High School Sample Research Articles

Fear the Instagram: beauty stereotypes, body image and Instagram use in a sample of male and female adolescents

Recent literature has proposed the term “digitized dysmorphia” to define the gap between social media digitalized beauty standards and females body image, suggesting that apps as Instagram, have contributed to the increase of dysmorphic disorders in young women. In the present paper, it’s analyzed the relationship between the use of Instagram, the internalization of beauty standards, the social pressure to adhere to them, and the anxiety towards body image, in a sample of high schools’ students (N= 621,aged 13 to 21, 61% females) in Italy. Results suggest that adolescents who edit their pictures, and then upload them online, have interiorized more the stereotype of beauty proposed by Instagram and feel more anxious and uncomfortable with their body image, feeling more pressure to uphold to the social media standards. These results apply not only to female adolescents, as seen in previous studies, but also males. Social and clinical issues are discussed.

Violence Typologies Among Youth: A Latent Class Analysis of Middle and High School Youth.

Research documents high rates of interpersonal violence (e.g., bullying, dating violence, sexual assault) among middle and high school youth, during which time dating and sexual relationships are emerging. Most research to date focuses on one type of violence at a time or examines the co-occurrence of violence within an age group. This study examined interpersonal violence victimization and perpetration (IVVP) within the context of middle and high school with data from 738 middle school students and 1,311 high school students. Results show distinct classes, or groups, of IVVP among middle and high school students. Three classes emerged for the middle school sample and included a normative class (66.8%; n = 493), a victim of bullying class (28.1%; n = 207), and a mixed/poly-victim class (5.2%; n = 38). Five classes emerged for the high school sample and included a normative class (66.7%; n = 975), a victim of bullying class (18.1%; n = 237), a homophobic bully-victim class (11.0%; n = 144), a poly-victim class (3.1%; n = 40), and a sexual assault perpetrator class (1.1%; n = 15). Demographic and adjustment indicators differentiated many of the classes in each age group. The findings illustrate that there are distinct differences between middle and high school student's exposure to and perpetration of violence. Middle school students may be best served by programs that address victimization experiences while high school may be a developmental moment to introduce sexual assault prevention programs.

The Quality of Senior High School National School Examination Questions

The objective of this study was to obtain information about the quality of high school National Standard School Exam (USBN) questions in Pontianak in 2018/2019 academic year. To achieve this objective, the information excavated includes (a) the process of compiling questions (b) the test of the feasibility of the questions (c) the eligibility requirements of the questions (d) administering the exam (e) the examination system of the examination scripts (f) the reporting system, and (g) the correlation of values report cards and high school USBN grades in Pontianak with UN scores. This study employed a descriptive method. The selection of high school samples used as data sources was done by random sampling and purposive sampling. Data were gathered through documentation, interviews, and questionnaires. The data were then analyzed with descriptive statistics and correlational studies. The results showed that, in the high school USBN questions in Pontianak City, (1) there were still stages in the process of drafting "not done", (2) empirical tests before the compilation of the final questions "had not been done," (3) administering the "already" applied exams as UN procedures, (4) manuscript examination system is implemented manually, (5) reporting of exam results by respective subject teachers, and (6) correlation of report card grades and high school USBN scores in Pontianak with "mostly" low "UN scores "and even in certain" negative "schools. It means that report cards and USBN scores cannot be used to predict UN results.

An Examinatıon Of The Computational Thinking Skills: Sample Of Vocational High Schools

Bu araştırmada lise öğrencilerinin Bilgi-işlemsel Düşünme (BİD) becerileri incelenmiştir ve BİD becerileri bazı değişkenler açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda cinsiyetin, öğrenim görülen okul ve sınıf seviyesinin, programlama deneyiminin ve bilgisayar sahipliğinin BİD becerileri üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini Van ili merkez İpekyolu ilçesindeki 3 farklı meslek lisesinde öğrenim gören 9., 10., 11. ve 12. Sınıftaki toplam 591 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada öğrencilerin BİD becerilerini ölçmek amacıyla Yağcı (2019) tarafından geliştirilen ölçek kullanılmıştır. Öğrenciler %51.1 lik bir oranla yüksek BİD becerisi düzeyine sahiptirler. Bunu %44.3’lük bir oranla orta ve %4.6’lık oranla ise düşük düzeydekiler takip etmektedirler. Araştırma sonuçları BİD becerilerinin cinsiyet, programlama dersi alma durumu, programlama deneyimi ve bilgisayar sahipliği açısından farklılaşmadığını göstermiştir. Ancak okul türü İşbirlikli öğrenme ve eleştirel düşünme becerisi üzerinde etkili olduğunu, sınıf seviyesinin ise İşbirlikli Öğrenme ve eleştirel düşünme becerisi alt faktörü hariç diğer faktörler açısından farklılaşmaktadır. Bu bulgular meslek liselerinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin ortalama BİD düzeylerini ortaya koyması; okulların işbirliği ve eleştirel düşünme becerileri üzerindeki etkisini; BİD becerilerinin sınıf seviyesine bağlı olarak farklılaşabileceğini göstermesi açısından önem arz etmektedir. Ayrıca bu araştırma sonucunda ortaya çıkan bulgular doğrultusunda araştırmacılara, müfredat geliştiricilere, okullardaki yöneticilere ve öğretmenlere önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

The Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness Scale: Development and validation with adolescents

Appearance-related social media consciousness (ASMC) is defined as the extent to which individuals’ thoughts and behaviors reflect ongoing awareness of whether they might look attractive to a social media audience. In this 3-study paper, we report the development and validation of the ASMC Scale for adolescents. In Study 1, we developed 18 items and received input from adolescent focus groups and content experts, resulting in 13 items. In Study 2, we administered these items to a high school sample (N = 1227; 51.8 % girls; Mage = 15.72), completing an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis on two split halves. Results supported a single-factor solution with configural, metric, and partial scalar gender invariance. In Study 3, we administered the scale to a second high school sample (N = 226; 58.4 % girls; Mage = 16.25). ASMC scores demonstrated strong internal consistency, convergent and incremental validity, and test-retest reliability (measure re-administered for n = 207). Higher ASMC was associated with higher depressive and disordered eating symptoms, controlling for time on social media, gender, race/ethnicity, and body surveillance. Girls reported higher mean scores than boys. Findings support the use of this 13-item scale in reliably assessing adolescents’ ASMC, which may have important implications for mental health in the age of social media.

Validation of the greek version of the body image-acceptance and action questionnaire

The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties and factorial structure of the Greek version of the Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ). The BI-AAQ assesses cognitive flexibility and acceptance relative to body image. Two samples: an all female middle and high school sample (N = 85; Age M = 17.97, SD = 2.74) and a college student sample (N = 240; Age M = 21.50; SD = 2.98) in Cyprus completed a set of self-reported eating-related questionnaires. Reliability analysis showed that the Greek BI-AAQ has high internal consistency and good item-total correlations. Principal Component Analysis (Sample 1) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (Sample 2) supported a one-factor solution, as in the case of the original BI-AAQ. Hierarchical multiple regression predicting eating disorder behaviors (as assessed by the EDE-Q) from Weight Concerns (WCS) and BI-AAQ scores after controlling for BMI, produced a significant model, which accounted for 67% of variance. The BI-AAQ remained a significant predictor of eating disorder behaviors after controlling for BMI and weight concerns scores. The Greek version of the BI-AAQ questionnaire is thus a robust and reliable instrument. It adds to previous knowledge and research on the role of psychological flexibility and acceptance of body image in eating disorder behaviours and psychological difficulties.

Relationship between Extraversion and Tobacco Smoking Among High School Students.

Background:There is limited information about the relationship between extraversion, as a personality trait, and the modes of tobacco smoking. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between extraversion and cigarette and water-pipe smoking among a representative sample of Iranian high school students.Methods:A sample of 2,312 tenth-grade students in Tabriz (Northwest of Iran) was selected through multistage proportional cluster sampling. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire including information on cigarette smoking, water-pipe smoking, extraversion, socioeconomical information, as well as demographic characteristics. An ordinal logistic regression model was used for data analysis.Results:In total, 4.2% and 3.5% of the students were regular cigarette and water-pipe smokers, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios were 1.10 (95% CI: 1.04–1.15, P < 0.001) and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.06–1.15, P < 0.001) for the relationships between extraversion and the stages of cigarette smoking and water-pipe smoking status, respectively.Conclusions:It seems that extraversion is in a positive relationship with a cigarette and water-pipe smoking among adolescents. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine the effect of this personality trait on the modes of tobacco smoking and the transition in the stages of cigarette and water-pipe smoking in adolescents.

Investigation of e-learning readiness of rail system program students: the sample of refahiye vocational high school

Investigation of e-learning readiness of rail system program students: the sample of refahiye vocational high school

Grafting identity: History textbook reform and identity-building in contemporary China

In recent years, the Chinese government has launched a national campaign to comprehensively revise history textbook in order to “fully implant socialist core values into youngsters” and ensure their familiarity and identification with “socialism with Chinese characteristics,” specifically. Based on in-depth field interviews with teachers and students in a sample of senior high schools in Beijing, this article examines what impact this textbook reform has had on students’ identity and values. We find that the ideological content and national discourse in the new textbook has been significantly strengthened compared to the pre-2003 versions. The changes have significantly reinforced positive views of the “China model,” characterized by the country’s splendid cultural and historical tradition and centralized governance, and increased nationalist and anti-Western sentiment among the Chinese younger generation. The implications of these findings are considered in the light of Lee’s (Managing Chineseness: identity and ethnic management in Singapore. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2017) theory of identity grafting and the impact of state intervention on Chinese identities.

The construct validity of the Child Health Utility 9D-DK instrument

BackgroundRelative to their application with adults there is currently little information about the application of preference-based health-related quality of life (HRQL) instruments among populations of young people. The Child Health Utility 9D (CHU9D) is a paediatric-specific generic preference-based HRQL instrument, recently translated and linguistically validated into Danish (CHU9D-DK). The purpose of this study was to investigate the construct validity of the CHU9D-DK in a sample of Danish high school students.MethodsAll students attending a Danish High School were invited to participate in a web-based survey in January 2018 (N = 272). The survey included the CHU9D-DK, the young adult version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales (PedsQL), self-reported health status, presence/absence of disability/chronic diseases, life satisfaction, and socio-economic questions. CHU9D-DK utility scores were generated by employing the two scoring algorithms developed from adults in the UK and adolescents in Australia, respectively. Internal consistency, reliability and construct validity of the CHU9D-DK instrument were investigated.ResultsTwo hundred and twenty-eight (84%) students consented to participate and completed the survey. The mean ± (standard deviation) values of the CHU9D-DK utilities were 0.84 (0.11) when the UK adult algorithm was applied and 0.70 (0.22), when the Australian adolescent algorithm was applied. The mean PedsQL score was 82.32 (13.14). The CHU9D-DK showed good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.803). Higher levels of health status and life satisfaction were significantly associated with higher CHU9D-DK utility scores regardless of which scoring algorithm was applied (p-values < 0.001). Students living with a disability/chronic disease exhibited significantly lower utility scores relative to their healthy peers (p-values < 0.05). Higher socio-economic status (approximated by financial situation and frequency of family vacations) was also associated with higher utility scores (p-values < 0.005).ConclusionThe CHU9D-DK demonstrated good psychometric performance overall and shows potential as a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the HRQL of Danish young people.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03391999, Registered 15 October 2017.

Adolescent academic achievement: A model of social support and grit

AbstractGrit has been defined as passionate perseverance toward long‐term challenging goals and it is associated with various positive outcomes for youth, including academic achievement. However, less is known about these associations for the two facets of grit (i.e., perseverance of effort, consistency of interest) and few studies have examined the link between grit and perceived social support. The present study examined the group‐level demographic differences (i.e., gender, grade, socioeconomic status, and special education status) of grit in a high school sample (N = 1,077). In addition, direct associations between grit and perceived social support from multiple sources (i.e., teacher, classmate, parent) were examined, as well as a potential enhancing effect of social support as a moderator of the relation between grit and academic achievement. Results indicated positive associations among grit and its facets with social support from parents and classmates. Furthermore, the positive relation between grit and achievement was stronger for students reporting high social support from teachers, but not other sources (i.e., classmates, parents). Practical and theoretical implications for promoting student success are discussed.

Hookah and Electronic Inhalant Device Use and Perceptions Among African American Youth and Young Adults: Are We Asking the Right Questions?

Objectives. Survey items used in surveillance systems to assess the use of emerging products like hookah and electronic inhalant devices (EIDs) may not match definitions used by high-risk populations. This qualitative study explored how African American youth and young adults (YYAs) (1) use hookah and EIDs and (2) identify patterns in the ways they describe and organize these products. Design. Individual in-person interviews were conducted among a sample of continuation high school and vocational school students in southern California. Participation was limited to those who had ever tried at least one tobacco product, self-identified as African American, and were between the ages of 14 and 26 years (n = 28). We conducted a content analysis to identify patterns in perceptions and use of these products. Results. African American YYAs recognized and described traditional hookah based on physical attributes, but for EIDs, including e-cigarettes, e-hookah, and vape pens, YYAs focused on reasons for using the product. Three primary categories emerged for reasons YYA used specific products: nicotine content and quitting, social facilitation, and use with marijuana. E-cigarettes were identified as quitting aids and as having nicotine but were not considered addictive. The term hookah recalled both the traditional and electronic pen-type products for YYAs. The terms vapes, hookah, wax pens, and others are used in the context of describing product use with marijuana. Conclusions. A better understanding of why African American YYAs use these products is needed to develop better measures for accurate rates of use, uncover differences in use between product types, and to develop effective prevention messaging.

Analysis of the Usefulness of a Serious Game to Raise Awareness about Mental Health Problems in a Sample of High School and University Students: Relationship with Familiarity and Time Spent Playing Video Games.

Background: One of the main challenges in the field of mental health today is the stigma towards individuals who have psychological disorders. Aims: This study aims to analyse the usefulness of applying a serious game developed for the purpose of raising awareness among students about mental health problems and analyse whether its usefulness can be influenced by the type of video games or the time that students usually devote to playing with this type of entertainment. Method: The serious game introduces four characters who display the symptoms of different psychological disorders. A total of 530 students participated in the study, 412 of whom comprised the experimental group and 118 the control group, 291 came from secondary school classes and 239 were university students. Results: The findings show that this serious game significantly reduced total stigma among students. Variables like time habitually spent playing video games or video game preference had no bearing on the results. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the serious game is an appropriated tool to reduce stigma, both in high school and university students, independently of the type of video games that young people usually play, or time spent playing video games.

Hope into action: How clusters of hope relate to success‐oriented behavior in school

AbstractSeveral studies have found that higher hope is associated with higher academic achievement. Although scholars have asserted that this association is the result of higher hope leading to an increased likelihood that students will engage success‐oriented behaviors (e.g., participating in class, completing homework assignments), very little empirical research has been done to test this assertion. In this study, cluster analyses yielded three clusters of hope (high, average, and low) in a high school sample (N = 447) and a college sample (N = 375). Differences among hope clusters were examined across three domains of indicators—engagement, disengagement, and motivational variables—associated with success‐oriented behavior in school. Results from both samples indicated that students with higher levels of hope reported higher engagement, higher motivation, and lower disengagement, with medium to large effect sizes. These results have implications for both hope research and scaling psychosocial interventions.

PENGEMBANGAN MODUL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY (STS) DISERTAI MIND MAP

The purpose of this study is to develop a learning module based Science Technology Society (STS) complete with Mindmap. This research is a development (Research and Development) or the so-called R and D research which refers to the Borg and Gall modified. The research sample development includes: 1) sample field trials beginning some 6 validators; 2) Samples major field trial a number of 10 students of Grade X at Public Senior High School and operational field testing samples of up to 27 students of Grade X at Public Senior High School. The instrument used was a questionnaire, observation sheets, and interviews. Operational field trials using the one group pretest-posttest design. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded learning modules based STS with Mindmap were developed using a development model Borg and Gall through the stages of research and information collecting, planning, develop preliminary form of product, preliminary field testing, main product revision, playing field testing, operational product revision, field operational testing, final product revision, and dissemination and implementation.

Depressive Symptoms and Suicidality in Adolescents Using e-Cigarettes and Marijuana: A Secondary Data Analysis From the Youth Risk Behavior Survey.

E-cigarette use has increased dramatically among adolescents in the past 5 years alongside a steady increase in daily use of marijuana. This period coincides with a historic rise in depression and suicidal ideation among adolescents. In this study, we describe the associations between e-cigarette and marijuana use and depressive symptoms and suicidality in a large nationally representative sample of high school students. We used data from the 2 most recent waves (2015 and 2017) of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Our sample (n = 26,821) included only participants with complete information for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and exposure to e-cigarettes and marijuana (89.5% of survey respondents). We performed multivariate logistic regressions to explore the associations between single or dual use of e-cigarette and marijuana and depressive and suicidal symptoms in the past year adjusting for relevant confounders. E-cigarette-only use was reported in 9.1% of participants, marijuana-only use in 9.7%, and dual e-cigarette/marijuana use in 10.2%. E-cigarette-only use (vs no use) was associated with increased odds of reporting suicidal ideation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]:1.23, 95% CI 1.03-1.47) and depressive symptoms (AOR: 1.37, 95% CI 1.19-1.57), which was also observed with marijuana-only use (AOR: 1.25, 95% CI 1.04-1.50 and AOR: 1.49, 95% CI 1.27-1.75) and dual use (AOR: 1.28, 95% CI 1.06-1.54 and AOR: 1.62, 95% CI 1.39-1.88). Youth with single and dual e-cigarette and marijuana use had increased odds of reporting depressive symptoms and suicidality compared to youth who denied use. There is a need for effective prevention and intervention strategies to help mitigate adverse mental health outcomes in this population.

Authoritative school climate and sexual harassment: A cross-sectional multilevel analysis of student self-reports.

School sexual harassment (SH) is defined as unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature that interferes with a student's ability to learn. There is an important need for schools to assess the prevalence of SH and its relation to school climate to guide intervention efforts. This study investigated 3 research questions: (a) Is there psychometric support for a 4-item multilevel measure of SH? (b) What is the prevalence of SH in a statewide high school sample, and how does SH vary across gender, grade level, race-ethnicity, and socioeconomic status? (c) Is an authoritative school climate-characterized by strict but fair discipline and supportive teacher-student relationships-associated with lower levels of SH for students? A statewide sample of high school students (N = 62,679) completed a school climate survey that included a new 4-item measure of SH. Results of a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit for a single SH factor at both student and school levels. A multiway analysis of variance demonstrated the high prevalence of SH and variations across demographic groups. Multilevel hierarchical regression analyses indicated that an authoritative school climate accounted for 5.7% of the student-level variance and 38.3% of the school-level variance in SH scores. Routine assessment of SH can help school psychologists bring attention to this underrecognized problem. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Addressing the ``Replication Crisis'' in Sports Neuropsychology: Validation of the Two-Factor Theory of ImPACT

Abstract Purpose The "replication crisis" in psychology and across the broader field of social sciences raises criticism due to a lack of data to show that esoteric research findings can be replicated. The present study replicated and validated the two-factor “memory” and “speed” structure of ImPACT (Schatz &amp; Maerlender, 2013). Methods High school aged athletes (N=18,918, Mean age=15.4, SD=1.2) who completed pre-season baseline ImPACT testing were randomly assigned to one of 5 independent samples of approximately 3,780 athletes. Exploratory factor analyses (FA) for a two-factor solution were conducted with ImPACT composite scores within each of the five groups. Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) scores were included, with the expectation they would load on a third, unique factor. Results All five samples met assumptions for FA (KMO Measure of Sampling Adequacy above .600), and all five analyses yielded the same “memory” and “speed” two-factor structure. Visual Motor Speed and Reaction Time loaded on the first "Speed" factor and Verbal and Visual Memory loaded on a second "Memory" factor. The PCSS scores loaded on a third, unique “symptom” factor. Conclusion Replication of the two-factor structure for ImPACT in a five large high school sample further validates the model. Given that both visual and verbal memory involve encoding of information presented visually, use of a “memory” factor may improve interpretation of ImPACT scores. Similarly, similarities between constructs measuring speed of responding (Reaction Time) and speed of processing (Visual Motor Processing Speed) may be best explained using a “speed” factor.

Effect of Work Team, School Culture on Decision Making of The Principals of The State High School in Jakarta

The objective of this study is to learn the influence of work team and school culture toward decision making of high school in Jakarta. This study was the quantitative approach, and path analysis method was applied to analyze the data. In this study, principals of state high school have been chosen as a unit analysis and 91 samples of state high school in Jakarta. The results of this study showed that: (1) work teams have a direct positive effect on decision making; (2) school culture has a direct positive effect on decision making. At last, this study suggested that work teams and school culture were important determinants of the principal’s decision making.

Identifying a typology of high schools based on their orientation toward STEM: A latent class analysis of HSLS:09

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the extent that there is a typology of high schools based on their orientation toward science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), as well as the extent to which school‐level demographic variables and student high school outcomes are associated with subgroup membership in the typology, by analyzing data from a large nationally representative sample of high schools (n = 940) from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:09) using latent class analysis (LCA). We used a three‐step LCA approach to identify significantly different subgroups of STEM‐oriented high schools, what covariates predict subgroup membership, and how subgroup membership predicts observed distal outcomes. We find that there are four significantly different subgroups of STEM‐oriented high schools based on their principal's perceptions: Abundant (12.3%), Support (23.3%), Bounded (10.1%), and Comprehensive (54.3%). In addition, we find that these subgroups are associated with school demographics, such as the percent of students eligible for free and reduced‐price lunch, school locale, and control (public or private). Subgroup membership is also associated with student outcomes, such as postsecondary program enrollment and intent to pursue a STEM degree.