Sanitary Protection Zones Research Articles

Hygienic assessment of heavy metal and organic compounds pollution in snow cover of a multi-industrial city

Introduction. One of the leading health risk factors is atmospheric air pollution, the state of which can be indirectly assessed by the content of a wide range of pollutants in snow and soil cover. Materials and methods. The study analyzed data on deposits of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs), heavy metals (HMs) and petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) in the snow of different functional zones of the agglomeration. Physicochemical research methods were used. Results. The content of ΣPAHs was found to range from 412.8 to 2843.7 ng/L. The highest concentrations of ∑PAHs were observed in the residential area in the square (point 10) – 2843.7 ng/L; and on the border of the sanitary protection and residential zones in the area of the Yuzhnaya station (point 3) – 1758.2 ng/L. The share of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) from ∑PAH ranged from 2.9 to 9.7%. PHs levels ranged from 51.0–117.0 μg/L. The difference in the range of fluctuations in values was most evident in the content of individual PAHs: B(a)P (16.13 times), Ant (12.05 times) and B(g,h,i)P (11.56 times ), mercury (17.53 times), zinc (9 times) and manganese (8.58 times); metals: cadmium (1.89 times), copper (1.75 times), and lead (1.47 times). Limitations. Sampling and features of snow cover contamination by atmospheric precipitation in the dynamics of the winter season. Conclusion. Concentrations of PAHs and HM varied in different ranges of values and had a non-uniform spatial distribution over the territory. Direct links were found between the content of B(a)P and other polyarenes in the snow cover.

ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ ЕЛДІ МЕКЕНДЕРДІ КӨГАЛДАНДЫРУ ТАРИХЫ

The article examines the history of growing trees and shrubs in Kazakhstan. The beginning of work on planting woody vegetation in order to protect settlements from strong winds, dust, and snow falls on the 19th century. Since then, there have been ongoing transformations, such as the transfer of areas where woody vegetation was grown to urban growth, and instead the transfer of eroded land from agricultural use to logging. As a result of the work carried out, information about the types of trees and shrubs, the pace of landscaping work, and information about the acclimatization of previously un-planted tree species increased. Thanks to this, woody plants were sown in all localities without exception. The accumulated scientific data led to the continuation of the study of vegetation in the Aktobe region. The green zone near Aktobe was allocated from the shares of the Aktobe State Forestry Fund in 1960-1980. In 1990, the total area of the green zone was 10526 hectares. Since then, the green area in the dendrological plan consists of pine, poplar, ash, maple, acacia, honeysuckle, irga, and the base - of elm and currant. From 1989 to 1990, in order to create a green zone of the city of Aktobe, work was carried out on the designation of land. In the next 19 years (1990-2009), no updates or studies were conducted. 2009-2014 The soil, geobotanical, and taxational analysis of the past changes in the reconstruction of green spaces in the sanitary protection zone of Aktobe was carried out and continued to the present time.

Approaches to substantiating the placement of industrial facilities within the sanitary protection zones of surface watercourses

Introduction. The article considers an approach to be used to delineate the source water protection area for the surface water bodies without putting manufacturing plants within the delineated areas out of action. The approach is based on the assessment of the disposals produced by plants on the water quality at the surface water intake point during the plant’s accident-free operation and both accidents within and beyond the design basis. Materials and methods. The article used the water protection area laws and regulations, the data observed of the disposal dispersion in the large rivers, and the original articles presented in databases and information systems: RSCI, CyberLeninka, Scopus, Web of Science. The solute transport analytical solutions for the dilution of the linear source in the flow serve as the methodological framework. Results. The article results have shown the local disposal into the river to form dispersion halo. Due to the specific dispersion processes, an area of a strip-like shape on the opposite shore can be formed where an anthropogenic influence is not present or negligible. This can be considered the background for the safe cooperative operation of the water intake and a manufacturing plant located within the water protection area. Limitations. The present article outlines the analytical approach for estimating the dilution of wastewater in river waters. The methodologies proposed are subject to several constraints, including the assumption of a constant river channel width and profile, steady discharge of contaminated wastewater, absence of water inflow losses or replenishment, lack of interaction with suspended particulate matter, uniform mixing across all segments of the river, and neglect of wind-induced effects on pollutant dispersion near the water surface. Failure to meet any of these assumptions necessitates recourse to more sophisticated numerical modelling techniques for accurate calculation. Conclusion. The use of the approach presented in the paper allows justifying the manufacturing plant’s operation within the source water protection area for the surface water bodies.

Recreational Assessment of Green Belt Forests of the Ulaanbaatar City

The classification of forest vegetation of the Tuul river basin within the green belt of the Ulaanbaatar city. Two associations (Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sibiricae and Vaccinio vitis-idaeae–Laricetum sibiricae) were classified Vaccinio–Piceetea. Diagnostic signs and characteristics of the ecological and geographical peculiarities of the units were presented, anthropogenic transformation was assessed. To determine the models of succession processes, the series of permanent sample plots were established in the communities of the Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sibiricae association, located at different distances from the city, in taxation units with unequal intensity of recreational load. Recreational forest assessment was calculated according to the approach by V.S. Romanov and L.N. Rozhkov (1974). In the Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sibiricae association, large areas were occupied by moderately transformed communities. The Vaccinio vitis-idaeae–Laricetum sibiricae association is characterized by being weakly transformed forests. Different stages of anthropogenic pressure were formed serial communities, unequal in structure and species diversity. Serial plant communities of allogeneic succession were developed according to 2 models of geitogenesis — tolerance (Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sibiricae ↔ Rhytidium rugosum; Linnaeo borealis-Pinetum sibiricae ↔ Chamaenerion angustifolium) and inhibition (Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sibiricae ↔ Betula rotundifolia). A comprehensive assessment of the recreational potential was based on three indicators: natural conditions, air hygiene and landscaping. All activities aimed at increasing the recreational potential should contribute to the improvement of these indicators. A prerequisite for increasing the recreational forest assessment should be functional zoning of the territory with the allocation of infrastructure, walking and sanitary protective zones. Forest management is of great importance in increasing the recreational potential of forests. The forest management project for the organization of recreational forests should be aimed at the formation of sustainable and aesthetically attractive forest plantations.

Legal responsibility for violation of the legal regime of sanitary protection zones in Ukraine

This article examines the specifics of legal liability for violations of the legal regime of sanitary protection zones in Ukraine, as well as the main directions for improving the relevant legal regulation. Sanitary protective zones perform an important security function in separating potentially harmful objects from places of residence and stay of people. In this regard, a special legal regime is established on their territories, which provides for significant restrictions on their economic use. Non-compliance with the established requirements regarding the legal regime of sanitary protection zones is the basis for bringing guilty persons to legal responsibility. Currently, there are no special provisions in the current legislation of Ukraine regarding liability for violations of the legal regime of sanitary protection zones. In this regard, legal responsibility for illegal actions in this area is covered by sanctions for committing violations in the field of environmental protection of a “general nature” (violation of sanitary standards; arbitrary occupation of a plot of land; violation of environmental safety rules; design or operation of structures without protection systems environment; violation of land use rules, etc.). Therefore, there is a need to formalize the composition of offenses that are already provided for in the normative legal acts on the regulation of the legal regime of lands of sanitary protection zones, the codification of legislation on administrative responsibility for violations in the field of environmental protection, the introduction of special sanctions for violations of the legal regime of sanitary protection zones zones, as well as the unification of relevant provisions of Ukrainian legislation with the law of the countries of the European Union.

MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SNOW COVER WITHIN THE ANTHROPOGENICALLY DISTURBED SITES OF THE NADYM-PUR INTERFLUVE (NORTHERN PART OF WESTERN SIBERIA)

The article analyzes the content of metals in solid aerosols and snow water sampled in the anthropogeni-cally disturbed and background sites of the Nadym-Pur interfluve. The results of microscopic studies of solid aerosols showed the presence of secondary minerals, technogenic formations, as well as a large amount of pyrite in samples from the eastern part of the study area. The maximum concentrations of metals in solid aero-sols were found in snow of the sanitary protection zones of waste disposal facilities, with the exception of Ca, which prevails in snow cover of Novy Urengoy (up to 10% of dry matter). The urbanized area is characterized by the highest values of dust load (up to 111 mg/m2 a day). The local contamination with Ba within the waste landfills in Novy Urengoy is associated with the sites of barite and drilling waste processing. We applied the factor analysis to identify the main metal associations characteristic of solid aerosols from different functional zones: Ca-Co-V-Mn (city), Ba-Sr-K-Na and Cd-Cu-Pb (waste disposal sites), Cu-Ni-Cd (the entire studied area). Based on the study of the content of dissolved forms in snow water, a high mobility of metals in the northern landscapes and its decrease in urban environment were revealed. The mineralogical and geochemical analysis of snow suggests the influence of the Norilsk industrial region on the eastern part of the Nadym-Pur interfluve, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and the mineral pyrite being the indicators. The risks of environmental pollution under the aerotechnogenic transport are associated with high content of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Ba in solid aero-sols. The calculation of the Toxicity Probability Index (MERMQ) showed that some aerosol samples from the landfill sites have a high probability of biological effects. Using data on the chemical composition of soils and soil water, no visible effect of snow pollution on the growth of metal concentrations in soil and soil water was revealed, with the exception of local contamination with Ba, which led to a twofold increase in the content of the metal in the upper soil horizon.

Snow survey within the copper ore deposits in the mining regions of the Urals

The paper presents the results of studies of dust residues of snow cover within various climatic zones and copper deposits of the Ural region. Snow cover research is one of the methods for environmental assessment of territories. This concerns the study of dust residues from snow cover samples, as shown by the example of the territories of the Northern and Southern Urals at different stages of work on copper deposits. The initial stage of study and development is considered using the example of porphyry copper deposits in the Chelyabinsk region, where snow samples reveal organic matter in dust residues, typical birch seeds, a small amount of minerals at a low dust load (P ˂ 100 kg/day per km2). For the deposits of the Ivdel region (Northern Urals), the dust residues largely contain organic dust, fragments of ore minerals (pyrite, chalcopyrite) and minerals of volcanic rocks and metasomatic rocks. The maximum value of the dust load is set for the Novo-Shemurskoye deposit currently being developed. A study of dust residues in the zone of influence of the Karabash copper smelter (before its reconstruction) has shown that in some parts of the sanitary protection zone the level of snow cover pollution is very high with dust load values up to 12,633 kg/day per km2, which is determined primarily by the widespread use of crushed copper smelting slag. In general, the study of dust residues of snow cover provides information about both the ecological state of the territories and the mineral composition of the residues, which must be used for practical purposes.

HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER STATUS OF THE SOUTHERN BUG RIVER WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF VINNICHCHINA

It is highlighted that in modern conditions, the surface waters of land are subject to significant anthropogenic influence, as a result of which their natural state is significantly changed and the possibility of using certain water bodies for economic and drinking needs is significantly limited. Since the drinking water supply of Ukraine is carried out mainly at the expense of surface water, objective information about the condition of water bodies, established on the basis of hygienic and ecological criteria, becomes extremely important and relevant. It was established that the influence of the economic and household activities of the village of Kolyukhiv, Vinnytsia region, on the pollution of the South Bug River within its borders is determined by the influx of nitrogenous substances, which lead to an increase in the concentration of ammonium nitrogen, nitrites and nitrates. The source of nitrogen input to the river water is surface runoff washing and the development of soil erosion processes from the adjacent shorelines, which are used for homestead farming and gardening. As a result of the research, it was found that in a sample of water taken from the South Bug River within the village of Kolyukhiv, Vinnytsia region, 1 km upstream in the forest plantation zone, the hydrogen pH is 7.8, the ammonium nitrogen content is 0.3 mg/l nitrite concentration – 2.7 mg/l, nitrate content – 39.6 mg/l, calcium content – 86.0 mg/l, chloride – 147.4 mg/l, and in the selected water sample 1 km downstream in the zone of intensive farming (homesteads), the hydrogen pH was 8.4, the content of ammonium nitrogen was 0.8 mg/l, the concentration of nitrites was 3.7 mg/l, the concentration of nitrates was 69.3 mg/l, the content calcium – 96.6 mg/l, chlorides – 164.2 mg/l. The main way to limit the flow of nitrogenous substances into the river is to observe sanitary protection zones along the river's perimeter. The sanitary and protective zone of the South Bug River should be 100 m, and in fact it is 10 m within the village. Therefore, the main measure is the expansion of the sanitary and protective zone to 100 m and its observance, which will allow reducing the content of ammonium nitrogen in the river water by 62% , nitrates – by 27%, nitrites – by 48%.

WATER RESOURCES OF THE KHOROSTKIV TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY: ECOLOGICAL STATUS, WATER USE PROBLEMS, OPTIMISATION MEASURES

The article analyses the ecological state of surface water resources of the Khorostkiv territorial community (ТС). According to the results of laboratory tests, pathogenic microorganisms, bacteriological indicators exceeding the regulatory requirements, faecal contamination and high content of organic matter were detected in the surface water bodies of the Khorostkiv TC. In addition to the pollution of surface water bodies in the Khorostkiv TC, an important environmental problem worth paying attention to is the lack of sanitary protection and water protection zones for rivers and ponds, as well as the littering of the coastal strip. It was found that the water supply network of the Khorostkiv territorial community includes only the water supply network of the town of Khorostkiv (30 km, unsatisfactory condition), since there are no centralised water supply systems in rural settlements. In the sources of centralised water supply in Khorostkiv, the levels of ammonium nitrogen and colour are exceeded. Hydrochemical analysis of water samples from private wells in Khorostkiv and the villages of Peremyliv and Khlopivka confirmed compliance with the requirements of SanR&R № 400. The volume of daily water consumption and water disposal was analysed. The main sources of pollution of the community's water resources and the volume of wastewater discharges were identified. Priority areas for improving the ecological state of water resources of the Khorostkiv community are substantiated. Keywords: surface water, groundwater, pollutants, water supply, water disposal, territorial community (ТС).

ЭСТЕТИЧЕСКИЕ МОДЕЛИ ВХОЖДЕНИЯ ВОССТАНАВЛИВАЕМЫХ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ В СТРУКТУРУ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ ЗАСТРОЙКИ

The article presents models of aesthetic formation of reconstructed industrial objects of the Soviet period in the surrounding development in the context of sustainability at the level of the city structure, taking into account the growth of the urban fabric. The industrial enterprises in question, as a rule, initially located on the outskirts of the city. Due to the dynamics of urbanization processes, they have become tightly integrated into the urban fabric, and are currently so-called exclusion zones, since they are large-sized relative to the surrounding development objects, including residential buildings and elements of the infrastructure of its social and domestic services. It is also necessary to note the enterprises that are city-forming and located in the structure of the historical center of the urban settlement, where it is especially important to preserve the authenticity of the historical development: to introduce reconstructed industrial facilities as delicately as possible (to select the aesthetic model of the reconstructed enterprise) into the historically established visual and aesthetic code of the city. Thus, two models of aesthetic inclusion of existing industrial enterprises being restored into the city structure have been identified: mimicry, related to objects located in the historical part of the city, and accentual – forming a visual center of attraction outside the historical part of the city, on the periphery and outside the city. The article also examines options for aesthetic inclusion of industrial objects being reconstructed depending on their urban development features: the presence of buffer zones and sanitary protection zones, the presence of external railway routes adjacent to the objects

MONITORING OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION WITH TRITIUM AFTER A RADIATION ACCIDENT AT A RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL SITE

The article analyses the data of long-term monitoring of the level of tritium contamination of groundwater in the area of the radioactive waste disposal site. Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen, a soft beta emitter. The impressive effect of tritium is due to the biological significance of the molecules into which it incorporates. Radioactive waste storage facilities store a lot of tritium-rich radioactive waste of various origins, a potential tritium source entering the natural environment. Any tritium released appears as tritium water (water that contains tritium in its molecules). Nowadays, the problem of tritium contamination of water ecosystems in the radioactive waste storage facilities’ areas can be considered one of the main issues in radioecology. The study aims to assess the level of safety of underground water in the radioactive waste disposal site area by the level of tritium content based on long-term monitoring data. The object of the study was the content of tritium in the underground water of the first aquifer in the territory of the radioactive waste disposal site (strict regime zone, sanitary and protective zone, and in underground waters of wells outside and in surface water bodies of the natural environment). We tested the tritium activity in water samples using the Triathler 425-034 liquid scintillation radiometer. In 1997, a radiation accident occurred at the radioactive waste disposal site. It led to the penetration of tritium into the first aquifer. Work has been underway to eliminate the accident. Modernisation of the system of wells for monitoring the underground water tritium contamination level also took place. As a result of the performed works, the radiation situation in the accident area has stabilised, and contamination of the aquifer due to the inflow of surface contaminated water from radioactive waste storage facilities has completely stopped. The results of long-term monitoring of tritium content in water of boreholes and wells and natural objects (reservoirs) located outside the sanitary protection zone of the enterprise showed that 27 years after the radiation accident, the radiation situation in the studied area is stable. The total activity of tritium in the aquifer of the monitoring wells is decreasing and has now reached the regulatory level in all but three wells. The concentration of tritium in underground waters (wells) and surface waters (reservoirs) outside the sanitary and protective zone has never exceeded the environmentally safe level during the monitoring period. At present, 89% of the studied monitoring sites (boreholes, natural reservoirs, wells) have tritium content that is within the environmentally safe range. Keywords: radioactive waste disposal site, radiation accident, tritium, aquifers, monitoring, environmental safety.

Оценка риска здоровью населения, проживающего на территории влияния космодрома «Восточный», в условиях многофакторной многосредовой экспозиции имических веществ

Rocket and space activities occupy an important place among modern sources of impact on the environment. Its results can manifest themselves in an area where a cosmodrome is located, adjacent territories, in areas where separated parts of a launch vehicle fall. This impact has certain specific features that create population health risks. Health risks for population of Tsiolkovsky settlement were assessed upon exposure to chemicals that pollute the environment in accordance with the methodical approaches stipulated in the valid Guide (R 2.1.10.3968-23). Initial data were represented by results of environmental surveillance accomplished within social-hygienic monitoring and in field conditions as well as by data collected for a project aimed at substantiating a sanitary protection zone for the Vostochny Cosmodrome launch sites. Average annual concentrations and their 95 % confidence intervals, which were established based on average daily concentrations, were used to calculate chronic chemical exposures. The 95 % percentile of maximum single concentrations was employed to calculate acute exposures. Ambient air was established to make the greatest contribution (88.99 %) into non-carcinogenic health risks for people residing in Tsiolkovsky settlement. Particulate matter made the greatest contribution (42.4 %) to the risk of chronic non-carcinogenic effects. Alerting chronic non-carcinogenic risks of respiratory diseases (up to 5.9 HI) and the blood system (up to 4.1 HI) were established under combined inhalation chemical exposures. Major contributions to non-carcinogenic risks are made by particulate matter (up to 42.4 %), lead (up to 25.9 %), nitrogen oxide (up to 20.2 %), nitrogen dioxide and carbon oxide (23.1 % each).

Assessment of the health risk for people residing on the territory influenced by the vostochny cosmodrome under multi-factor and multi-environment exposure to chemicals

Rocket and space activities occupy an important place among modern sources of impact on the environment. Its results can manifest themselves in an area where a cosmodrome is located, adjacent territories, in areas where separated parts of a launch vehicle fall. This impact has certain specific features that create population health risks. Health risks for population of Tsiolkovsky settlement were assessed upon exposure to chemicals that pollute the environment in accordance with the methodical approaches stipulated in the valid Guide (R 2.1.10.3968-23). Initial data were represented by results of environmental surveillance accomplished within social-hygienic monitoring and in field conditions as well as by data collected for a project aimed at substantiating a sanitary protection zone for the Vostochny Cosmodrome launch sites. Average annual concentrations and their 95 % confidence intervals, which were established based on average daily concentrations, were used to calculate chronic chemical exposures. The 95 % percentile of maximum single concentrations was employed to calculate acute exposures. Ambient air was established to make the greatest contribution (88.99 %) into non-carcinogenic health risks for people residing in Tsiolkovsky settlement. Particulate matter made the greatest contribution (42.4 %) to the risk of chronic non-carcinogenic effects. Alerting chronic non-carcinogenic risks of respiratory diseases (up to 5.9 HI) and the blood system (up to 4.1 HI) were established under combined inhalation chemical exposures. Major contributions to non-carcinogenic risks are made by particulate matter (up to 42.4 %), lead (up to 25.9 %), nitrogen oxide (up to 20.2 %), nitrogen dioxide and carbon oxide (23.1 % each).

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF SOIL STATE IN THE IMPACT ZONE OF THE SREDNEURALSKY COPPER SMELTER

As part of the study of the ecological state of soils and vegetation in the zone of impact of the Sredneuralsky Copper Smelter (SUMZ), the following tasks were solved: the content of heavy metals in the soils of the test sites laid within the zone of impact of the SUMZ was determined; macrokinetic patterns of seasonal dynamics of the normalized relative vegetation index (NDVI) at the test sites in the zone of impact of the SUMZ were revealed; macrokinetic patterns of vegetation response in the form of NDVI, calculated according to MODIS and Landsat 8 data, to soil pollution by a complex of heavy metals in the zone of impact of the SUMZ were revealed; soil quality was ranked according to the patterns of vegetation response in the form of NDVI to soil pollution by a complex of heavy metals within the boundaries of the natural protection zone (NZZ) of the SUMZ according to 2023. The intra-seasonal dynamics of photosynthetically active biomass in the form of NDVI was modeled using a theoretical growth equation based on MODIS satellite data. The seasonal maximum of the vegetation index at the trial sites in 2012 fell on the 25-28 week. In 2023, it occurred on the 27-33 week, depending on the location of the sampling point. The rate of maximum achievement is characterized by weak intra-seasonal and interannual variation. The patterns of changes in the concentration of photosynthetically active biomass in the form of maximum NDVI for the 2023 season in response to the gross content of a complex of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn) in the soil of the test sites were modeled using the theoretical equation of dose dependence. The maximum permissible level of the heavy metal complex in the soil in the form of a geometric mean, which does not cause a decrease in the values of the vegetation index calculated according to the data of the MODIS and Landsat 8 satellites, was 101 and 106 mg·kg-1, respectively. The analysis of histograms of the distribution of NDVI values within the NZZ was carried out, which showed how the true frequencies of occurrence of the values of the vegetation index correspond to the empirical boundary of the NZZ associated with the maximum dose dependence point identified by the study of the 2012. The nature of the distribution of true NDVI values for the NZZ exclusively fully supports the used zoning theory based on the analysis of dose dependence. The modern boundaries of the SUMZ natural protection zone are 4-7 km away from the center of the sanitary protection zone.

Soil pollution of the city with machine-building production by heavy metals and arsenic and epidemiological risk to public health

Introduction. The paper presents the results of a study for the assessment of the epidemiological risk to public health and the level of soil contamination with heavy metals and arsenic in the city of Kovrov, a large industrial center of the Vladimir region.
 Materials and methods. The objects of the study are the morbidity in the population of the Kovrovsky district of the Vladimir region and the soil cover of the city of Kovrov, whose industrial enterprises specialize in the production of machine-building products. Soil samples were taken in the area of industrial enterprises, highways, and residential areas. The soil cover was examined by X-ray fluorescence method to determine the content of heavy metals and arsenic.
 Results. The conducted study on the assessment of probable risk allowed establishing in the Kovrov district, relative to background regional values, children to have a very high risk for 10 classes of diseases, adults have a very high risk for 6 classes of diseases. Contamination of the Carpet city soil with heavy metals and arsenic has been established. The priority pollutants of the Kovrov soil are zinc, lead and arsenic, which belong to the first hazard class. There was a significant variation in the content of heavy metals within both industrial and residential zones. Extremely dangerous chemical contamination of the soil with heavy metals has been detected. The assessment of the level of chemical soil pollution, as an indicator of adverse effects on public health, showed the residential part of the city, where most of the residents live, to be located in the zone of moderately dangerous or dangerous category of soil pollution.
 Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to one-time sampling and a small number of reference sites, which limits the possibilities of a broader interpretation of the data obtained.
 Conclusion. The unfavourable state of the soil cover in the residential area of Kovrov requires the manaagement and conducting constant ecological and hygienic monitoring of this territory. To reduce pollutants in particular, heavy metals, entering the soil of the city and, it is necessary to improve the system for cleaning gas-air emissions of machine-building enterprises of the city, as well as to ensure the effective arrangement of sanitary protection zones. To reduce the content of heavy metals in the soil, it is necessary to carry out measures to detoxify contaminated soils.

Оценка уязвимости карстовых подземных вод к загрязнению на основных массивах Горного Крыма с использованием региональной методики

Introduction. Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to contamination is an effective tool for scientific substantiation of the sanitary protection zones for drinking water sources. Karst ground waters of the Mountain Crimea form the main resources for water supply in the Crimean Peninsula. This study has a purpose to perform the assessme nt and mapping of karst ground waters resource vulnerability to contamination on such representative massifs of the Crimean Mountains as Chatyrdag, Dolgorukovsky, Karabi and Ay-Petri . Materials and methods. Assessment of karst ground waters vulnerability is conducted by use of Mountain -Crimean method. It has been developed on the base of some wide-tested European methods (COP-method and Slovene approach) with methodological modification and adaptation to regional conditions of the Mountain Crimea. The input data for assessment is spatial information about ground waters vulnerability factors: protective layers in vadose zone, flow concentration by streams, sinkholes and caves, precipitation regime etc. The collected spatial information was converted into attributed geo data layers, which were subsequently subjected to overlay operations in Arc GIS 10 software according to assessment scheme. Results. According to the assessment results, approximately 34 and 14% of the Chatyrdag massif area gained the category of high and very high vulnerability, on the Karabi massif – 14 and 17%, on the Dolgorukovsky massif – 14 and 2%, on the Ay-Petri massif – 19 and 7% of total area respectively. The result ing vulnerability maps demonstrate significant mosaics and contrast, which is associated with discrete distribution of protective covers and high differentiation of ground water recharge conditions within the catchments of karst massifs. Discussion. Analysis of the resulting vulnerability maps have revealed that the leading factors determining areas of high and very high vulner ability of karst waters are runoff concentration factors, while the factors of protective cover mainly determine the areas with low vulnerability. The zones of high vulnerability on the Chatyrdag and Karabi massifs are mainly coincide with areas of high density of karst forms (sinkholes and caves), while high vulnerability zones of the Ay-Petri and Dolgorukovsky massifs are predominantly associated with areas near permanent and temporary watercourses. In general, the obtained maps of groundwater vulnerability are quite consistent with the known data on the hydro-geological conditions of the assessed massifs. Conclusions. The identified differences in the area ratio and spatial distribution of ground waters vulnerability categories between the assessed massifs are a consequence of local geological, geo-morphological and hydrological features. The obtained results confirm high applicability of the Mountain-Crimean regional method for groundwater vulnerability assessment, at least for the karst massifs of the Mountain Crimea. Suggestions for practical application and direction for future research. The produced groundwater vulnerability maps create a scientific basis for delineation of water protection zones, assessing the risks of groundwater pollution and developing the territorial planning schemes within studied areas. The next stage of study is an assessment of groundwater source vulnerability for individual karst springs used in water supply.

Assessment of the epidemiological health risk of foundry contamination of small town soils

Introduction. The paper presents the results of the assessment of the risk to public health and the level of soil contamination with heavy metals and arsenic in a small town with a foundry.
 Materials and methods. The objects of the study are the morbidity of the population of the Melenkovsky district of the Vladimir region and the soil cover of the city of Melenki. The assessment of the probable risk of morbidity is based on the determination of epidemiological risk indicators, the obtained values of which were converted into values normalized by the marginal error of the background level (Δ). Soil samples were taken in the zone of industrial enterprises, highways, residential private sector, landscape, and recreational areas. The soil cover was examined by X-ray fluorescence method for the evaluationof the content of heavy metals and arsenic.
 Results. The study conducted to assess the probable risk allowed establishing in the Melenkovsky district, relative to the background regional values, children to have a very high risk for nine classes of diseases, adults to have a very high risk for 6 classes of diseases. There has been established the contamination of the soil of the city of Melenka with heavy metals and arsenic to be probably due to the specifics and duration of operation of the oldest enterprise in the city ‒ the foundry and mechanical plant. In the central part of the city, there have been identified local areas posing high health risks, which determines the need to manage permanent environmental and hygienic monitoring here. The greatest danger to public health is arsenic, whose concentrations in almost all sampling points exceed sanitary and hygienic standards.
 The limitations of the study are related to one-time sampling and a small number of reference sites, which limits the possibilities of a broader interpretation of the data obtained.
 Conclusion. It has been established that a city enterprise operating for a long time, due to soil contamination of the adjacent territory, can bear high risks to public health even during prolonged downtime or termination of its main activity. The chemical contamination of the soil in the territory adjacent to the foundry and mechanical plant, which is extremely dangerous in terms of the total indicator, requires special environmental measures to remove and further neutralize chemical elements. To reduce soil pollution in the city, there are required modernization of industrial enterprises and the creation of expanded sanitary protection zones around them.

Methods of assessing emissions of contaminants from sties into the air

Provision of competitiveness in the sphere of animal farming in Ukraine requires the introduction of innovative systems of technological support involving modern microprocessor control-measurement systems and devices. The method of continuous automatic record of emissions of contaminants from animal premises reveals patterns in emissions of the main air contaminants and allows their mass concentrations and dynamics of emissions to be tracked over 24 h period. By employing this method, we determined the coefficients of 24 h emissions of carbon dioxide and methane from premises for fattening young swine. The coefficients of 24 h emission of ammonia were found to be significantly lower in the sty with a slatted floor in pens for the winter, spring, and autumn periods compared with the sties with concrete floor. However, coefficients of 24 h emission of methane were significantly higher by 76.1–286.9% in the sty with a slatted floor, which is associated with the peculiarities of technology of the self-cleaning system. Two-times removal of manure from the sty with concrete floor significantly reduced the average annual coefficients of emission of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane, by 12.1%, 22.4%, and 13.5%, respectively. Analysis of emission of the main contaminants from the sties with slatted and concrete floor in pens indicated a significant effect of this factor on the amount of emission, structure, and presence of seasonal and daily variability in those parameters. Accumulation of experimental materials regarding emission of contaminants will allow average actual parameters of emissions from small pig farms to be identified, which will allow adequate assessment of the effect their activity has on the environment, particularly in residential areas, and substantiate the minimal allowable distances to sanitary-protective zones.

Оценка состояния урбаноземов по содержанию поллютантов

Abstract. The purpose of the study is to assess the ecological state of soils within urbanozems in relation to the degree of contamination with heavy metals using the example of the urban aggromeration of Orenburg. Methods. Sampling was carried out at 4 sites in the sanitary protection zone of industrial enterprises in Orenburg. Determination of mobile forms of heavy metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn in the samples was carried out by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In the studied areas, the pollution index or concentration coefficient was taken into account, while taking into account the reference values of heavy metals. Contamination with toxic elements of soils in the reference areas was determined using the PINemerow coefficient. The pollution index of urban areas was calculated as the arithmetic or geometric mean of PINemerow for all reference areas in the city. Statistical processing of the material was carried out using the universal program Statistica 10. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time data were obtained characterizing the accumulation of heavy metals in the sanitary protection zones of industrial enterprises in the city of Orenburg, and they were ranked according to the pollution index. Results. The analysis of the data obtained made it possible to reveal an increased content of Pb, Zn in all soil layers in the reference plot No. 1. The soils of site No. 2 had an increased content of Cu, Pb, Zn in the soil horizon of 20-30 cm, Pb was also found at a depth of 0-10 cm, which is explained by the passage of a major highway near the enterprise. Soil samples at a depth of 0-10 cm of site No. 3 were contaminated by 4 parameters (Cd, Mn, Pb, Zn) and had an average degree of anthropogenic pollution, which is due to the fact that the surface soils of the sanitary protection zone of the site are located near the enterprise associated with the processing of petroleum products. On the contrary, the studied areas No. 1; 2 and 4 sanitary protection zones of enterprises can be classified as low pollution. On the territory of the sanitary protection zone of site No. 4, an increased accumulation of Mn was found in the surface layers of soils.

Consideration of the ecological factor during the cadastral assessment of the land of industrial enterprises

In 2022, a new state cadastral assessment took place in the Russian Federation, which does not determine the details of including a sanitary protection zone and assessing its cost to adjust the total cost of plots. The purpose of this study is to justify a return to the normative establishment of tax rates, taking into account changes in the state policy of regulating land and property relations. The purpose of the study was achieved by performing two tasks: analysing the share of the area of the sanitary protection zone, which should be taken into account when assessing the main land use of the enterprise, and determining the cost of this part of the sanitary protection zone. To solve the problems, standards and theoretical works are analysed, as well as the actual practice of using sanitary protection zones with regulatory requirements is compared. The result of the study is the possibility to use aggregated methods to calculate additional adjustments for industrial sites and territories with a sanitary protection zone, using the norms of green spaces and the costs of creation. These results can serve as a basis for the development of effective measures and regulations in the field of taxation of land and property relations.