klaten springs are known that all houses (100%) have access to clean water both from wells and PAM which can be used to meet daily clean water needs. However, for the availability of latrines, there are still 9 (3%) houses that do not have latrines and still as many as 20% of houses that have latrines do not meet the requirements for healthy latrines in accordance with the provisions of the Minister of Health No. 39 of 2016. In terms of the availability of waste disposal facilities, as many as 56 (18.8%) do not have waste disposal facilities because they directly throw garbage into the river and from 298 houses there are still 23 houses (7.7%) that do not have wastewater disposal channels, they directly drain domestic wastewater to the back of their yards. The conclusion of this study is that the sanitation of residential houses in the Cokro Klaten spring stream has fulfilled the fulfillment of clean water, but the availability of latrines, waste management facilities and wastewater disposal has not met the basic sanitation requirements. Improvement of basic sanitation is needed to improve the quality of sanitation, especially in the provision of waste disposal facilities so that the community meets the quality of basic sanitation in accordance with the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 829 / Menkes / SK / VII / 1999.

Safety and quality of different domestic manufacturers and determination of its falsification

At the current stage, the dairy industry in Ukraine is at a fairly high level, although in comparison with world standards, it does not meet the world level in a number of indicators. One of the main tasks for Ukraine as a member of the WTO and in connection with the prospect of its accession to the EU is the harmonization of national regulatory and legal requirements with international ones in the field of food safety and quality. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the safety and quality of sour cream obtained from various domestic manufacturers, as well as to determine its adulteration according to generally accepted methods and developed patented express methods. Analytical, organoleptic, physico-chemical, microbiological, toxicological and statistical methods of research were used to implement the research goal. Sour cream produced by Ukrainian dairy enterprises according to organoleptic indicators (appearance, color, consistency, smell, taste) and physicochemical indicators (mass fraction of fat, titrated acidity, phosphatase, temperature during storage) met the requirements of the current national standard of Ukraine - DSTU 4418:2005. With the exception of sour cream of samples No. 1 and No. 5) - the fat content is reduced, and respectively 8.72±0.07% and 9.10±0.95% (according to the standards of 15−40%) and increased titrated acidity (sample No. 1) − 109.0±1.43 °T (according to standards of 60–100 °T). According to the microbiological tests of sour cream, the content of viable lactic acid bacteria was significantly lower - from (1.16±0.21)x102 to (1.42±0.21)x103 CFU/g compared to the normative indicators (1.0x107 CFU/g), which indicated a significant reduction in the contamination of the product by microorganisms as a result of compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements for sour cream production. The content of coliform bacteria, Salmonella bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, yeast, mold fungi in sour cream met the regulatory requirements of the current national standard of Ukraine - DSTU 4418:2005. During the determination of product falsification, the presence of impurities of starch, sodium hydrogen carbonate, alkaline detergents, hydrogen peroxide, gelatin, and vegetable fats in the sour cream of the producers (samples No. 1 and No. 5) was found; no impurities were detected in the sour cream of other producers. The content of toxic elements (heavy metals), mycotoxins, antibiotics and hormonal drugs in sour cream did not exceed the maximum permissible level (MRL). Express and optimized methods for determining adulteration of sour cream have been developed. Key words: dairy industry, food product, sour cream, organoleptic, physicochemical, microbiological, toxicological indicators, safety, quality, consumer.