Sand Stream Research Articles

About a basin—The Palaeogene pull‐apart fluvial Bovey Basin, South Devon, UK

The Bovey Basin in south Devon, UK, provides an instructive example of a Palaeogene pull‐apart basin with a complex fluvial sedimentary fill. The basin, one of three that lie along the NW‐SE‐trending Sticklepath Fault Zone, is filled by about 1200 m of sediment, of which about the lower 700 m (mainly lower Bovey Formation) is concealed. The main Bovey Basin is separated from a smaller sub‐basin (the Decoy Basin) south of Newton Abbot. Two main lithofacies are present in the Bovey Formation: lignite‐clay; and clay‐sand, with subordinate lithofacies of red‐mottled clay and sand; and gravel and conglomerate. The upper 500 m or so of the sedimentary infill (middle and upper Bovey Formation) is divided into 10 members. Deposition in the basin was by a variety of fluvial processes, notably floodplain clays and sands deposited by meandering rivers; forest swamps with associated short‐lived shallow lakes; and (mainly in the upper Bovey Formation) braided stream sands and gravels that formed mainly on alluvial fans. Lignites in the basin formed from plants that grew in place in forest swamps, a revision of the long‐held view that the lignitic material was transported into the basin from forests of the conifer Sequoia couttsiae growing outside the basin on adjacent uplands. Newly discovered ichnofabrics occur in some lignitic sequences and probably represent root traces (rhizoliths).

The geochronometry of Idaho and the bumpy barcode revisited: Snake River detrital zircons in Hells Canyon and beyond

Detrital zircons in modern stream sands and terraces of the Snake River drainage upstream of and within Hells Canyon, western Idaho, U.S.A, effectively reproduce the geochronometry of Idaho magmatic rocks, both from Laurentia in eastern Idaho, and from the accreted terranes west of the Salmon River Suture. We used large-n (300 grain) analysis of detrital zircon ages and Monte Carlo-based mixture modeling to estimate the percent contributions from the upper Snake River and several tributaries. The large number of grains analyzed allows more precise statistical modeling than previous studies, which used 60 or 100 grains.Immediately upstream of the Hells Canyon Complex of dams modeling suggests that the Snake River at Farewell Bend contains detrital zircon contributions of Payette River 50 % and Boise River 10 % (mainly from the Atlanta lobe, Idaho batholith). The upper Snake River has 30 % contribution and contains a complex detrital zircon signature including both primary zircons derived from magmatic sources and recycled zircons derived from sedimentary rocks with an ultimate magmatic source. Thus, 60 % of the detrital zircons come from the 98–73 Ma southern Idaho batholith, with less than a third coming from the upper Snake River drainage, despite it representing 60 % of the drainage area. The Owyhee, Malheur, and Weiser rivers contribute <5 % each.Within Hells Canyon, modeling suggests that the main Snake River contributes by far the largest component (85 %); side canyons contribute <5 % of the zircon load. Mixing models for Snake River stream sediment downstream of Lewiston, below Lower Granite Dam (sampled from sands deposited before installation of the dam), suggest 53 % contribution from the main Snake River above the Salmon River, 34 % from the Clearwater River, 7 % from the Salmon River, and 6 % from the Grande Ronde River.Comparing relative zircon inputs from the modern Snake and Salmon rivers to a pre-dam river terrace just downstream from their confluence suggests that the Snake River in Hells Canyon today contributes only 4 % of the detrital zircons whereas before installation of the Hells Canyon Dams it contributed 29 %. We interpret this reduction in detrital zircon supply to be caused by sediment trapping above the dams.One influence on the detrital zircon contribution of various streams is peak flow volume. Zircon fertility of specific source rocks is the main influence on detrital zircon percentages within individual drainages. Mesoproterozoic, Cretaceous and Eocene granitic rocks produce euhedral magmatic detrital zircon grains that dominate several drainages. Mesozoic metavolcanic and Eocene Challis Volcanic Group rocks yield fewer and often broken detrital zircon grains. Large outcrop areas of Neogene Columbia River and Snake River Plain basalts provide almost none. Recycling of older magmatic detrital zircon through Proterozoic and Paleozoic sandstones is a signature of the eastern and central Idaho thrust belt.

Strength and durability of concrete by partial replacement of cement by fly ash and fine aggregates by granite dust

The building sector is one of the most dynamic and potentially important contributors to national income. It's possible that concrete, as a composite building material, plays a pivotal role in the market. Common concrete calls for the use of natural sand, often known as stream sand. Since river sand is becoming more scarce and prohibitively costly, we have had to go elsewhere for this material. With the ever-increasing need of the construction industries for materials that fulfil their functional, strength, and durability needs, a wide range of novel materials has been produced in the area of concrete technology in recent years.In this investigation, fly ash was substituted for the fine combination of Quarry Dust and cement. Partially substituting Fly Ash for Cement at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The increased moisture electrical resistance and resulting toughness that results from the micro-filling effect gives concretes a leg up on the competition. Compressive and flexural strengths of M40-grade concrete are the primary focus of the experiments. Examine the mechanical and sturdiness characteristics at various ages, including 7 days, 28 days, 56 days, and 90 days. Durability and tensile strength tests, including exposure to acid and chloride for 28 days. The results publicized that by taking 0% to 25% of Fly ash to the weight of cement that specimen when compared with conventional concrete the compressive strength is increased 32.63% by replacement of cement with 10% of Fly Ash for 28 days. Comparing to normal concrete the compressive strength is increased 29.25% with 10% of Fly ash for 56 days. Comparing to conventional concrete the compressive strength is increased 16.93% with 10% of Fly ash for 90 days. SPT values enhanced by 16.67% with 10% of Fly ash at 28 days of curing.

Beach Erosion along the Eastern Coast of Korea: A Brief Review

Lim, H.S.; Lee, H.J.; Kim, D., and Hong, S., 2023. Beach erosion along the eastern coast of Korea: A brief review. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(1), 181–190. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Most of the beaches on the eastern coast of Korea are eroding at an alarming rate, triggered by combined natural and artificial causes. In this review, each of the major causes of beach erosion is addressed briefly. A few protection measures such as breakwaters and nourishments are also discussed, with the emphasis on the unexpected or undesirable outcomes. Finally, some of the essential requirements for the field measurements in a beach are mentioned. Global warming has induced the chief natural causes of the beach erosion in Korea, including a gradual increase in wave energies and sea level. An estimation in this review suggests the rates of shoreline of 1 m/10 yrs on the eastern coast by sea-level rise alone. By comparison, artificial beach erosion is most likely to occur upon emplacing structures nearby. A variety of the artificially erosional cases by beach developments are described in the review. Storms and typhoons play a critical role in eroding beaches and changing local morphologies in a short period of time and thus should be observed hydrodynamically. However, the diminishing run-off of rivers and streams should be regarded as the primary reason for the nationwide artificial erosion of beaches. The scanty supply of stream sands to the beaches, together with the influence of global warming, would have the beaches eroded continuously without any coastal developments.

Fingerprinting sources of beach sands by grain-size, using mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) and portable XRF. Implications for coastal recovery along a tsunami-struck delta coastline

Determining modern sediment provenance along sandy beaches helps understanding coastline dynamics and can therefore assist coastal management. Provenance analysis relies usually on mineralogical, elemental, and isotopic fingerprinting of sediment sources. Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (MIRS) offers a rapid and non-destructive alternative. It relies on the identification of molecular-bonds in organic and inorganic materials. Thus far, MIRS has been used to fingerprint fine-grained sediments in mountainous and agricultural catchments. Here we use MIRS to analyze a range of sediment grain sizes (<0.25 mm; 0.25–0.5 mm; 0.5–2 mm) in modern fluvial and coastal sands, located in the delta of the Aceh River in Sumatra. Variations in molecular bond associations are compared to variations in major element concentration, quantified by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) on a subset of samples. Covariations between MIRS and pXRF data are used to predict major element concentrations in all samples. Discriminant Analysis (DA) is used to classify sand-feeding streams into groups possessing distinctive MIRS fingerprints. DA proximity relationships are then used to predict the contribution of each source group to trunk stream sand and beach sands. The best discrimination is obtained among sands belonging to the medium grain-size fraction. Simple forward modeling of the expected contributions of the different sources is used to shade light on the DA-predicted association patterns. It helps discussing the biases introduced by sediment compositional changes from the headwaters to the coast, especially hydrodynamic sorting. We find that sand composition along the delta shoreline is primarily controlled by the asymmetric dispersal of sediment from the Aceh River mouth, owing to directional longshore drift. Local variations are generated by particle-size effects and by the propensity of the coast to erode or thicken over the past century. The coastal stretches the most severely damaged by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami exhibit the greatest variations in apparent provenance between sub-fractions.

Asymmetric abundances of submarine sediment waves around the Azores volcanic islands

Sediment waves are common on the submarine flanks of volcanic islands, but the processes that form them are difficult to decipher from geophysical data alone. Here, we identify downslope-trending trains of sediment waves in multibeam sonar data from five islands of the Azores. Train abundances are derived by counting the train intersections with depth contours around each island, revealing that they are typically twice as common on the north slopes of the islands compared with their south slopes. To provide context, we also characterise the Holocene mobility of sediments on the shelves, ocean density structure (for evaluating internal wave critical gradients) and sediment lithologies in four cores from beneath the slopes, which contain shelf carbonates in some volcaniclastic turbidites. Holocene mobility is assessed using sidescan sonar data, which reveal shelf-crossing sand streams. Using results of a high-resolution wave model, wave-imposed shear stresses are found to have exceeded the stresses at threshold of motion for most of the modern shelf sediments during recent extreme wave conditions.Sediment waves could potentially arise from sedimentary flows, gravity mass movements (shallow slumping) or ocean internal waves. Sedimentary flow origins are favoured by streamwise changes of wavelengths and upslope bedform migrations suggested by seismic reflections. The asymmetry of abundances north and south of each island is also an important clue. For example, it is unlikely that systematically different sediment geotechnical properties occur on the two sides of the islands, hence no reason to expect greater mass movements on northern slopes. Internal waves originate mainly from the south and hence also do not explain the asymmetry. Primary volcaniclastic flows are likely to be equally important on both sides. Sedimentary flows originating from shelf sediment agitated during storms or from failed slope sediment appear to explain best the asymmetry. In that case, prevailing wind and waves approaching the islands from the northwest lead to more frequent sediment gravity flows because they lead to greater flux of sediment from coastal erosion towards northerly outer shelves and upper slopes, where it is prone to slope failure. Offshore-directed near-bed currents originating from northwesterly wind-driven surface currents also transport shelf sediment efficiently to the north, further aided by greater wave agitation on that side. The high abundances of wave trains on the north sides of the islands therefore favours origins involving sedimentary gravity flows associated with wind and wave effects.

Farklı yetiştiricilik uygulamalarının tarla ve sera koşullarında yetiştiriciliği yapılan safran (Crocus sativus L.) korm verimi ve özellikleri üzerine olan etkileri

Aims: This study aimed to determine the effects of different cultivation practices on yield and characteristics of saffron corm grown in field and greenhouse conditions.Methods and Results: Two different saffron corm sizes, with an average weight of 12 g and 6 g, were used as production material. The cultivation of saffron corms was carried out in areas where 4 different treatments were applied such as silt (fine stream sand), cockpeat, peat + perlite and cockpeat + perlite. Field studies were set up according to the randomized blocks split-plot design experimental design, and greenhouse studies were set up according to the randomized plots design with 3 replications. The highest corm yield, corm increase rate per unit and the harvested corm weight were obtained in field conditions where silt applications were made.Conclusions: In field and greenhouse conditions, silt application has been determined as the most suitable cultivation treatment for the production of corm as seed material in a short time, as well as the corm properties of saffron.Significance and Impact of the Study: It has been demonstrated that the field conditions are more effective than the greenhouse conditions and the silt treatment is more effective than other applications used for saffron corm production.

Comparison of basin-scale in situ and meteoric &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;Be erosion and denudation rates in felsic lithologies across an elevation gradient at the George River, northeast Tasmania, Australia

Abstract. Long-term erosion rates in Tasmania, at the southern end of Australia's Great Dividing Range, are poorly known; yet, this knowledge is critical for making informed land-use decisions and improving the ecological health of coastal ecosystems. Here, we present quantitative, geologically relevant estimates of erosion rates for the George River basin, in northeast Tasmania, based on in situ-produced 10Be (10Bei) measured from stream sand at two trunk channel sites and seven tributaries (mean: 24.1±1.4 Mgkm-2yr-1; 1σ). These new 10Bei-based erosion rates are strongly related to elevation, which appears to control mean annual precipitation and temperature, suggesting that elevation-dependent surface processes influence rates of erosion in northeast Tasmania. Erosion rates are not correlated with slope in contrast to erosion rates along the mainland portions of Australia's Great Dividing Range. We also extracted and measured meteoric 10Be (10Bem) from grain coatings of sand-sized stream sediment at each site, which we normalize to measured concentrations of reactive 9Be and use to estimate 10Bem-based denudation rates for the George River. 10Bem/9Bereac denudation rates replicate 10Bei erosion rates within a factor of 3 but are highly sensitive to the value of 9Be that is found in bedrock (9Beparent), which was unmeasured in this study. 10Bem/9Bereac denudation rates seem sensitive to recent mining, forestry, and agricultural land use, all of which resulted in widespread topsoil disturbance. Our findings suggest that 10Bem/9Bereac denudation metrics will be most useful in drainage basins that are geologically homogeneous, where recent disturbances to topsoil profiles are minimal, and where 9Beparent is well constrained.

Effects of seed sowing methods on emergence and seedling growth of some Rhododendron species

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different seed sowing methods on emergence rate, densities of seedling emergence and seedling growth of five Rhododendron species (Rhododednron ponticum L., R. luteum Sweet, R. caucasicum Pallas, R. simirnowii Trautv and R. ungernii Trautv). Four different sowing methods were tested, namely manual sowing in row (control), mixing with plant agar, mixing with Murashige and Skoog Basal medium (MS) and mixing with stream sand. The highest seed emergence rates were obtained by manual sowing in row (control) with R. ponticum species (76%) followed by R. luteum (66.6%), R. smirnowii (55.33%), R. ungernii (24%) and R. caucasicum (15.33%), respectively. Similarly, the values closest to ideal seed distribution for homogenous seedling density were obtained by hand-sowing in row method. The highest seedling height was obtained in MS medium with R. ponticum (2.11 cm), followed by R. luteum (3.08 cm), R. smirnowii (4.07 cm), and R. ungernii (1.39 cm), while the effect of seeding method on seedling growth of R. caucasicum species was not significant. To conclude, the best homogeneous distribution of seedling emergence densities of Rhododendron species was obtained by controlled manual seeding method. However, the seed sowing with MS mixing increased significantly seedling growth in all Rhododendron species.

Aerodynamic wall shear fluctuation in sand-laden flow in a turbulent boundary layer.

To improve our understanding on the aerodynamic wall shear fluctuation in particle-laden flow, we perform statistical and spectral analyses of aerodynamic wall shear fluctuation in sand-free and sand-laden flows in a turbulent boundary layer based on the results of a wind tunnel experiment. An increase in the skewness of the probability density function of aerodynamic wall shear fluctuation is found in the sand-laden flow. The turbulent intensity of aerodynamic wall shear stress increases rapidly with the sand mass flux. The decreased convective velocity indicates blocking effects of sand particles in the near-wall region. The power of aerodynamic wall shear fluctuation in the sand-laden flow increases at low frequencies corresponding to the duration of sand streamers. The results of a superstatistical analysis of skin friction velocity show that spatio-temporal fluctuation in the local energy dissipation rate is enhanced in the sand-laden flow. Finally, the local and spatio-drifting force acting on the stochastic system of wall shear fluctuation in sand-laden flow are different, providing a proof for the significant variation in flow condition caused by sand streamers near the wall.

A laser sheet sensor (LASS) for wind-blown sand flux measurement

There is a tendency to use high-frequency piezoelectric, acoustic, and optical sensors to measure aeolian sand transport rates in the aeolian community. However, most of these sensors are particle counters with inconsistent sensitivities or low saturation limits. Here we introduce a commercial laser sheet sensor (LASS) that can be deployed streamwisely to measure local saltation flux or perpendicularly to capture the bulky character of sand streams. Our laboratory and field experiment results show that LASS sensors respond linearly to the sand flux over the range of 0–20 kg m−2 s−1, covering most saltation events in nature. The LASSes are extremely consistent. They maintain their functionality even with minor lens contamination or laser misalignment during deployment. LASSes should not be deployed in environments with poorly sorted or moist sand or non-unidirectional wind.

Study on Seismic Behaviour of Exterior Beam-Column Joint

To monitor the air, endeavors are being made to reuse the forefront squanders and use them concerning the included application. This paper reports a starter program's aftereffects on utilizing Ceramic waste totals for 100% substitution of the standard coarse capacity, M sand for 100% substitution of typical stream sand Alcidine for 15% in the volume of concrete on properties of cement. Assessments were done to pick the quality properties, such as compressive quality, flexural quality, and modulus of the flexibility of cement and quality properties, such as water assimilation for concrete made with present-day squanders, separated the outcomes and results of conventional cement.

When Fracturing, Heed the Plugs

Plugs used in fracturing do more than just plug. In addition to isolating stages during fracturing, they often provide the first warning when casing has been deformed - an all-purpose description for pipe that has been bent, squeezed, or gashed. A vague label for the damage is useful because most often those dealing with the problem will never know more about the damage than the inner diameter of the casing has been narrowed - ovalized is the popular term for it - and that they need to find a smaller-diameter tool to get past the obstacle. Eric Davis, the global completions chief for ConocoPhillips, offered a rare public presentation about what can be learned by digging deeper into the reasons why a plug, frac gun, or bottomhole assembly (BHA) cannot pass through a casing diameter. A major message in a panel discussion during the recent virtual 2020 Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTeC) was that investigating casing can yield surprising results. Davis told the online audience he hoped the presentations would “scare you into getting more data.” Davis shared an observation made while watching fracturing in progress on a screen displaying temperature and acoustic data collected by fiber-optic cables attached outside the casing for distributed temperature sensing and distributed acoustic sensing. As the stage progressed, cooler injected water (shown in green) mixed with the warm reservoir fluid (in blue) (Fig. 1). Temperature data from the fiber-optic cable showed the previous stage as all blue, indicating the plug was sealing. Then the colors of the previous stage started changing as cooler water leaked in and green streaks began bleeding into the blue of the previous stage; then “it all went blank.” The fiber had been severed, Davis said, adding that seeing it in real time “was quite shocking.” The fiber optic was still working on the yet-to-be-fractured upper stages, but “as we moved up the hole, we kept parting the fiber.” For the team involved it was a big loss in terms of the cost of the fiber installation and the data they had planned to collect. But for Davis the value of what was learned after the fiber was cut “is far more valuable than the lost fiber-optic installation.” Collecting the information required sending diagnostic tools downhole to inspect the damage. Gashes were found in the casing. They appeared to have been cut by the fast-flowing water-sand mix that may have begun as a small leak, grew in volume, and severed the metal tube holding the fiber-optic cables on the outside of the casing. “You can see it looks like the packing element is where the erosion occurred on a lot of cases,” Davis said. They also learned that the metal in the casing is softer than the plugs. Davis said, “We were preferentially eroding casing over the plug.” They found “total casing breaches” created by the high-pressure stream of fluid and sand on 25% of the plug locations examined on multiple wells.

Deep subduction of felsic rocks hosting UHP lenses in the central Saxonian Erzgebirge: Implications for UHP terrane exhumation

Contrasting metamorphic conditions determined by chemical geothermobarometric investigations of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) lenses surrounded by high-pressure (HP) and medium-pressure (MP) felsic country rocks are an enigmatic feature of UHP terranes. One of the major questions arising is whether the UHP lenses and the country rocks are a product of different peak metamorphic conditions corresponding to different maximum depth or whether country rocks also experienced UHP conditions but equilibrated and/or re-equilibrated at a different metamorphic stage. Here we address this question to the central Saxonian Erzgebirge in the northwestern Bohemian Massif, Germany. In order to screen the variety of garnet from lithologies occurring in the study area, we analyzed the detrital garnet record from seven modern stream sands. In addition to 700 inclusion-bearing garnet grains previously studied from the 125–250 μm grain-size fraction, we analyzed the 63–125 and 250–500 μm fractions and extended the dataset to overall 2100 inclusion-bearing grains. The new findings of coesite and diamond inclusions in several garnet grains, which are in compositional contrast to garnet of the known UHP lenses but match with those of the felsic country rocks, show that considerable parts of the country rocks underwent UHP metamorphism. Melt inclusions containing cristobalite, kokchetavite, and kumdykolite in garnet derived from the country rocks point to partial melting and re-equilibration during exhumation at HP/HT conditions. Although an amalgamation of rocks which reached different maximum depth may be responsible for some of the contrasting peak metamorphic conditions, the mineralogical evidence for UHP conditions in the felsic country rocks surrounding the UHP lenses proves a largely coherent slab subducted to UHP conditions. Furthermore, the presence of coesite in the subducting voluminous felsic crust and its transformation to quartz during exhumation have great implications for buoyancy development during the metamorphic cycle, which may explain the high exhumation rates of UHP terranes.

Performance of Geopolymer Concrete at High Temperature

Production of concrete cause semanationo fan equal measure of Carbon dioxide, which is an ozone depleting substance into environment causing a worldwide temperature alteration. Fly debris and ground granulated impact heater slag (GGBS) has cementations material properties and consequently can be utilized as substitute material for concrete to beat the natural issues. During power age in warm plants huge amount of fly debris is created as a waste item, removal of which is issue and correspondingly GGBS is delivered in steel plants. Normal waterway sand isn't accessible to meet the necessity and furthermore costlier because of the constrained just as unlawfuldigging. Thus produced sand is utilized as another for stream sand. Geo-polymer is normally known as inorganic aluminum -hydroxide polymer which is blended dominatingly from silicon and aluminum particles in fly debris and GGBS. Structures like private structures, business structures like film lobbies, workplaces, ventures, shopping centers, lodgings, schools, clinics, burrows, oil wells and so forth, might be inclined to fire mishap at any timeframe during theiradministration. Consequently in this examination an endeavor is made to consider the compressive quality and flexural quality of geo-polymer concrete made of class F fly debris, GGBS,M sand, utilizing Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate arrangements as salt activators in various blend extents and the examples are exposed to warm relieving at 60°C and 70°C with various proportion so the activatorarrangements and molarities of soluble arrangement presented to raised temperature.

Behavior of Geopolymer Concrete by using Steel Fibers

Research for complete OPC free cement is as of recently advancing and there is a need for making elective restricting bosses which are earth neighborly. One such option is seen to be geo polymer which routinely contains fly garbage, sodium silicate, and sodium or potassium hydroxide (NaOH or KOH). Since, many coal based force plants in India have been leaving an immediate consequence of pushed towards cleaner importance age and this may induce absence of fly ash in future. The generation of Ordinary Portland concrete and the use of typical waterway sand are expanded because of the interest of cement in development Industries. The emanation of CO2 increments during the generation of concrete and simultaneously the accessibility of waterway sand is likewise getting costlier and shortage because of illicit digging of stream sand. The primary intension of this exploration paper is to center the eco inviting elective material for the concrete and waterway sand. In the present study an experimental investigation was conducted on fly ash based geo polymer cement is examine the clean and hardened characteristic of geo polymer cement by using steel fibers. The percentage addition of steel fibers are 0.00%, 0.50%, 1.00%, 1.50%, 2.00%. The addition of steel fibers from 0% to 2%, the estimation of droop diminishes the 60 mm to 25 mm with increment in the level of steel standards. The estimation of compaction factor increments from 0.84 to 0.95 for M30 Grade concrete with increment in the level of steel standards from 0% to 2%.

Flexural Strength and Toughness Behaviour of Polymer Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by M-Sand

The development segment for a structure solid assumes a significant job everywhere throughout the world the solid ought to have high compressive and flexural quality. Presently a day accessibility of regular assets is diminished due to the ecological issues are government limited sand quarries are supremacist in shortage and expands cost. So we need to move for the fake fine total in this paper rather than stream sand to assembling sand in incomplete supplant with SBR (polymer) in high quality on concrete different cement blends were assessed for compressive quality and Flexural quality. The common stream sand was mostly supplanted with m-sand by 0%, 25%, half and included the different rates of SBR latex (0,3,6,9,12) was likewise improving the usefulness concrete. The outcome shows that the there is a step by step expanded in the compressive quality and Flexural quality for this situation half substitution of m-sand and furthermore included the level of SBR increment the functionality However, further increases of m-sand caused a decrease in the quality. The ideal rate substitution of normal sand of m-sand is half and upgraded substance of polymer 9 % is gotten. Diagrams were drawn and results contrasted and controlled blend.

Surface Friction on Pullout Capacity of Pile in Sandy Soil

At the point when structures are built underneath the ground water table or in the event that they are developed submerged, elevate powers are to be applied on the storm cellar of structures. Likewise on account of transmission line towers, securing frameworks for sea surface or submerged stages, tall stacks and so on are generally exposed to upsetting minutes because of wind, wave weight or ship sway and so forth. These upsetting minutes are moved to structures establishment as pressure on certain components and pullout on others. For establishments in such structures, typically a blend of vertical and hitter heaps is utilized. A huge scale exploratory program utilizing vertical model heaps (Cement Mortar heaps) in sand exposed to pullout loads has been done in a model tank of size 25cm x 25cm x 25cm. Gentle steel of 8 mm measurement is utilized for safe haven reason. PVC funnels of changing breadths, lengths, are utilized for throwing of model heaps. An inadequately reviewed stream sand having explicit gravity G = 2.61, Uniformity coefficient = 3.62, ebb and flow coefficient = 0.91 has been utilized as establishment medium. It is to watch the conduct of sand when heap is exposed to pullout limit. Likewise the pullout limit of heap is resolved with various length to distance across proportions on sand.

Strength Properties of Concrete using Stone Dust as a Replacement Material for Fine Aggregate

Fine total is one of the significant material in the planning of cement. Concrete is most generally utilized in development materials Major segments of cement are totals which are typically accessible in regular structure. The interest for waterway sand in the development business has therefore expanded because of the broad utilization of cement. The huge scale exhaustion of common sand makes ecological issues, for example, soil disintegration, disappointment of waterway banks, bringing down of stream bed, saline water interruption into the land. To evade these sort of issues and to save common assets fine total utilized in concrete is supplanted by stone residue. Utilization of stone residue in concrete improve the nature of concrete as well as go about as reasonable elective material for common stream sand for who and what is to come. In the present examination a trial program was done to consider the quality and properties of regular solid utilizing stone residue concrete in M45 grade. In view of the test examinations led, it is presumed that the stone residue is best option for the fine total since fine total and stone residue has comparable physical and mechanical properties. It is discovered that 40% supplanting of fine total with stone residue invigorates conspicuous than customary cement.

Strength Analysis of Concrete Containing Crushed Rock Particles AS Partial and Total Replacement of Sand

In recent past, the demand for natural river sand has rapidly increased for constructional purposes. This high demand led to extraction of sand from river beds. Depletion of natural sand creates the environmental issues and hence sand excavating is restricted by government which resulted in shortage and substantial increase in its cost. In this context, there is a need to recognize reasonable elective material from mechanical waste instead of stream sand. The usage of squashed shake sand which is a waste material has been acknowledged as building material in numerous nations for as long as three decades. In this paper, attempt is being made to replace natural river sand partially and completely with stone dust. The cube compressive strength test and split tensile tests were conducted. Experimental investigations have revealed that the mechanical properties of concrete using stone dust are almost similar to the conventional concrete. Hence the detrimental effects on environment caused due to excessive mining of river sand can be minimized.