Sanitary Measures Research Articles

Alcohol consumption, alcohol expectancies, and drinking contexts in young Argentinean college students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a one-year follow-up study

ABSTRACT Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns are known to affect alcohol consumption. This study examines drinking expectancies and contexts upon alcohol consumption of Argentinean students. Objectives: To assess within-person changes in alcohol consumption in Argentinean college students (aged 18–24), from August 2019 with a one-year follow-up during the COVID-19 lockdown, considering alcohol expectancies, drinking contexts, and main socio-demographic variables. To validate the stability of these predictors, we discuss the effects on the alcohol consumption across dependent and independent measures. Methods: We assessed one longitudinal (N = 300, 70% female) and one cross-sectional (N = 165, 78% female) sample via online surveys and applied multilevel analysis and regressions, respectively. Results: Alcohol consumption significantly increased during lockdown compared to one-year before (mean: 6.91 and 8.26 alcohol units, correspondingly). In the longitudinal sample, social facilitation (medium effect sizes [ES]: 0.21, 0.22) and parental presence (medium ES: 0.12, 0.21) significantly and stable (through time) predicted increasing effects on consumption. In the cross-sectional sample, stress control (high ES: 0.78) and parental presence (high ES: 0.42) were associated with higher consumption during lockdown. Conclusion: College students increased their alcohol consumption during lockdown, suggesting that restrictive sanitary measures may negatively affect consumption. Literature is not conclusive as both decreases and increases in alcohol consumption in students from developed countries were reported. Before and during COVID-19 lockdown, parental presence is a stable predictor of increased alcohol consumption, though unusual according to the literature. Health policies aimed at modifying the behavior of parents who promote/share alcohol consumption with their offspring may help reduce drinking in college students.

Does harmonization reduce the impact of SPS measures on agricultural exports? An assessment from the Chilean fruit sector

Non-tariff measures (NTMs) are relevant to agricultural trade policies, especially since trade negotiations have significantly decreased tariffs. Countries impose Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), a technical NTM, to protect human, animal, and plant health by regulating specific food quality and safety aspects. This article aims to assess the impact of SPS measures imposed by Chile’s main trading partners on agricultural trade, specifically on the value of fruit exports. It also seeks to determine the effects of harmonizing technical regulations between Chile and its partners. We estimated a gravity equation as a negative binomial regression model with Chilean fruit exports to main destination markets from 2010 to 2019 as the dependent variable. Our results confirm a negative impact of foreign SPS measures on Chilean fruit exports. However, that impact is mitigated if Chile has a harmonized SPS measure. Thus, we can conclude that harmonization reduces the negative effects of foreign SPS measures on exports. Our results suggest that trade agreements, which often contain a chapter on SPS, positively contribute to SPS harmonization and mitigate SPS’s negative impacts on trade flows. Highlights: Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), aim to protect human, animal, and plant health by regulating specific food quality and safety aspects. The impact of SPS on trade flows has been largely analyzed with heterogeneous results depending, among others, on their characteristics, as the level of harmonization. Harmonization reduced the negative effects of SPS measures on Chilean fruit exports flows. Trade negotiations might positively contribute to SPS harmonization, especially whether agreements have an SPS chapter that encourages coordination.

Reversing the climatic clock – a case for adapting healthy measures of public health, sanitation and hygiene

Reversing the climatic clock – a case for adapting healthy measures of public health, sanitation and hygiene

What does the media tell us about a destination? The Cancun case, seen from the USA, Canada, and Mexico

PurposeThis study aims to present a framework for automatically collecting, cleaning and analyzing text (news articles, in this case) to provide valuable decision-making information to destination management organizations. Keeping a record of certain aspects of the projected destination image of an attraction (Cancun in this study) will grant the design of better strategies for the promotion and administration of destinations without the time-consuming effort of manually evaluating high quantities of textual information.Design/methodology/approachUsing Web scraping, news articles were collected from the USA, Mexico and Canada over an interval of one year. The documents were analyzed using an automatic topic modeling method known as Latent Dirichlet Allocation and a coherence analysis to determine the number of themes present in each collection. With the data provided, the authors were able to extract valuable information to understand how Cancun is presented to the countries.FindingsIt was found that in all countries, Cancun is an important destination to travel and vacation; however, given the period defined for this study (from July 2021 to July 2022), an important part of the articles analyzed was concerned with the sanitary measures derived from the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides, given the rise of violence and the threat of organized crime, many articles from the three countries are focused on warning potential tourists about the risks of traveling to Cancun.Originality/valueThe examination of the relevant literature revealed that similar analyses are manually performed by the experts on a set of predefined categories. Although those approaches are methodologically sound, the logistic effort and the time used could become prohibitively expensive, precluding carrying out this analysis frequently. Additionally, the preestablished categories to be studied in press articles may distort the results. For these reasons, the proposed framework automatically allows for gathering valuable information for decision-making in an unbiased manner.

Are outdoor playgrounds the real culprit for elbow fractures in children? A lesson learned from COVID-19 sanitary measures.

The association between elbow fractures and outdoor playgrounds has always been anecdotal. We sought to determine the impact of closing outdoor playgrounds and other play areas during the COVID-19 lockdown on elbow fractures in a pediatric population. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all elbow fractures from a single pediatric referral hospital between 2016 and 2020 for the months of April and May. The months chosen corresponded to the COVID-19 lockdown during which outdoor playgrounds were closed. Inclusion criteria were elbow fracture diagnosis based on radiography and age younger than 18 years. Fracture type, where the injury occurred and the mechanism of injury were recorded. A total of 370 fractures were reported, with an average of 83 (95% confidence interval [CI] 83-84) per year for 2016-19 and only 36 recorded in 2020. The average annual number of fractures before 2020 was 17 (95% CI 16-17) for schools, and 33 (95% CI 31-34) for outdoor playgrounds, including 22 (95% CI 21-24) falls from playground structures. No fracture was reported in schools in 2020, and only 3 were reported from outdoor playgrounds (including 1 associated with falling from playground structures). We found an association between elbow fractures in a pediatric population and outdoor playground accessibility, but also with indoor public locations. Our findings emphasize the importance of safety measures in those facilities.

Rabies virus in white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica) in Mexico: what do we know so far?

Rabies is a neglected disease that affects all mammals. To determine the appropriate sanitary measures, the schedule of preventive medicine campaigns requires the proper identification of the variants of the virus circulating in the outbreaks, the species involved, and the interspecific and intraspecific virus movements. Urban rabies has been eradicated in developed countries and is being eradicated in some developing countries. In Europe and North America, oral vaccination programs for wildlife have been successful, whereas in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, rabies remains a public health problem due to the habitation of a wide variety of wild animal species that can act as rabies virus reservoirs in their environment. After obtaining recognition from the WHO/PAHO as the first country to eliminate human rabies transmitted by dogs, Mexico faces a new challenge: the control of rabies transmitted by wildlife to humans and domestic animals. In recent years, rabies outbreaks in the white-nosed coati (Nasua narica) have been detected, and it is suspected that the species plays a significant role in maintaining the wild cycle of rabies in the southeast of Mexico. In this study, we discussed cases of rabies in white-nosed coatis that were diagnosed at InDRE (in English: Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference; in Spanish: Instituto de Diagnostico y Referencia Epidemiologicos) from 1993 to 2022. This study aimed to determine whether white-nosed coatis might be an emergent rabies reservoir in the country. A total of 13 samples were registered in the database from the Rabies laboratories of Estado de Mexico (n = 1), Jalisco (n = 1), Quintana Roo (n = 5), Sonora (n = 1), and Yucatan (n = 5). Samples from 1993 to 2002 from Estado de Mexico, Jalisco, and Sonora were not characterized because we no longer had any samples available. Nine samples were antigenically and genetically characterized. To date, coatis have not been considered important vectors of the rabies virus. The results from our research indicate that the surveillance of the rabies virus in coatis should be relevant to prevent human cases transmitted by this species.

Children and adolescents' mental health in pandemics and confinement: A scoping review of vulnerability factors and repercussions.

Children and adolescents are a population at particular risk of experiencing adverse mental health repercussions related to pandemics. To understand vulnerability factors and repercussions of pandemics and related sanitary measures on children and adolescents' mental health, we performed a scoping review to examine and synthesize literature. In total, 66 articles were included. Results present: (1) factors that increase vulnerability to adverse mental health repercussions (e.g., having a pre-existing mental health condition, social isolation, low socio-economic status, parental distress, and overexposure to media content) and (2) specific mental health repercussions (e.g., anxiety, fear, depression, and externalizing behaviors). Addressing concerns underlined in this review could contribute to preventing further negative mental health repercussions of pandemics for children and adolescents and better prepare governments and professionals to address these highly challenging situations. Recommendations for practice include enhancing healthcare professionals' awareness about possible detrimental repercussions pandemics and sanitary measures have on children and adolescents' mental health, assessing changes for those with pre-existing mental health conditions, allocating funding for telehealth research, and providing greater support to healthcare providers.

Assessing of Veterinary and Sanitary Measures against Glanders and the risk of disease introduction into Republic of Kazakhstan

A possible revised sentence could be: "Veterinary and sanitary measures against glanders consist of preventing the introduction of the pathogen into the country, systematically monitoring the welfare of the horse population, preventing the spread of the disease, and implementing timely eradication or control measures in the event of an outbreak.
 This article presents the results of an analysis of veterinary and sanitary measures currently implemented against glanders in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the results of epizootological forecasting. Special measures for preventing glanders in horses in the territory of veterinary and sanitary well-being, which is Kazakhstan, include basic requirements such as quarantine, clinical examination, and negative malleinization test results for imported animals. Local veterinary services systematically monitor the well-being of the horse population and conduct annual scheduled allergy testing procedures, such as eye malleinization
 Outbreaks of glanders have not been recorded in the Republic since 1939, indicating the effectiveness of annual veterinary and sanitary measures. However, due to the intensive development of horse breeding and close economic ties of Kazakhstan with neighboring regions and countries where glanders is prevalent or endemic, the risk of introducing the pathogen into the Republic remains. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct ongoing epizootological monitoring, including short-term and long-term forecasting of glanders outbreaks, as well as analysis of veterinary and sanitary measures against the disease.

Preface

The tenth international symposium on “Large TPCs for low-energy rare event detection” was held in Paris from 15th to 17th of December 2021 at the Institute of Astroparticle physics of the University of Paris. The 2020 issue of this conference series was cancelled due to the Covid pandemic. The symposium was organized in a hybrid mode, which allowed about 40 people to attend in-person among a total of 131 registered participants. Very strict sanitary measures were taken to keep the meeting safe.As in previous events the program included neutrino physics, dark matter and axion searches, related detector R&D and theoretical aspects.To celebrate the tenth edition of the symposium the conference was held on three full days. Special speakers were invited to give a historical overview related to our field. David Nygren shared his memories of the invention and development of the Time Projection Chamber. François Vannucci revealed to us the invisible world of neutrinos. Ioannis Giomataris pointed out various innovative ideas that emerged during presentations and discussions in the last two decades. Jean Iliopoulos retraced the concept and development of the Standard Model and shared his personal vision on the future of particle physics.We wish to thank the many people who contributed to the success of the conference and especially the conveners of the sessions, who allowed for a smooth running of the meeting. We particularly acknowledge the APC management for providing the nice Buffon auditorium and infrastructure. We also thank DSM-Irfu, the University of Zaragoza, the European Research Council and ACAV Ile de France for their valuable support.The organizersList of Organizing Committee is available in this Pdf.

Under the sign of pandemic

The present paper aims to chronologically and comparatively present the evolution of human behavior, from the first recorded pandemics to the Covid-19 pandemic. We are interested in the attribution of these infectious disease’s origin, as well as in the literary and artistic manifestations that represented these disasters. While in the Antiquity the pagan philosopher Porphyry of Tire lamented the rise of Christianity, blaming it for the appearance of the plague, in Middle Ages Europe, Christians looked for scapegoats among the religious minorities. Epidemics and pandemics also proved to be an irresistible subject for many writers; in visual arts, the Great Plague of the Middle Ages inspired the iconographic theme Danse Macabre. Today, movies deal with this topic from an apocalyptic perspective, thus marking a return to the ancient conceptions of plagues. We also find that, from the Middle Ages to the present day, the popular reactions are broadly the same, including negationism, misinformation and mistrust of authorities. Apart from questionable cures, the tendency to reject sanitary measures has also been survived, especially since social media currently provide a huge amount of right and of false information, hard to classify.

Assessment of medical staff adherence to infection control measures during the COVID-19 pandemic

The organization of an effective infection control system is one of the main tasks of medical organizations to prevent the occurrence and spread of infections associated with the provision of medical care (ISMP). In connection with the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) that has engulfed all countries of the world, the problem of ISMP and infection control (IC) in medical organizations has become particularly relevant. The aim of the study was to assess the adherence of medical workers to the principles of IC in the departments for patients with COVID-19 and to determine the occupational risk factors of infection of personnel during the pre-vaccination period of the pandemic. The study included medical workers of «covid» hospital departments (n = 216; age 25–54 years), of which 105 doctors (41.7 %), average medical workers (nurses and nurses) — 111 people (58.3 %). All employees were trained in biological safety and conducting sanitary and anti-epidemic measures with COVID-19 before starting work in the hospital. In most of the staff (114 people, 52.8 ± 8.7 %), the compliance of the IC was assessed as high in the absence of detection of violations of the requirements of infectious safety. The average degree of adherence to IR measures was found in 102 observed medical workers (47.2 ± 9.9 %). In the cohort of medical workers with a high degree of adherence to IR measures, 2 people suffered a new coronavirus infection, which is 1.8 ± 0.5 %, while among the staff with a moderate degree of adherence (n = 102) 10 people (9.8 ± 2.2 %). The difference between the indicators is statistically significant at p < 0.001 and indicates a smaller (5.4 times) number of COVID-19 cases in the cohort of health workers with a high degree of compliance with IR measures. There was no dependence of the degree of adherence of medical personnel to the principles of IC on the age, gender, medical experience and functionality of medical workers. Nosocomial cases of COVID-19 that occurred during monitoring of compliance with the requirements of the IC were characterized by polymorphism of clinical manifestations with leading respiratory syndrome, the presence of mild and moderate forms and the predominance of average medical staff among the sick. Thus, IC in the conditions of global biological threats requires constant, complete and adequate training of medical personnel in various forms, systematic professional development of all personnel on issues of hospital hygiene and infectious occupational safety, including regular annual refresher courses.

Citizens’ perception analysis of public transport and smart technologies in the Brazilian capitals during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Amidst the consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the overall trip decrease and public transport modal share contraction pose a critical dilemma towards urban mobility. Through a questionnaire in Brazilian capitals, the present article considered (1) the citizens’ safety perception of urban mobility and public transport before and during the pandemic, (2) an estimated perception of the post-pandemic, (3) perception of safety regarding both traditional and smart measures, and (4) the concern about data use and privacy. Findings indicated an increase in private cars (41%) and ride-sourcing services (442%) use and a decrease in public transport modes during the pandemic, with an expectation of a post-pandemic modal split following the same pattern. According to respondents, most measures implemented resumes to traditional individual ones, without a systemic approach or smart initiatives. About the latter, a contrasting result was obtained, where there is a high safety perception if implemented with a low security perception over data use and privacy. In this sense, operators, public authorities, city planners and users must observe systemic sanitary measures, regulatory laws and transparency over data use and privacy, democratic and inclusive decision-making processes to address urban vulnerabilities and ensure safe public transport during and after the pandemic.

Features of the system of epidemiological surveillance of infectious diseases in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

The results of the analysis of the system of epidemiological surveillance of infectious diseases in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the assessment of the possibilities of its improvement are presented . The levels of organization of epidemiological surveillance in Vietnam , their compliance with the administrative division of the country ( state , provincial , district and commune levels ) are shown . It is noted that epidemiological surveillance has a passive nature and is based on the online reporting system of the Department of Preventive Medicine , which has been the official notification channel for 42 infectious diseases since 2016. For the purposes of epidemiological surveillance , all registered infectious diseases are divided into 3 groups according to the potential for epidemic spread (A, B and C), on which strategies for carrying out sanitary and anti-epidemic ( preventive ) measures depend . It has been established that modern computer technologies , including geoinformation systems , in Vietnam have found their application in certain areas of epidemiological surveillance of current infectious diseases , but further i mprovement o f t he m ethods o f t heir u se f or t hese p urposes i s r equired .

The spread of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the conditions of Russian penitentiary institutions: the state and counteraction measures

The article examines the peculiarities of the spread and counteraction of the new coronavirus infection in Russian penitentiary institutions. Special attention is paid to the issues of keeping suspects, accused and convicted persons in isolation, as well as related recommendations of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. The results of the study of the order and conditions of isolation in Russian penitentiary institutions, together with somatic indicators of the age and health of persons held in them, give grounds for reasonable alarm about the existence of increased risks of the spread of COVID-19. However, practice shows that timely sanitary and epidemiological measures taken by the state and special restrictions of a regime nature in isolation have restrained the spread of the disease. Conclusions are drawn about the need to change some provisions of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and the penal enforcement legislation to ensure the possibility of urgent correction of criminal policy and law enforcement in conditions of high readiness for natural and man-made emergencies.

Seroprevalence of Human Cysticercosis in Amper and Kabwir Districts of Kanke Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria

Human cysticercosis is an important public health problem, particularly in developing countries. The seroprevalence of human cysticercosis in Amper and Kabwir Districts of Kanke Local Government Area of Plateau State was studied between January and March 2019. Blood samples were collected from 151 individuals in the study area. Serum was obtained and Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) was performed to determine the prevalence of 1gG antibodies to cysticercosis. Forty-one (41) out of 151 individuals were positive for human cysticercosis giving a seroprevalence of 27.15%. Seroprevalence was higher in females (29.87%) than in males (24.32%) however, this was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Age group 41 to 50 years had the highest (33.33%) seroprevalence of infection while individuals 51 years and above had the lowest (16.67%) seroprevalence. Other risk factors that influenced seroprevalence include the source of drinking water, the type of toilet system used, and the rearing of pigs. Good sanitary measures are suggested to combat this infection.

Modern antihelminth medications for cattle (review)

The article contains an analysis of existing modern anthelmintic drugs for cattle. Trade names of drugs are divided into groups according to the active substances that make up their composition. The article discusses in detail the spectrum of action of the studied anthelmintic drugs on parasitic worms, and also displays special instructions from drug manufacturers for the use of milk and meat from animals that have been dewormed.Even the competent use of anthelmintic drugs will not help to achieve the desired economic results from the livestock complex if the veterinary rules for keeping and feeding animals are not observed at the production site, and it is also important to correctly plan and implement all necessary veterinary and sanitary measures.

Muş İlinde Görülen Tularemi Olgularının Retrospektif Değerlendirilmesi: 2011-2022

Objective: Tularemia is a bacterial disease of humans, wild and domestic animals. Recently, an increase in human tularemia cases has been observed in many countries worldwide. This study aimed to calculate the incidence of tularemia cases in Muş, determine the seasonal distribution of cases, and describe the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of tularemia cases detected over a twelve-year period. Methods: Data from 162 patients diagnosed clinically and serologically with tularemia and admitted to health facilities in Muş province between 2011 and 2022 were retrospectively analysed. Results: In our study, among 162 tularemia patients with F. tularensis microagglutination test titres of 1/160 and above, the ratio of male and female cases was equal (50%), and the mean age was 24.51 years. In the twelve-year evaluation, there were two major epidemics, and the most cases were seen in 2018 with 37 cases. Most cases were observed in winter (38.3%) and autumn (25.3%). Oropharyngeal tularemia was the most common form (64.2%) among the cases evaluated. Similar disease was found in 33.3% of patients living in the same neighbourhood as the patients, and no mortality was observed in any of the patients. Conclusion: As the oropharyngeal form is the most common, contact with contaminated water should be questioned, rodent and tick populations should be monitored and detailed epidemiological studies should be conducted. We believe that hygiene and sanitation measures are important with regard to tularemia outbreaks.

High prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in fomites in a tertiary institution in Southwestern Nigeria

<b>Background</b><b>: </b>The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a major threat to public and environmental health because they limit treatment options against infections. Fomites have been implicated in the spread of pathogenic and resistant bacteria, making them an important source of disease. This study was carried out to determine the frequency and characteristics of resistant bacteria linked with environmental fomites in a tertiary institution in Nigeria as part of global efforts to provide information to contain the spread of antimicrobial resistance.<br /> <b>Methods: </b>300 swab samples, determined by factorial design, were aseptically collected from 10 fomites in 10 locations in three different facilities at Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria, and transported to the laboratory for processing. The isolates were identified by standard procedure and the Microbact<sup>TM</sup> identification kit. The susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. MDR bacteria were examined for the presence of plasmids using the alkali lysis method, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, and methicillin resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction.<br /> <b>Results:</b> 89 diverse bacteria were isolated from fomites in the study environment. <i>Staphylococcus aureus </i>(49.4%) predominated among the bacteria, followed by <i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i> (10.1%), <i>Providencia stuartti</i> (5.6%), <i>Proteus vulgaris</i> (4.5%), and<i> Acinetobacter baumannii</i> (3.4%). The isolates were commonly (84%-100%) resistant to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, and augmentin, while the least (8%-12.5%) resistance was to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, meropenem, and streptomycin. 58 (65.2%) isolates were MDR, and the majority (27.6%) were isolated from floors. 47 (81%) MDR isolates harbored plasmids, with their molecular weights between 2.697 kbp and 4.011 kbp. <i>mecA</i>, <i>TEM,</i> and <i>OqXAB</i> resistance genes were detected in <i>S. aureus</i>, <i>P. stuarttii</i>, <i>Pseudomonas </i>sp, and <i>K. oxytoca</i>.<br /> <b>Conclusions:</b> This study has shown that fomites in the sampled locations are potential reservoirs for MDR bacteria, and may serve as sources of their transmission, thereby posing a threat to public health. Therefore, appropriate sanitary measures are required to prevent any potential cross-contamination. In addition, it is imperative to regularly survey environments for bacterial contamination to increase community awareness and education regarding hygiene standards.

Specifics of Organizational and Design Solutions for Buildings of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination

Introduction: Nowadays, biosafety of medical personnel and visitors of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination (BFME) is of special importance. One of the most significant issues in terms of infection prevention and control is the design solution for premises of the BFME and departments of anatomic pathology. Up-to-date forensic medical examination institutions shall combine functionality, good technical equipment, and engineering design, all ensuring human comfort and safety. Objective: To evaluate sanitary and hygienic measures, especially organizational and design solutions for BFME buildings ensuring occupational safety and health of the personnel and proper infection control, based on the analysis of scientific publications and valid regulatory documents. Materials and methods: We have reviewed recent Russian and English-language scientific papers on current approaches to infection prevention and control in bureaus of forensic medical examination published in 2018–2022. They were selected using a logical search on such platforms as eLIBRARY.ru, PubMed, CyberLeninka, and Google Scholar. The criteria for inclusion of publications in the review were a non-zero Hirsch index (h-index) or the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) and the presence of the following phrases in the title, abstract, and/or keywords: autopsy biosafety, infection of medical staff, infection prevention and control, design of forensic medical examination premises, and occupational safety in forensic medical services. Of 143 sources selected, 47 articles contained a proven risk assessment of biosafety of medical personnel and description of preventive measures and were thus found eligible for inclusion in the review. Results: We established problems in the design of construction or reconstruction of BFME premises in terms of creating a safe working environment. We have noted that the workflow, functionality of the premises, and the level of sanitary measures aimed at prevention of infection in staff and visitors is often disregarded. The procedure of instrument sterilization is not regulated by documents of the Russian Federation. Organization of forensic activities in areas remote from large cities and in towns of 25,000 residents or less remains challenging. It is essential to revise and supplement current regulations to ensure biosafety of forensic medical services. Conclusion: The article describes the shortcomings of design solutions that must be taken into account in construction and/or reconstruction of BFME premises. The design of such buildings in terms of infection control shall be specified in regulatory documents.

Development of measures in the field of veterinary and sanitary requirements for the safety of herd horse breeding products

Infectious diseases such as salmonellosis, strangles and rhinopneumonia of horses remain an unsolved task of veterinary practice not only in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), but also in other regions of Russia where herd horse breeding is developed. Only in recent years, after scientists of the Yakut Research Institute of Agriculture have developed highly immunogenic vaccines such as "Salmonella abortion vaccine", "Inactivated horse strangles vaccine" and at the approval stage "Divalent vaccine against rhinopneumonia and equine salmonellosis", "Combined vaccine against rhinopneumonia and strangles horse for young horses", epizootological the situation in the republic. In the process of introducing these vaccines in disadvantaged farms, the quality of horse meat and foal supplied is assessed by conducting organoleptic, physico-chemical, microbiological, chemical-toxicological and radiological studies. All studies were conducted in compliance with standards and norms. Enzyme immunoassay proved the circulation of the rhinopneumonia virus in farms where vaccinations were not carried out. Salmonella abortion and horse strangles are registered annually in the republic. Infectious diseases create a barrier to the export of horse breeding products. We are developing a scheme of preventive veterinary and sanitary measures for horse breeding farms of the republic that are disadvantaged by infectious diseases of horses. One of its important points is to improve the quality of products obtained from horse breeding. During the implementation of these measures, mares and young horses were immunized with vaccines developed by us in the farms of Tattinsky, Megino-Kangalassky and Ust-Aldansky uluses. Vaccinated animals received the probiotic "Sakhabactisubtil" with food. The business output of foals from vaccinated mares increased by 10-30%. A veterinary and sanitary examination of the foal was carried out. Microbiological examination of 50 samples of meat in 2 samples revealed bacteria of the Escherichia coli group. According to other indicators, the studied meat samples correspond to TR CU 021/2011 "On food safety", TR CU 034/2013 "On the safety of meat and meat products". Export of foals from the republic is possible after recovery from rhinopneumonia and annual vaccination against salmonella abortion and horse strangles.