Sand Particle Size Research Articles

Sand gradation detection method based on local sampling

Sand gradation is an important reference factor for concrete proportion design, which has a significant impact on the strength and workability of concrete. The efficiency of using the traditional vibrating sieving method to measure the gradation is low, and the machine vision-based sand gradation inspection method can realize the automation of sand gradation inspection, which can significantly improve the inspection efficiency and reduce the inspection cost. The particle size of construction sand is usually between 0.075 and 4.75 mm, and to capture images of sand below 0.15 mm requires a high-resolution camera that can only maintain a small object distance and a small shooting field of view, so it is difficult for the image acquisition system to capture images of all the sand particles, and this is a challenging problem in sand grading inspection. In order to solve this problem, this study proposes a sand gradation detection method based on localized sampling, and develops a hardware system for localized sampling and a software system for gradation detection. The hardware system uses a flexible vibrating disk to uniformly disperse the sand particles, realizing random local sampling of sand particles, and calculating the grain size gradation of the test samples based on the local data of multiple local sampling. The experimental results show that the local sampling gradation and the sample gradation have a similar distribution, and the local gradation detection error of multiple sampling is smaller. This study provides an effective method for the automated detection of sand grain size gradation between 0.075 and 4.75 mm, which can significantly increase the frequency of construction sand gradation detection, improve the quality control level of construction sand, and improve the quality of construction.

Dependence of the hydrate-based CO2 storage characteristics on sand particle size and clay content in unconsolidated sediments

Storing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the form of hydrate in marine sediments is considered an effective way of carbon reduction. Understanding the influence of sediment properties on CO2 hydrate formation is important for the site selection of CO2 hydrate storage in marine sediments. In this study, the effects of sand particle size and bentonite content on the kinetics of CO2 hydrate formation are analyzed using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technology, and the hydrate-based liquid CO2 storage capacity is evaluated. Results show that CO2 hydrate forms preferentially in large pores of sand samples, the water content in small pores begins to decrease before the hydrate saturation reaches 20%, and the unhydrated water mainly concentrates in small pores. With the increase of sand particle size, the CO2 storage rate of the early rapid growth stage increases first and then decreases, the CO2 storage rate of the whole hydrate formation process decreases continuously, but the final CO2 storage density is weakly affected by sand particle size. With the increase of hydrate saturation, the CO2 storage rate undergoes a trend of rapid decrease, stability, rapid decrease, and low-speed decrease in sequence. The larger the sand particle size or the higher the bentonite content, the shorter the stability stage of CO2 storage rate. The effect of bentonite on CO2 storage rate is the promotion at low content, the inhibition at medium content, and the weakening of inhibition at high content. The sediments with more than 25% bentonite are beneficial to the storage of more CO2.

A Kalman filter‐Hungarian algorithm with a postprocessor for tracking aeolian saltating particle in high‐speed video

AbstractSaltating particle tracking (SPT) is an essential visualized channel to understand the dynamics of aeolian saltation at sand particle size scale, while the published SPTs could have low recall or accuracy rate and misestimate further saltation intensity. Hence, a Kalman filter‐Hungarian algorithm with a postprocessor (KF‐H‐k) was proposed, where the Kalman filter was employed for predicting particle motion, and the Hungarian algorithm for optimizing global assignment, as well as the postprocessor with k‐means cluster for correcting the erroneous recovered tracks by Kalman filter‐Hungarian algorithm. The new SPT was validated in a digital high‐speed video with various particle concentrations from a wind tunnel experiment. It demonstrated that compared with the previous SPTs, KF‐H‐k kept the highest and most stable accuracy (85% ~ 93%), the best spatial resolution, the moderate recall rate (50% ~ 70%) and time cost. The present work offers a new hybrid scheme for tracking sand particles accurately but alsodatasets for automatically identifying saltating tracks via machine learning models, very critical for insight into new hypothesis on sand ripple formation.

Assessment of Abiotic Factors for Sea Turtle Nesting Suitability in Coastal Bays

Cilacap Bays, critical nesting areas for sea turtles, face growing habitat disturbances from tourism. However, studies on nesting suitability in these regions remain scarce. This research assesses the abiotic factors influencing sea turtle nesting in Cilacap Regency, Indonesia, across eight observation stations. Key ecological parameters—land surface temperature (28°C - 36.3°C), pH (mean 6.8), sand particle size (0.212-0.500 mm), beach slope (11.50%-20.99%), and beach width (28.8m-81.8m)—were evaluated. The results highlight Sidaurip Beach as the most suitable for nesting due to optimal environmental conditions, with Station (SP1) being particularly favorable for producing male hatchlings due to its suitable 28°C temperature. These findings suggest targeted egg relocation to SP1 could help address gender imbalances, ensuring long-term population sustainability. This research provides valuable insights for sea turtle conservation and supports future policy efforts to protect nesting sites in Cilacap amidst growing environmental pressures

Response tests on the effects of particle size of waste glass sand and glass powder on the mechanical and durability performance of concrete

To investigate the effect of waste glass material particle sizes on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete, a two-phase experimental approach was conducted. First, comprehensive tests were performed to examine the effects of glass sand and glass powder of different particle sizes on concrete performance. Subsequently, based on the experimental results, an orthogonal test was designed to optimize the replacement amounts of composite particle sizes. The results indicated that an appropriate amount of glass sand can enhance the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, while excessive amounts or larger particle sizes may have adverse effects. The pozzolanic effect of glass powder also contributes to performance improvement, but the replacement rate should be limited to 20%. Under composite particle size conditions, the compressive, tensile, and shear strengths of concrete increased by 35.56%, 21.74%, and 13.79%, respectively, while durability significantly improved, with water absorption reduced by 20.73% and chloride ion permeability decreased by 63.10%. At a total replacement rate of 20%, the optimal proportions were determined to be 2.86% for 0.6 mm glass sand, 1.43% for 1.18 mm glass sand, 8.57% for 50–60 μm glass powder, and 7.14% for 60–70 μm glass powder. The incorporation of composite particle sizes improved the microstructure of concrete, thereby enhancing its mechanical and durability properties.

A mesoscopic numerical analysis method for evaluating the electromagnetic transmission performance of cement mortar with varying sand particle sizes and content

This paper explores the impact of sand content and particle size on the electromagnetic transmission performance (ETP) of mortar samples. This study involves designing mortar samples with a water-cement ratio of 0.4 and varying sand volume content from 0 % to 50 %. Additionally, a mesoscopic finite element model is established to analyze the electromagnetic transmission behavior. The findings indicate that the particle size and content of sand influence the multiple reflections behavior of electromagnetic waves, while the particle size of sand has almost no effect on the electromagnetic transmission coefficient and dielectric response. Although sand enhances the ETP of cement paste, its impact is limited. Furthermore, the study reveals that the distribution of the electromagnetic field remains continuous regardless of sand particle size or content, and is unaffected by the differing dielectric properties of sand and cement paste phases. However, the induced current generated by sand and other phases differs, leading to noticeable variations in dielectric loss. Mesoscopic simulation results clearly demonstrate that cement paste is the primary contributor to electromagnetic energy loss.

High-modulus engineered cementitious composites: Design mechanism and performance characterization

Engineered cementitious composites features with high tensile performance while relatively weak compressive stiffness. This study endeavors to address the inherent trade-off between tensile properties and elastic modulus in conventional Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC). Utilizing the distinctive characteristics of iron ore aggregates, known for their relatively stiff nature, smooth surface and rounded shape, an Iron Sand-based ECC (IS-ECC) emphasizing both high elastic modulus and ductility is formulated. Guided by micromechanical design theory and multiscale homogenization model, this study systematically explores the impacts of aggregate types, water-to-binder (w/b) ratios, sand-to-binder (s/b) ratios, and sand particle sizes on ECC properties. Compared with Quartz Sand-based ECC (QS-ECC), IS-ECC exhibits notably enhanced matrix fluidity and elastic modulus, reduced matrix toughness, and more robust strain-hardening behavior. The proposed three-level multiscale homogenization model accurately predicts the elastic modulus of ECC and provides insights into the underlying mechanism contributing to the enhanced elastic modulus of IS-ECC. With a resulting high elastic modulus of 33.3–48.6 GPa and superior tensile properties, IS-ECC holds promise for widespread applications in structural engineering.

A new evaluation method for sand control performance of slotted screen

Evaluation method of slotted screen performance is a critical concern for sand control. Despite its significance, comprehensive investigations into quantitative study of sand retaining during the complex flow process need further in-depth study, particularly in numerical simulation research model of the slotted screen. This paper adopts the two-way coupling calculation method of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) for the particle movement and fluid flow at the slotted screen and establishes a numerical model of the sand particle migration process through the slotted screen. The sand particle deposition and plugging dynamics on the surface of the sand retaining medium and the micro sand plugging mechanism and blockage pattern are studied. The fractal dimension of formation sand is introduced to characterize different distribution of formation sand. The effects of fluid viscosity, width of the slotted screen, sand production concentration, fluid velocity and particle size distribution on sand production, sand passing rate and particle size distribution of formation sand passing through the slot and plugging behavior are studied. The sand plugging process of slotted screen can be divided into three stages: the beginning of blockage, the intensification of blockage, and the balance of blockage. Under simulated conditions, the initial sand plugging rate is 87%, and as the blockage intensifies, the sand plugging rate gradually increases to 96.5%. Based on the analysis of numerical simulation results, the index of total seepage resistance damage amplitude and velocity, general sand retention ratio and passed-sand size were defined to construct the integrated evaluation method of slotted screen media, which involves the performance of sand retention, anti-plugging and flow ability. A brand new set of ideas on quantifying the integrated evaluation method were introduced to calculate the individual and integrated performance indicators of the slotted screen based on simulated data. The quantitative evaluation of the sand control performance of the slotted screen provides guidance and reference for the parameter design of the slotted screen in the target oil region and the accuracy optimization of the sand control medium.

Experimental Study on the Transport Behavior of Micron-Sized Sand Particles in a Wellbore

In the process of natural gas hydrate extraction, especially in offshore hydrate extraction, the multiphase flow inside the wellbore is complex and prone to flow difficulties caused by reservoir sand production, leading to pipeline blockage accidents, posing a threat to the safety of hydrate extraction. This paper presents experimental research on the migration characteristics of micrometer-sized sand particles entering the wellbore, detailing the influence of key parameters such as sand particle size, sand ratio, wellbore deviation angle, fluid velocity, and fluid viscosity on the sand bed height. It establishes a predictive model for the deposition height of micrometer-sized sand particles. The model’s predicted results align well with experimental findings, and under the experimental conditions of this study, the model’s average prediction error for the sand bed height is 12.47%, indicating that the proposed model demonstrates a high level of accuracy in predicting the bed height. The research results can serve as a practical basis and engineering guidance for reducing the risk of natural gas hydrate and sand blockages, determining reasonable extraction procedures, and ensuring the safety of wellbore flow.

An experimental investigation on the tribological behavior of brake pads for high-speed trains in sandy environments

Addressing the tribological issues of train braking in sandy railway areas, an experimental study was conducted utilizing a self-developed high-speed train brake dynamometer. Three different sand particle size ranges served as mediums to investigate the friction and wear characteristics of brake pads, thermal distribution at the interface, and interfacial vibration and noise characteristics in sandy environments. The study focused on the evolution and disparities in interfacial tribological behavior and explored the relationship between the surface wear of brake pads and other interfacial behaviors. The results indicate that introducing all three types of sand particles increases the interfacial friction coefficient and disrupts the original wear debris layer on the brake pad surface. However, significant differences were observed in the surface wear behavior under different sand particle sizes. The incorporation of very fine sand (VFS) led to the formation of three distinct wear characteristic regions on the brake pad surface, gradually increasing interfacial temperature difference. In contrast, the interfacial temperature difference gradually became more uniform under fine sand (FS) and medium sand (MS) conditions. Furthermore, a diminishing trend in the tendency for interface-induced vibration and noise was noted under VFS and FS conditions, while its intensity progressively increased under MS conditions.

Mixed superoleophilic/superoleophobic hard granular media for coalescence of oil-in-water-emulsion

To enhance the coalescence separation efficiency of oil/water emulsions, the coalescence mechanism of oil droplets between two media of opposite wettability was investigated. A coalescent-bed comprising a mix of superhydrophobic and superoleophilic quartz sand, along with superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic quartz sand, was constructed in a coalescer. Single-factor and response surface experiments were used to study the effects of oleophilic/oleophobic sand mixing ratio, apparent velocity, initial oil concentration, bed thickness, sand particle size on coalescence-separation performance, and to determine the optimal experimental conditions. Employing the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory, the agglomeration mechanism of oil droplets within the mixed particle bed was analyzed based on interfacial energy dynamics. Results indicate that the mixing ratio of the two sands significantly influences coalescence separation performance. An optimal oleophilic/oleophobic sand mixing ratio of 1:1 yielded a mass factor of 0.69 kPa−1, showcasing superior coalescence separation efficiency and an optimal balance of separation efficiency and pressure drop. Under the optimal conditions of apparent velocity of 2.7 m/h, initial oil concentration of 471.9 mg/L, bed thickness of 12.6 cm and mixed sand particle size of 0.5 mm, the oil/water separation efficiency reached 98.08 % ± 0.87 %, with effluent oil droplet size being 2.5 to 3 times larger than at the inlet. Analysis of the oil droplet coalescence mechanism revealed a synergistic effect between the two quartz sands, enhancing oil removal performance. The strong affinity of oil to the superhydrophobic and superoleophilic sand surface increases oil droplet wetting and coalescence efficiency, while the water attraction on the superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic sand surface forms a stable water film, improving the flux of the continuous water phase and reducing pressure drop across the bed. This study demonstrates that combining quartz sands of opposite wettability not only overcomes the limitations of single-wettability surfaces in coalescing oil removal but also achieves high efficiency and low energy consumption in oil removal.

Synthesis and Characterization of Hematite (α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) from Iron Sand Using Coprecipitation Method

Hematite (α-Fe2O3) has been synthesized from iron sand using the coprecipitation method. This study aims to determine the morphology and mineral content using SEM-EDX, crystal structure and phases formed using XRD, and magnetic properties using VSM on iron sand before and after synthesis. SEM-EDX results show that the average particle size of iron sand before and after synthesizing is 356.23nm and 12.40 µm, respectively. XRD results show that iron sand before synthesizing has multipahase including Hematite, magnetic, and ilmenite and after synthesizing produces Single Phase hematite. VSM results show that iron sand before synthesizing has saturation, remanence, and coercivity of 47.56 emu/g, 5.97emu/g, and 121.03 Oe respectively, and after synthesizing has saturation, remanence, and coercivity of 9.47 emu/g, 1.53 emu/g and 102.97 Oe respectively.

Investigation of uniformity in fused quartz crucibles for Czochralski silicon ingots

As there is an increased demand for monocrystalline silicon based solar cells, there is an increased interest in stronger and more durable fused quartz crucibles used in the Czochralski process. In this study we focused on the uniformity of hydroxyl impurities in these crucibles, and its potential influence on viscosity of the crucible by combining data from IR-microscopy and a self-made viscosity measurement setup. A half of a fused quartz crucible manufactured from two types of sands was studied, the OH groups content was mapped, and the viscosity at 1500 °C was measured. Local variations in the OH groups content of on average 26.7 ppm difference between the top and the bottom of the crucible were detected. The viscosity measurements further confirmed the crucible’s inhomogeneity as no clear trends or direct correlations to the OH groups content were observed. The correlation between the different sand types used for crucible manufacturing and the OH groups content was also investigated in four samples originating from four different crucibles. Two different trends in the OH groups distribution were found: while two of the studied crucibles showed an increased OH groups content in the boundary between the bubble free and the bubble containing layer, the other two showed an increased and maximum OH groups content in the bubble containing layer, and the link between the sand types and the OH groups content was confirmed. The source of the local inhomogeneities and the two different trends of OH groups distribution can possibly be attributed to the sand quality, the sand particle size, and the difference in the manufacturing process, such as thermal history or distribution of sand.

Hierarchical Significance of Environment Impact Factor on the Sand Erosion Performance of Lightweight Alloys.

This paper addresses the challenge of ranking the factors that affect the erosion resistance of lightweight alloys, with a specific focus on aluminum alloys. A three-factor, four-level orthogonal experimental design was employed to examine the influence of various sand particle sizes, erosion speeds, and sand concentrations on the abrasion qualities of these alloys. Parameters such as mass loss, depth, residual stresses, and failure mechanisms were assessed to determine erosion performance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis of the three key factors were performed. Our findings resulted in an erosion rate formula: erosion rate = 0.679 sand particle size +0.067 sand concentration -0.002 erosion velocity +0.285. Our findings indicate that particle size is the most significant factor affecting erosion rate, with sand concentration and erosion velocity being secondary factors. The failure mechanism reveals that larger sand particles tend to produce deeper slides, and higher sand concentrations result in an increased number of slides. A lower concentration leads to the appearance of erosion pits. And the test conditions of high concentration and low velocity lead to more serious brittle fractures of the substrate, often accompanied by the appearance of cracks.

Dispersion polymerization of AM-AMPS-DAM-DOH and its sand control property

Sand production in oil wells is a common challenge during the oil extraction process. Water-soluble polymers have attracted attention due to their low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, ease of direct injection, and excellent thermal stability. However, the dry polymer injection process commonly used in offshore oil fields is complex. Therefore, this paper employs acrylamide (AM), 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), a dihydroxy monomer (DOH), and a functional monomer (DAM) containing ketone groups and self-crosslinking properties as monomers. A polymer latex type sand control agent was prepared through dispersion polymerization for direct application on offshore platforms. This paper utilizes flocculation time and maximum sand free flow rate as inspection indicators and utilizes both the one-factor-at-a-time method and the surface response method to optimize the synthesis conditions of the sand control agent. The optimal synthesis conditions are obtained: total monomer concentration of 9.15 wt%, DOH concentration at 10 wt% of the total monomer concentration, ammonium sulfate (AS) concentration of 27.02 wt%, dispersant concentration of 2.13 wt%, initiator concentration at 0.25 wt% of the total monomer concentration, reaction time of 12 h, and reaction temperature of 40 °C. Under the conditions of concentration ≥2000 mg/L and curing time ≥4 h, the sand control agent is suitable for sand stabilization under formation conditions of temperatures between 50 and 80 °C, pH levels ranging from 3 to 9, salinity <30000 mg/L, and sand particle size of ≥100 μm. The research results of this paper can serve as a valuable reference for the control of oilfield sand production.

Influence of sand particle size on the erosion-corrosion resistance of Ni2FeCrMo0.2 HEA in seawater: Particle-surface-electrochemistry interaction

The erosion-corrosion mechanism in rotary flowing seawater is hugely complicated due to the multiscale coupling processes of particle-surface impact, ion mass transfer, and interface electrochemistry. Therefore, developing erosion-corrosion resistant material and exploring the synergistic mechanism between sand erosion and electrochemical corrosion is vital. This study conducted the erosion-corrosion test on Ni2FeCrMo0.2 high-entropy alloy under the particle-seawater flow. Based on a coupled analysis of multi-component weight loss, electrochemical behavior, and microscopic damage morphology, the multiscale coupling processes of sand transportation, particle-surface impact, ion mass transfer, and interface electrochemistry were revealed. The present study found that with the increase of sand size, the energy carried by the particles promoted impact erosion. Additionally, particle movement enhanced ion mass transfer through turbulent effects, and the impact behavior disrupted the passivation film to promote electrochemical processes by reducing the thickness of the passivation film, leading to an increase in the erosion-corrosion rate. However, when the particle size continued to increase to a certain extent, the impact frequency decreased, reducing the erosion-corrosion rate. As the sand size grew, the dominant damage mechanism transitioned from pure corrosion (100 μm) to synergistic effects (200 μm, 400 μm) and then to pure erosion (800 μm). This study provides an in-depth understanding of the erosion-corrosion mechanism in seawater from the perspective of particle-ion-fluid-surface interaction by multi-element characterization.

Study on the hydrate growth characteristics and rheology of silica-containing sand water-in-oil emulsion system

Understanding the transportability of silica-sand-containing hydrate slurries is crucial for production safety of non-consolidated natural gas hydrate reservoirs, especially when solid-state fluidization technology is utilized. Despite some research on silica sand and marine sediments’ influence on hydrate formation kinetics, rheological studies are scarce for systems with silica sands. The formation process of cyclopentane hydrates under the coexistence of hydrophilic silica particles and surfactants were observed. The effects of the concentration and particle size of silica sands as well as the water cut and surfactant concentration of emulsion on the rheological properties of hydrate slurries were investigated using a rheometer. The results indicated: (1) Hydrophilic sand aggregates were entrapped in water droplets, indirectly affecting the oil–water contact area due to the increase in water droplet volume, which was conducive to the combination of alkanes and water molecules to form a hydrate shell; silica particles provided nucleation sites at the oil–water interface to promote the adsorption and aggregation of cyclopentane molecules. (2) The synergistic effect of silica sand and surfactants significantly shortened the induction time of hydrates and increased the viscosity of the slurry. As the concentration of silica sand (1 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%) increased, the induction time of hydrate formation decreased by 44.8 min. Within the concentration range below 5 wt%, the viscosity of the slurry increased as the concentration increased, with an amplitude of 13830.7 mPa·s. The induction time of hydrate formation decreased with increasing silica sand particle size (2 μm, 6.5 μm, 12 μm), but the size of silica sand particles had no significant effect on the viscosity of the slurry. (3) Hydrate slurries in all systems exhibited shear-thinning behavior. There was no obvious relationship between the yield stress of slurry under different silica sand concentrations. However, the yield stress of the slurry was inversely proportional to the size of silica sand particles. The yield stress decreased by 141.13 Pa when the size of silica sand particles increased from 2 μm to 12 μm. Overall, this study highlighted the influence of silica sand presence on flow safety assurance in solid-state fluidization technology.

Evaluation of sand subgrade seepage erosion caused by buried pipeline leakage

Leakage from buried pipelines can lead to an increase in the water content of the subgrade soils and a rise in the water table, leading to soil loosening, erosion and ultimately the formation of hidden voids and roadway collapses. This study presents a discrete-element method and validates its accuracy by utilising cavity data from model experiments. It investigates the mechanism of seepage erosion resulting from pipe leakage and analyses the development of the soil arch effect. Furthermore, it discusses the influence of sand void ratio and particle size on sand seepage erosion. The results indicate that the erosion area is primarily affected by the void ratio and particle size. In comparison to soil particles ranging from 0.1 to 5 mm and from 2 to 5 mm, those with sizes between 0.1 mm and 2 mm generate areas of erosion and loosening that are approximately 40% larger. The proposed model offers a precise analysis of the developmental process and the extent of seepage erosion, thereby contributing to the prediction of potential road cavity areas based on dynamic changes in key factors such as subgrade soil type and groundwater level.

Mechanical evaluation of soil and artisanal bricks for quality masonry product management, Limpopo South Africa

The selection of raw materials to produce quality artisanal bricks is imperative for sustainable building in rural regions. Artisanal brick-making process often employs traditional kiln to fire brick because it is an affordable, and applicable technology in the rural region. However, there are noticeable cracks, increasing among buildings constructed with artisanal bricks from the rural region in South Africa. In response, this study aims to evaluate the soil and artisanal brick specimens to understand the suitability of the raw materials and quality of products in the study area. A total of twenty soil samples and twenty-seven artisanal burnt bricks were collected from three different artisanal brick-making sites designated as Site A, B, and C. In all samples, the geotechnical tests revealed a sandy loam soil type with a predominance of chlorite clay minerals and non-clay minerals. Furthermore, the sand-size particles depict a relatively higher proportion compared to clay-size particles. Besides, Atterberg’s limit test plotted above the A-line of the plasticity chart indicates an inorganic clay of low plasticity with a low to medium compressibility property. Based on the empirical workability and mechanical tests, most of the studied soils are suitable for optimum and acceptable extrusion bricks and suitable for an on-site single-story construction based on SANS 227:2007 standards.

Research on Erosion Mechanism and Protection Technology of Sand Bearing Fluid Pipeline

The purpose of this study is to explore the influencing factors of sand bearing fluid on pipeline erosion and evaluate the effects of different protection technologies. Through the construction of erosion testing equipment, the influence of sand particle size, concentration and flow rate on the erosion rate was systematically studied. The results show that the increase of sand particle size and concentration and the increase of flow rate will significantly increase the erosion rate. In addition, coating protection technology and alloying technology have been proved to be effective in reducing the erosion rate, and coating protection technology shows better protection effect. It provides theoretical basis and data support for pipeline design and protection in sand bearing fluid environment.