Sampling Chip Research Articles

A Modular Hardware Design of an Intelligent Distributed Feeder Terminal Unit

The development of a new power system is proposing new requirements for the function of the feeder terminal unit (FTU), which is the core equipment of the distribution automation system. At the same time, the improvement of FTU intelligence brings a new solution to the problem of line loss calculation. Aiming at the problems of complex structure and low measurement accuracy of current FTU, a hardware scheme combining ADC sampling chip and high-performance MCU is proposed in this paper to realize the integrated application of energy measurement function. Moreover, it is equipped with a line loss calculation module to achieve high precision line loss calculation when the metering chip cannot meet the precision requirements. At the same time, the modular design effectively improves the operation reliability and function expansion of the terminal.

Integrated High-Repetition-Rate Optical Sampling Chip Exploiting Wavelength and Mode Multiplexing

We report a silicon-based integrated optical sampling chip. High-repetition-rate optical sampling pulses are generated by interleaving low-repetition-rate input optical pulses with the assistance of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and mode-division multiplexing (MDM). The WDM pulse interleaver is based on a loopback arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) with linearly increasing delays. The amplitude of the interleaved pulses can be adjusted by the attenuators in the loopback waveguides. Two high-order modes in a multimode waveguide are utilized to further increase the pulse repetition rate. With WDM and MDM, the optical pulse sampling rate is increased by 8 times. The optical sampling pulses are then modulated by a multimode Mach-Zehnder modulator with the active arms integrated with L-shaped PN junctions. The sampled pulses are finally separated by mode and wavelength demultiplexers for low-speed parallel processing. The wavelength demultiplexer is made of a dual-ring assisted Mach-Zehnder interferometer (DR-MZI) with high wavelength selectivity. This successful implementation of the high-speed sampling chip marks a significant step forward in the full integration of analog-to-digital converters on a single chip and opens up avenues toward real applications of microwave photonics.

Simultaneous measurement of target distance and azimuth in four quadrant detection

Realize the synchronous solution of target azimuth information and distance information in narrow pulse laser high-speed detection process to improve the time efficiency of detection system. A high-speed analog-to-digital (A/D) sampling chip, field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and related hardware circuit are used to establish a high-speed sampling and signal processing hardware system by performing related program configuration on each chip. Related algorithms such as pulse laser ranging method and azimuth resolution method based on four-quadrant detector are applied. At the same time, the denoising method based on Gauss white noise is adopted. Related simulation experiments and measured experiments are carried out. The simulation and experimental results show that the system realizes the synchronous solution of target azimuth information and distance information during the narrow pulse laser high-speed detection process, in which the distance error is not more than 1% and the azimuth error is not more than 5% and improve resource utilization rate.

All-in-one paper-based sampling chip for targeted protein analysis

A novel all-in-one paper-based sampling concept for mass spectrometric bottom-up protein analysis is here demonstrated in a chip format integrating instant immunocapture, protein reduction, - alkylation and tryptic digestion all in-device. Conventional laboratory grade filter paper was coated with the polymer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl azlactone (pHEMA-VDM) with a subsequent covalent immobilization of the monoclonal antibody E27 targeting the biomarker human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). In-device protein reduction and alkylation was optimized with regards to reagent concentration and reaction pH. The sampling concept showed a high degree of performance between 10 and 1000 ng/mL (R2 > 0.99) by a five-point calibration curve sampled with hCG spiked to human serum samples and freshly collected whole blood samples, respectively. LOD (experimentally obtained at 100 pg/mL (2.64 pM/0.9 IU/L)) was demonstrated to be up to ten times lower with more than six times faster sample preparation than what has previously been reported for on-paper analysis of hCG in human serum samples.

A New Method to Design Power Meter Based on GMR Sensor

This paper presents a new method to design power meter based on giant magneto resistance (GMR) sensor. Firstly, we introduce the basic principle and characteristics of GMR sensor, and then propose an open-loop current sensor structure. The power of the circuit is transformed into the product of magnetic field around the GMR sensor and supply voltage of the sensor. According to the output voltage value of the sensor, we can calculate the power of the circuit. Finally, the output voltage of the sensor is collected by the AD sampling chip, converted into digital signal and then transmitted to the single chip computer for conversion. The instantaneous power value of the circuit is displayed on the display device. The designed power meter can measure signals from DC to high frequency (MHz magnitude), and the test method is simple.

Particle precipitation by bipolar corona discharge ion winds

The paper reports the development of a particle precipitation based aerosol sampler using bipolar corona discharge ion winds with collected particles of minimized net charge. For the new approach, neutralized particles move towards a sampler under the effect of electric field and dual ion winds. Since there is no electrode or sampling chip installed inside the air-flow channel, impediments to airborne particle flow or ion winds are removed along the flow direction. In addition, the isolation of ion winds, which generate circuit, allows using various materials for the sampling chip including non-conductors and also protecting collected particles from any discharge ignition on the chip. The device mechanism is numerically simulated in OpenFOAM to study the electrofluidodynamic interaction of charged particles and bipolar ion winds. The efficiency of the new approach has been investigated by experiment with a maximum efficiency of 94%. The effects of flow rate, discharge voltage and electrode distances on the method are also evaluated.

A New Voltage Measure Method for MMC Based on Sample Delay Compensation

The nearest level control is suitable for modular multilevel converter (MMC) with large number of submodules (SM). The voltage measure method for MMC requires to install a voltage sensor for each SM, which increases the system costs and the burden of the data acquisition system. This paper presents a novel voltage measure method to solve this problem. With the proposed method, the SMs are divided into some groups, and each group is configured with only one voltage sensor. The voltage of each SM is obtained by an observer based on the charging and discharging model of the SM. In order to improve measurement accuracy, a compensation method is proposed for the delay of the voltage sensor and the A/D sampling chip. To verify the accuracy of the proposed measure method, the case studies are performed on a 30-level single-phase MMC simulation model under different operating conditions. At last, a nine-level single-phase MMC laboratory prototype is also set up to verify the performance of the proposed method.

Surface Acoustic Wave Nebulisation Mass Spectrometry for the Fast and Highly Sensitive Characterisation of Synthetic Dyes in Textile Samples

Surface acoustic wave nebulisation (SAWN) mass spectrometry (MS) is a method to generate gaseous ions compatible with direct MS of minute samples at femtomole sensitivity. To perform SAWN, acoustic waves are propagated through a LiNbO3 sampling chip, and are conducted to the liquid sample, which ultimately leads to the generation of a fine mist containing droplets of nanometre to micrometre diameter. Through fission and evaporation, the droplets undergo a phase change from liquid to gaseous analyte ions in a non-destructive manner. We have developed SAWN technology for the characterisation of organic colourants in textiles. It generates electrospray-ionisation-like ions in a non-destructive manner during ionisation, as can be observed by the unmodified chemical structure. The sample size is decreased by tenfold to 1000-fold when compared with currently used liquid chromatography–MS methods, with equal or better sensitivity. This work underscores SAWN-MS as an ideal tool for molecular analysis of art objects as it is non-destructive, is rapid, involves minimally invasive sampling and is more sensitive than current MS-based methods.Graphical ᅟ

Design of the CCD-TCD2964BFG Drive and Sampling Based on FPGA

This technology is mainly focused on the charge coupled device (CCD)TCD2964BFG as image sensor and using AD9826 as sampling chip, which introduces a design of driving and sampling circuit based on the FPGA of Altera Corporation. It discusses the design of driving and control timing by using FPGA chip EP4CE30F23C7N technology. Then it describes the design of the CCD driver board and the CCD mounting board in detail. This is a pivotal design to high-precision measurement, color image scanning and so on. Its highest accuracy can be reached 4800DPI with high resolution when it works and its output signal can be more reliable, more stable by being processed by AD9826, so it is very important for high-precision measurement, color image scanning ,etc. While making it into sub-circuit board physical model by using integrated circuit form, meanwhile, it’s very convenient to connect with a variety of FPGA core boards and it can be applied on various occasions by outgoing interface signals. The design is known for its flexibility, high integration, easy to update, convenient to apply and so on. The observed results indicate that the design of driving timing and circuit can meet the normal demands for the color linear CCD.

A New Kind of Smart Dual DSP2812 Power Quality Monitor Based on Dedicated Users

Focus on the increasingly prominent problems of power quality of dedicated users, study on solving electric energy problems, especially for harmonic pollution, was essential. This paper to study the method of testing and calculating electric energy index, then designed hardware to monitor and analyze power quality measurement data. The hardware was developed base on dual DSP2812, which was very advanced digital signal processing chip, and the hardware utilized high precision instantaneous synchronous sampling chip MAX1324, extended RAM and FLASH, RS232 communication circuit, high capacity SD card storage circuit, etc. The dual DSP power quality smart meter was tested and applied in dedicated users and its reliability, practicability, availability and accuracy was authenticated. This smart meter also has advantages of easy to carry, low cost, high precision, easy to promote, etc. can effectively meet power quality management of dedicated users.

Optimization of Conventional FIR Filter Structures

FIR Filter Technology has evolved as an eminent technology which has revolutionized the world of Digital Signal Processing (DSP). In addition, the characteristics of a digital filter can be easily changed under software control making them versatile. The research done in this paper focuses on the drawbacks of the given conventional structures and proposes a method to improvise them. The method given in this paper combines the architecture of linear and concurrent structure to achieve a semi concurrent filter with half the number of multipliers conventionally required. To authenticate this research, simulation of this FIR Filter was done and compared with traditional linear and concurrent structures in terms of sampling rates and chip area utilization. Key Terms: Digital FIR Filter, Reduced Multiplier Concurrent Filter, Linear Filter, Concurrent Filter, FPGA.

Multi‐channels wideband digital reconnaissance receiver based on compressed sensing

In order to meet the bandwidth need of modern wideband digital reconnaissance receiver, an implementation based on compressed sensing is proposed. The compressed sensing method is directly used to sample and reconstruct multi-band RF signal in this receiver. The original signal is mixed with Bernoulli random signal, and then filtered by low-pass filter. As completing the multiple narrow-band signals recovery within broadband range, the sampling signal is reconstructed in the digital domain. In this study, a novel reconstruction algorithm is proposed, which is adaptive conjugate gradient pursuit multiple measurement vectors (ACGPMMV), to overcome the drawback of orthogonal matching pursuit multiple measurement vectors (OMPMMV). Meanwhile, how to reduce the channel number of system required is also analysed, which will be reduce hardware costs. The shortcoming of limitation of sampling chip's analogue bandwidth in the parallel alternating sampling system is overcame, and the requirement of receiver bandwidth is achieved by using the lower rate sampling. In this study, the study is carried out by means of numerical simulations of multi-signals in the different system model. The conclusions illuminate the algorithm can get well-signal reconstruction results under the conditions of less channel and low sampling rate, and well-noise stability.

Wideband pulse amplifiers for the NECTAr chip

The NECTAr collaboration's FE option for the camera of the CTA is a 16bits and 1–3GS/s sampling chip based on analog memories including most of the readout functions. This works describes the input amplifiers of the NECTAr ASIC. A fully differential wideband amplifier, with voltage gain up to 20V/V and a BW of 400MHz. As it is impossible to design a fully differential OpAmp with an 8GHz GBW product in a 0.35 CMOS technology, an alternative implementation based on HF linearized transconductors is explored. The output buffer is a class AB miller operational amplifier, with special non-linear current boost.

G-APDs in Cherenkov astronomy: The FACT camera

Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (G-APD, SiPM) are a much discussed alternative to photomultiplier tubes in Cherenkov astronomy. The First G-APD Cherenkov Telescope (FACT) collaboration builds a camera based on a hexagonal array of 1440 G-APDs and has now finalized its construction phase. A light-collecting solid PMMA cone is glued to each G-APD to eliminate dead space between the G-APDs by increasing the active area, and to restrict the light collection angle of the sensor to the reflector area in order to reduce the amount of background light. The processing of the signals is integrated in the camera and includes the digitization using the domino ring sampling chip DRS4.

Real-time temperature measurement during a laser annealing process featuring a microthermocouple array: Exploiting nano and micro-metrology

We report on the acquisition of a real-time in situ surface thermal profile over a silicon substrate exposed to a laser beam, featuring a sub-mm spatial resolution, simultaneously recorded in six different sample points. A thin-film microthermocouple array was lithographed on the silicon substrate, featuring N-type probes. A specific design of the PCB holder assembly, connected to the sampling chip by a spring-lead array, allowed a fast sample replacement after experiment. The physical conduction parameters relative to NiSil and NiCroSil thin thermoelectric films were extrapolated preparing a real-time resistance experiment during high vacuum thermal evaporation of the two alloys, exploiting a resistivity profile with sub-nanometre resolution. Information acquired during this experiment was used to derive the thermoelement properties and allow sensor calibration. The laser used to anneal the sample was a diode pumped solid state system. Numerical simulations confirmed the relevance of experimental data.

A novel camera type for very high energy gamma-ray astronomy based on Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes

Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (G-APD) are promising new sensors for light detection in atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. In this paper, the design and commissioning of a 36-pixel G-APD prototype camera is presented. The data acquisition is based on the Domino Ring Sampling (DRS2) chip. A sub-nanosecond time resolution has been achieved. Cosmic-ray induced air showers have been recorded using an imaging mirror setup, in a self-triggered mode. This is the first time that such measurements have been carried out with a complete G-APD camera.

A new analogue sampling readout system for the COMPASS RICH-1 detector

A new electronic readout for CsI-coated multiwire proportional chambers (MWPC), used as photon detectors in the COMPASS ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detector, is described. A prototype system comprising more than 5000 channels has been built and tested in high-intensity beam conditions. It is based on the APV25-S1 analogue sampling chip, and replaces the GASSIPLEX chip readout used previously. The APV25 chip, although originally designed for Silicon microstrip detectors, is shown to perform well even with “slow” signals from an MWPC, maintaining a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 9. For every trigger the system reads out three consecutive amplitudes in time, thus allowing to extract information on both the signal amplitude and its timing. This information is used to reduce pile-up events in a high-rate environment. Prototype tests of the new readout electronics on a central RICH photocathode in nominal COMPASS beam conditions showed that the effective time window is reduced from more than 3μs for the GASSIPLEX to less than 400ns for the APV25 chip. This leads to a significant improvement of the signal-to-background ratio (SBR) with respect to the original readout. A gain by a factor of 5–6 was experimentally verified in the very forward region of phase space, where pile-up due to the muon beam halo is most significant. Owing to its pipelined architecture, the new readout system also considerably reduces the dead time per event, thus allowing to make use of trigger rates exceeding 50kHz.

A 12 b 200 kS/s 0.52 mA 0.47 mm2 Algorithmic A/D Converter for MEMS Applications

This work describes a 12b 200kS/s 0.52mA 0.47mm2 ADC for sensor applications such as motor control, 3-phase power control, and CMOS image sensors simultaneously requiring ultra-low power and small size. The proposed ADC is based on the conventional algorithmic architecture with a recycling signal path to optimize sampling rate, resolution, chip area, and power consumption. The input SHA with eight input channels employs a folded-cascode amplifier to achieve a required DC gain and a high phase margin. A 3-D fully symmetric layout with critical signal lines shielded reduces the capacitor and device mismatch of the multiplying D/A converter while switched-bias power-reduction circuits minimize the power consumption of analog amplifiers. Current and voltage references are integrated on chip with optional off-chip voltage references for low glitch noise. The down-sampling clock signal selects the sampling rate of 200kS/s and 10kS/s with a further reduced power depending on applications. The prototype ADC in a 0.18μm n-well 1P6M CMOS process demonstrates a maximum measured DNL and INL within 0.40 LSB and 1.97 LSB and shows a maximum SNDR and SFDR of 55dB and 70dB at all sampling frequencies up to 200kS/s, respectively. The ADC occupies an active die area of 0.47mm2 and consumes 0.94mW at 200kS/s and 0.63mW at 10kS/s with a 1.8V supply.

1P1-N02 空気圧駆動マイクロ分注システムの開発(MEMSとナノテクノロジー)

The pneumatic micro dispenser system without any dead volume of sample was proposed. The sampling chip and the 10-directional switching valve chip as the component of this dispenser were developed successfully. The sampling chip succeeded to divide liquid every 1μL or 0.5μL without any dead volume of sample only by the decompression and the pressurization operation of the air, due to the novel detecting method of micro fluid and check valves of hat shape. The switching valve chip selects the outlet that injects the dispensed sample. This chip succeeded to switch ten outlets by built-in solenoid (1N,6VDC) under high leakage pressure (≧500kPa).

Fast readout of the COMPASS RICH CsI-MWPC photon chambers

A new readout system for CsI-coated MWPCs, used in the COMPASS RICH detector, has been proposed and tested in nominal high-rate conditions. It is based on the APV25-S1 analog sampling chip, and will replace the Gassiplex chip readout used up to now. The APV chip, originally designed for silicon microstrip detectors, is shown to perform well even with “slow” signals from a MWPC, keeping a signal-to-noise ratio of 9. For every trigger the system reads three consecutive in-time samples, thus allowing to extract information on the signal shape and its timing. The effective time window is reduced from ∼3 μs for the Gassiplex to below 400 ns for the APV25-S1 chip, reducing pile-up events at high particle rate. A significant improvement of the signal-to-background ratio by a factor 5–6 with respect to the original readout has been measured in the central region of the RICH detector. Due to its pipelined architecture, the new readout system also considerably reduces the dead time per event, allowing efficient data taking at higher trigger rate.