Sand Abrasion Research Articles

Preparation of Pressure-Resistant and Mechanically Durable Superhydrophobic Coatings via Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation for Anti-Icing.

Inspired by the lotus leaf effect, superhydrophobic coatings have significant potential in various fields, However, their poor pressure resistance, weak mechanical durability, and complex preparation processes severely limit practical applications. Here, a method for preparing pressure-resistant and durable superhydrophobic coatings by simply spray-coating a phase separation suspension containing fluorinated silica nanoparticles and polyolefin adhesive onto substrates is introduced, which forms superhydrophobic coatings with a porous and hierarchical micro-/nanostructure. The resulting superhydrophobic coatings exhibit outstanding pressure resistance, maintaining a Cassie-Baxte state after 18 days of submersion in 1 m of water. Furthermore, the coatings demonstrate remarkable mechanical durability, withstanding 200 cycles of Taber abrasion, 100 cycles of tape-peeling, and 750g of sand abrasion. The coatings also show excellent chemical stability, enduring long-term immersion in corrosive liquids and 120 d of outdoor exposure. Additionally, the coatings display excellent anti-icing properties and can be applied to various substrate surfaces. This approach improves on the limitations of conventional superhydrophobic coatings and accelerates the application of superhydrophobic coatings in real-world environments.

Investigating the erosive wear characteristics of AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel after surface hardening by boriding

Erosive wear degrades industrial components, causing surface deterioration and material loss. Understanding and mitigating this wear enhances component longevity and efficiency. Little research has been conducted to investigate the influence of particle angle, speed, and concentration on boronized surfaces. Therefore, in this study, the erosive wear behaviors of raw and boronized AISI 420 martensitic stainless steels were investigated. The samples were subjected to erosive wear testing using SiO2 abrasive particles with impact velocities of 2, 4, and 6 m/s, impact angles of 30°, 60°, and 90°, and concentration values of 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight in an abrasive sand slurry environment. Experimental runs were designed using the Taguchi L9 method. The wear test results were analyzed in terms of mass loss, surface roughness, and temperature change of the boronized and raw AISI 420 samples before and after the test. The results showed that the impact speed and concentration were statistically significant parameters compared with the impact angle, which had a negligible effect. Furthermore, with increasing impact speed and concentration, all measured responses increased in both sample groups. The surface roughness values and mass loss increased by lower margins for the boronized samples (58.40% and 188.49%, respectively) compared to those of the raw samples (61.40% and 254.38%, respectively). This study demonstrates the potential of boriding as a surface treatment technique for enhancing the erosive wear performance of martensitic stainless steels, which require improved durability and longevity of materials subjected to erosive environments.

Passive wall thickness monitoring using acoustic emission excitation

Erosion-corrosion is a problematic damage mechanism for the oil and gas industry. To manage the risk of erosion-corrosion networks of particle impact monitoring systems have been installed on pipelines in order to detect acoustic emission from abrasive sand particles impacting the inside surface of the pipe. It would be of value if the existing network of particle impact monitoring systems were not only capable of detecting particle impact, but also sizing the remaining wall thickness. Particle impact monitoring systems are passive and are not generally equipped for excitation. This paper explores the feasibility of using passive acoustic emission transducers for wall thickness measurement, utilizing the fact that active pulse-echo measurements can be approximated by autocorrelating diffuse acoustic waves, such as those generated by particle impact. Two measurement modalities are presented: a) time-of-flight measurements and b) resonant ultrasound spectroscopy measurements. The more usual time-of-flight based measurement is limited by the fact that acoustic emission transducers typically have sensitive bandwidths limited to <1 MHz. The relatively low frequency operation limits the use to thick wall components where the component thickness ≫ ultrasonic wavelength. In thinner walled components a resonant ultrasound spectroscopy approach is required. Experimental measurements are shown that are truly passive (with no purposeful excitation at all), and semi-passive, utilizing acoustic emission from sand impact or compressed air as the excitation source. Results show very good agreement with active measurements.

Anisotropic Superhydrophobic Properties Replicated from Leek Leaves.

A bio-inspired approach to fabricate robust superhydrophobic (SHB) surfaces with anisotropic properties replicated from a leek leaf is presented. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) replica surfaces exhibit anisotropic wetting, anti-icing, and light scattering properties due to microgrooves replicated from leek leaves. Superhydrophobicity is achieved by a novel modified candle soot (CS) coating that mimics leek's epicuticular wax. The resulting surfaces show a contact angle (CA) difference of ≈30° in the directions perpendicular and parallel to the grooves, which is similar to the anisotropic properties of the original leek leaf. The coated replica is durable, withstanding cyclic bending tests (up to 10 000 cycles) and mechanical sand abrasion (up to 60g of sand). The coated replica shows low ice adhesion (10kPa) after the first cycle; and then, increases to ≈70kPa after ten icing-shearing cycles; while, anisotropy in ice adhesion becomes more evident with more cycles. In addition, the candle soot-coated positive replica (CS-coated PR) demonstrates a transmittance of ≈73% and a haze of ≈65% at the wavelength of 550nm. The results show that the properties depend on the replicated surface features of the leek leaf, which means that the leek leaf appears to be a highly useful template for bioinspired surfaces.

An investigation into the aging mechanism of disposable face masks and the interaction between different influencing factors

In the natural environment, a symphony of environmental factors including sunlight exposure, current fluctuations, sodium chloride concentrations, and sediment dynamics intertwine, potentially magnifying the impacts on the aging process of disposable face masks (DFMs), thus escalating environmental risks. Employing Regular Two-Level Factorial Design, the study scrutinized interactive impacts of ultraviolet radiation, sand abrasion, acetic acid exposure, sodium chloride levels, and mechanical agitation on mask aging. Aging mechanisms and environmental risks linked with DFMs were elucidated through two-dimensional correlation analyses and risk index method. Following a simulated aging duration of three months, a single mask exhibited the propensity to release a substantial quantity of microplastics, ranging from 38,800 ± 360 to 938,400 ± 529 particles, and heavy metals, with concentrations from 0.06 ± 0.02 μg/g (Pb) to 29.01 ± 1.83 μg/g (Zn). Besides, specific contaminants such as zinc ions (24.24 μg/g), chromium (VI) (4.20 μg/g), thallium (I) (0.92 μg/g), tetracycline (0.51 μg/g), and acenaphthene (1.73 μg/g) can be adsorbed significantly by aged masks. The study elucidates pivotal role of interactions between ultraviolet radiation and acetic acid exposure in exacerbating the environmental risks associated with masks, while emphasizing the pronounced influence of many other interactions. The research provides a comprehensive understanding of the intricate aging processes and ensuing environmental risks posed by DFMs, offering valuable insights essential for developing sustainable management strategies in aquatic ecosystems.

Durable, transparent and superhydrophobic coating with temperature-controlled dual-scale roughness by self-assembled raspberry nanoparticles

This study focuses on creating a superhydrophobic, durable, and exceptionally transparent coating with dual-scale roughness by naturally formed raspberry-like particles. This approach facilitates the management of surface roughness at both single and dual scales through variations in surface functionalization temperature. We illustrated that adjusting the temperature of organosilanes functionalization on the surface allows for various reactions, such as the direct grafting of metallic precursors or their polymerization on the surface, resulting in the formation of large raspberry-like particles.We investigated the impact of nanoparticle concentration, functionalization duration, and reaction temperature on surface properties. Our results reveal that a concentration of 1.5 % SiO2 nanoparticles, combined with surface functionalization using TCMS for 4 h at 3 °C, provides the optimal conditions for creating a surface that combines superhydrophobicity, transparency, and acceptable durability. The resulting surface exhibits an impressive contact angle of 158.9°, a sliding angle of 2°, and a transmittance rate of 82 %.Furthermore, the coating demonstrates remarkable resistance to abrasion for up to 35 cycles and can withstand temperatures up to 280 °C. It also offers enhanced protection against UV radiation for 50 h and improved resistance to sand abrasion for up to 30 s, enduring bombardment pressures of up to 6 bars. Moreover, the coating presents several advantages in terms of surface cleaning.

Self-cleaning PDMS films with durable superhydrophobicity and photocatalytic capability based on TiO2-modified nanopillar array

Self-cleaning films with superhydrophobicity and photocatalytic capability have attracted considerable interest in recent years for the synthetical chemical and physical self-cleaning performance to overcome individual inherent limitations. In the present work, a dual-functional self-cleaning film is proposed through the design of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanopillar array, swelling absorption of anatase-typed TiO2 nanoparticles, and final low-surface-energy modification of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane (PFDTS). Benefiting from the hierarchically mountain-like structure constructed by the PDMS nanopillar array and swelling absorbed TiO2 nanoparticles, the self-cleaning film presents a robust superhydrophobicity to resist chemical and mechanical damages (e.g. solvent/acid/alkali immersion, stretching, water impact, and sand abrasion). Combining the photocatalytic activity with adequate loading of TiO2 nanoparticles, the self-cleaning film demonstrates a great degradation capability of organic pollutants with a degradation efficiency over 98 %. Importantly, owing to the superhydrophobicity repairability induced by the migration of fluorocarbon chains, the self-cleaning film can highly recover the water repellency with a water contact angle (WCA) of 155o even after long-term irradiation under UV light. The findings conceivably promote the development and application of the self-cleaning materials with superhydrophobic and photocatalytic properties.

Theoretical modeling of concrete friction-impact deterioration using water-borne sand abrasion experiment

To explore the influence of impact angle on concrete abrasion deterioration under water-borne sand, a theoretical model for friction-impact deterioration was developed. This model innovatively proposes the inhibition effect of the normal impact action on the tangential friction mass loss and the facilitation effect of the tangential friction action on the normal impact mass loss to rationally explain the effect of impact angle on concrete mass loss. Simultaneously, a water-borne sand accelerated abrasion experiment was conducted to initiate a comprehensive discussion on surface abrasion deterioration indicators, including mass loss, number of holes, aperture, hole area, and hole volume. In addition, the concrete abrasion mass loss rate was evaluated based on the friction-impact deterioration model combined with experimental data. Applying this model facilitates a reliable prediction of concrete's mass loss caused by abrasion. Consequently, this allows for a more accurate assurance of the safety of concrete structures exposed to abrasive conditions throughout their operational life. The results show that the mass loss per unit area, maximum aperture, hole area ratio, and hole volume exhibit a trend of first decreasing, then increasing and finally decreasing with the increase of impact angle. Under 15°, 60°, and 90°, 70 % of the mass loss per unit area of the concrete specimens occurred within the first 6 d of abrasion. When the angles were 30° and 45°, 50 % of the mass loss per unit area of the concrete specimens occurred in the 9–12 d abrasion. It has been revealed that 69° results in the most severe abrasion mass loss. The abrasion deterioration process of concrete can be divided into three primary stages, including surface mortar abrasion, prime aggregate-mortar abrasion, and continuous aggregate-mortar abrasion. Additionally, the friction-impact theoretical model was employed to simulate the abrasion of both single and multiple pier columns, and the simulations provided insights into the non-uniform mass loss rate distribution around the pier columns.

Investigation of the Tribological Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Multilayer Si-DLC Films on the Inner Surfaces of N80 Steel Pipes

In order to solve the problem of the corrosion and wear of N80 metal pipelines exposed to corrosive media and abrasive sand during the development of petroleum resources, the proposed solution involves utilizing HC-PECVD technology to deposit a series of multilayer Si-DLC films with varying thicknesses on the inner surfaces of the N80 steel pipes. This investigation systematically explored the microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological features, and corrosion resistance of the multilayer Si-DLC films. Remarkably, after coating the multilayer (Si-DLC)40 film on the inner wall of the N80 tube, the friction coefficient decreased from 0.7~0.75 to 0.2~3, and the wear rate decreased by two orders of magnitude. In addition, the corrosion current decreased by 50%, and the impedance doubled in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution saturated with CO2. Thus, the multilayer (Si-DLC)40 film on the inner wall of the N80 tube exhibited superior tribological properties and exceptional corrosion resistance. These findings are anticipated to furnish valuable data and technical insights for mitigating corrosion in N80 steel pipes during petroleum exploitation.

Osthole-infused polyurethane flexible coatings for enhanced underwater drag reduction and robust anti-biofouling

Excessive underwater drag, coupled with a heavy marine fouling, not only adversely affects the operation and speed of ships but also leads to increased energy and fuel consumption. Inspired by the remarkable drag reduction and anti-biofouling capabilities of dolphin skin, we have developed a flexible polyurethane (PU) coating infused with osthole (OST). This coating not only exhibits exceptional drag reduction by postponing the boundary layer transition from laminar to turbulent flow but also demonstrates robust anti-biofouling properties under both dynamic and static scenarios. The resultant PUx/OSTy composite coating achieved the drag reduction efficiency of 8.20 % to 12.65 % with mean flow velocities ranging from 1 to 6 m/s. The PUx/OSTy surfaces also displayed highly enhanced anti-biofouling performances, with ∼98.4 % and 97.5 % reduction for green algae Chlorella and the diatom N. closterium, respectively, as well as ∼99.4 % reduction against P. pantotrophus. Furthermore, the PUx/OSTy coating had amazing durability in extreme environments, such as light aging, cycle sand abrasion, thermal aging, ultrasonic treatment, and tape-peeling. Therefore, this study underscores the potential of the bioinspired flexible coating for the application of underwater devices with prominent drag reduction and antifouling performance.

Coating technology on mortar surface for extending service life of on-site building construction

The superhydrophobic, self-cleaning and anti-corrosion surface was successfully coated on mortar using an effective one-step spray coating technique. A coating solution was prepared by mixing methyltrichlorosilane-modified SiO2/TiO2 nanoparticles at different ratios to enhance the super-hydrophobicity and reduce water absorption of the mortar. The sample prepared using a SiO2/TiO2 with the ratio of 75/25 was found to be optimal, exhibiting a high water contact angle and low sliding angle, which resulted in a reduction of water absorption more than 97.5 % and chloride ion penetration depth. Furthermore, the robustness of the superhydrophobic coating was analyzed against various tests including water drop impact, sand abrasion impact, tape peeling and sandpaper abrasion tests, with each test conducted over 10000 drops, 300 g, 60 cycles, and 5 cycles, respectively. Notably, the coating showed excellent water absorption reduction of 82.6 % after sandpaper abrasion for a length of 200 cm (20 cycles), even though the water contact angle was reduced to 118?. Thus, the fabrication of superhydrophobic mortar surface offers a novel, alternative approach that is simple, efficient, cost-effective and provides multifunction protection surface to increase the service life of on-site building construction with enhanced mechanical durability and anti-corrosion properties.

Dry sand abrasion characteristics of WC-10Ni+NiCrBSi coatings

A WC-10Ni/NiCrBSi coating was prepared and applied to the surface of Q235 steel through vacuum brazing. Using a self-developed dry sand abrasion test machine, the effects of the abrasive sand’s type, load, and sliding speed on the dry sand abrasion property of the coating were analysed. The wear mechanism of dry sand abrasion was also investigated. The results indicated that the coating cross-section comprised three layers: the substrate, the interface layer, and the surface layer. The hard layer served as the main distribution area of WC hard particles, which directly determined the hardness and wear resistance of the coating. WC particles, fortified by a γ-Ni solid solution, enhanced the wear resistance and hardness of the coating. In the friction and wear test, when ceramic abrasives were employed, the coating sample exhibited a loss of only 23 mg, constituting only 7.9% of that observed with quartz sand abrasives. Under low loading conditions, the wear mass loss exhibited a linear relationship with the applied load. During these low-load scenarios, the abrasive particles operated through a rolling motion, thereby entailing an abrasive wear mechanism. Conversely, when the load exceeded 0.05 MPa, the primary mode of abrasive particle motion transitioned into sliding with burial, resulting in a combination of fatigue wear and abrasive wear mechanisms. Therefore, the dry sand abrasion mechanism inherent to composite coatings can be attributed to the protective shielding role played by WC particles on the substrate. This shielding function effectively mitigates and counteracts the abrasive cutting effects induced by abrasive particles.

FLAP Heliostat

Heliostats represent a major cost share of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants with central receiver. They are essential for system efficiency and strongly influence maintenance cost and service life. Since CSP facilities require direct solar radiation, suitable installation sites can eminently be found in desert regions. However, dusty conditions may greatly reduce the performance of the plant due to soiling of the heliostat’s reflective surface and / or irreversible degradation caused by abrasive sand particles. A novel heliostat called FLAP, developed specifically for desert environments, is presented in this paper. It was designed with an emphasis on maximum manufacturing and maintenance cost reduction, yet improved service life in mind. The essential innovation of the FLAP heliostat is the patented foldable reflector support structure consisting of two panel sections that are oriented face-to-face when being in lay-down stow position. Folding of the panels is accomplished by means of a mechanism comprising a simple yet effective 4-bar linkage. To avoid costs for additional drives, the device is actuated by the one single central linear actuator that is also used for elevation tracking. Furthermore, wind loads are minimized due to the low profile of the heliostat structure in stow position, resulting in material and hence overall cost savings.

Study on the Attenuation of Long-Term Skid Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures under Aeolian Sand Conditions

In this work, the long-term skid resistance attenuation law of asphalt mixtures in the presence of aeolian sand was studied. Four types of asphalt mixtures underwent skid resistance abrasion tests using an accelerated loading tester. The pendulum value (BPN) and structure depth (MTD) of these four mixtures were determined under various conditions of sand density and abrasion times. The correlation between the BPN and density and the number of times of abrasion were investigated, respectively, to analyze the skid resistance attenuation law at the microscopic and macroscopic levels. Our results indicate that the skid resistance of the four types of asphalt mixtures initially decreased and subsequently reached a stable state. Sand density primarily influences skid resistance during the initial stage, while the number of abrasions becomes the dominant factor affecting skid resistance in the later stages.

UV-cured organic-inorganic hybrid networks for durable antifogging coating

Preventing surface fogging is critical for maintaining transparency in various transparent applications such as windows, mirrors and goggles. However, the fabrication of durable antifogging surfaces has been significantly challenging. The challenges include the lack of a simple preparation method, low coating hardness, poor water resistance and inability to self-healing. In this work, we developed an organic-inorganic interpenetrating hydrophilic antifogging coating using vinyl hybridized silica nanoparticles (VSNPs), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and methacrylic acid (MAA). A durable antifogging coating with self-healing capabilities has been prepared using a facile UV curing process. Such a hybrid coating can maintain its outstanding antifogging performance even after 4000 cycles of sand abrasion and 36 h of water immersion. Due to these outstanding properties and facile preparation, VSNPs-PVA/PMAA coating shows great potential in practical applications.

Capsaicin-based silicone antifouling coating with enhanced interlocking adhesion via SIPN

Silicone-based coatings generally exhibit excellent dynamic fouling release due to their low surface energy and elastic modulus. However, the poor adhesion of these coatings at the interface between the coating and the substrate, as well as deficient static antifouling capabilities, severely deteriorate their antifouling properties over extended periods. Herein, an epoxy-poly(dimethylsiloxane)/capsaicin (EP-PDMS/CAP) coating with highly enhanced interfacial adhesion and remarkable antifouling performances was prepared. The coating adhesion strength of the EP-PDMS/CAP has been improved by more than 5 times compared to a PDMS control coating (from 0.4 MPa to 2.04 MPa) by forming a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) structure between the epoxy and PDMS layers. The EP-PDMS/CAP coating achieved the superior antifouling effects in both static and dynamic conditions, the anti-bacterial rate was as high as 96.8 %, and the anti-algal adhesion rate to the green algae Chlorella increased by 95.7 %, due to the synergistic effects of the fouling release performance from the PDMS coating and the fouling prevention of capsaicin. Furthermore, the EP-PDMS/CAP coating was proven to be extremely stable in different treatments such as acid/basic solutions, air oven heating test, and cyclic sand abrasion, showing great potential for anti-biofouling under aggressive conditions. This work provides a promising pathway towards the development of high-performance silicone-based composite coatings for efficient marine anti-biofouling.

Effect of sand-influence on the morphology of Mazzaella laminarioides (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) on rocky intertidal shores

Abstract Morphological variability is common among macroalgae. In central Chile, Mazzaella laminarioides extends throughout the intertidal rocky zones, where blades are reported to grow up to 20 cm in length. Nevertheless, in low rocky intertidal zones with sand-influence, blades are noticeably larger than in other shores without sand effect. The aim of this study was to compare the morphology of M. laminarioides blades from two different conditions. Blades collected from four sites with, and four without, sand-influence were evaluated with traditional morphometry. Results showed that blades were longer and wider in sand-influenced sites. Sand abrasion was not directly evaluated, but indirect effects such as the abundance of bare rock and of sand tolerant species were higher in areas with sand-influence. Also, long blades were restricted to sand-influenced sites, supporting the relation between these two variables. Molecular analyses using the COI marker confirmed large-bladed individuals as M. laminarioides. Results indicated that life cycle phase, seasonality and vertical height were not related to large blades. We suggest that restriction of large blades to sand-influenced sites may be related to the healing processes of basal holdfasts after suffering sand abrasion.

Durable Superhydrophobic Coatings on Tungsten Surface by Nanosecond Laser Ablation and Fluorooxysilane Modification

Tungsten is an attractive material for a variety of applications, from constructions in high-temperature vacuum furnaces to nontoxic shields for nuclear medicine, because of its distinctive properties, such as high thermal conductivity, high melting point, high hardness and high density. At the same time, the areas of the applicability of tungsten, to a large extent, are affected by the formation of surface oxides, which not only strongly reduce the mechanical properties, but are also prone to easily interacting with water. To alleviate this shortcoming, a series of superhydrophobic coatings for the tungsten surface was elaborated using the method of nanosecond laser treatment followed by chemical vapor deposition of hydrophobic fluorooxysilane molecules. It is shown that the durability of the fabricated coatings significantly depends on surface morphology and composition, which in turn can be effectively controlled by adjusting the parameters of the laser treatment. The coating prepared with optimized parameters had a contact angle of 172.1 ± 0.5° and roll-off angle of 1.5 ± 0.4°, and preserved their high superhydrophobic properties after being subjected to oscillated sand abrasion for 10 h, continuous contact with water droplets for more than 50 h, and to several cycles of the falling sand test.

A new evaluation method to quantify the wear failure of irregular cutting tool during shield TBM tunneling in abrasive sandy ground

When shield TBM tunneling in abrasive sandy ground, excessive cutting tool wear resulting from untimely and inaccurate failure evaluation is prone to damage cutterhead structure and delay tunneling progress. Hence it is critical important for fast and accurate evaluation of tool wear failure. At present, caliper measurement method is used to qualify cutting tool wear in abrasive ground tunneling. The height reduction of cutter edge is considered as a common parameter to evaluate whether cutting tool is invalid. When it comes to irregular cutting tool, they will be unsuitable due to the complex surface topography. Especially when abrasive sand remains between the cutterhead and excavation face, severe secondary wear will occur on cutter body instead of cutter edge. There is still a lack of comprehensive methods and parameters for evaluating the wear failure of cutting tools. In the present study, the handheld 3D laser scanner has been applied to obtain the point cloud data of irregular cutting tool. The point cloud data has been imported into the Geomagic Control software for model reconstruction. Then, surface overlapped methodology has been utilized for the comparison of cutting tool models before and after wear to obtain the 3D wear nephogram. Cutter volume wear ratio (CVWR) and cutter height wear ratio (CHWR) have been proposed to quantity the wear failure of cutter edge and cutter body. A case study of ripper tooth and replaceable scraper at Sutong GIL Yangtze River Crossing Cable Tunnel has been conducted to set the threshold value of wear failure. The results indicate that the CVWR and CHWR are functional to identify the wear failure of irregular cutting tools. Compared with traditional caliper measurement method, 3D quantitative method allows a more rational and accurate evaluation of heterogeneous cutter edge wear and eccentric cutter body wear.

Investigation of Erosion/Corrosion Behavior of GRP under Harsh Operating Conditions.

Glass-fiber-reinforced pipe (GRP) is a strong alternative to many other materials, such as cast iron and concrete. It is characterized by high corrosion resistance, resulting in good erosion/corrosion. For the erosion/corrosion test, commercially available GRPs were used, which are frequently utilized for oil field wastewater in harsh environments. This type of GRP material was subjected to simulated conditions replicating in situ or harsh environments. An extensive experiment was conducted. Three quantities of abrasive sand (250 g, 400 g and 500 g with a size of 65 µm) were mixed with 0.015 m3 of water. The abrasive sand samples were taken at a 90 degree angle from the wall of the cylinder tubes. Three flow rate conditions were selected, 0.01 m3/min, 0.0067 m3/min and 0.01 m3/min, with 10 wt.% chlorine. Furthermore, these tests were conducted at five different times: 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h and 5 h. The results show that the erosion rate increased both with an increasing amount of abrasive sand and with increasing flow rate. The maximum value for the erosion rate was more than three for a flow rate of 0.015 m3 with chlorine for 500 g of sand. The corrosion rate also showed the same trend, with the maximum corrosion rate being reached under the same conditions. It was found that the corrosion rate largely depends on the amount of weight loss, which is an indicator of the erosion effect. Therefore, GFRP provides better erosion/corrosion resistance in a harsh environment or in situ conditions.