Sampling Formula Research Articles

Hubungan Antara Sindrom Nefrotik Resisten Steroid Dengan Gangguan Pertumbuhan Pada Anak

Background: The incidence of nephrotic syndrome is increasing and has been reported to be the second most common disease found in pediatric nephrology. Most children with nephrotic syndrome tend to be picky eaters and have poor appetite due to malabsorption due to intestinal edema and abdominal pain, combined with enteropathic protein loss which can further impair nutrition. In addition, corticosteroid treatment in patients with nephrotic syndrome also has an important role in growth disorders in children that can have a long-term effect and reduce their quality of life if not detected and not intervened early. Aims : to identify the association between steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome and growth retardation in children Methods: This study used a cross-sectional study. The calculation of the sample size used the unpaired categorical analytic formula and purposive sampling method in taking the sample size. The research subjects in this study was 50 patients with nephrotic syndrome. Data analysis was performed using non-parametric statistics testing, Chi-square. Results: The results of the Chi Square test showed a significant value or p value = 0.248 (p> 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is no relationship between steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SNRS) and growth retardation in children. Odds Ratio in this study is 1.962. Conclusion: There is no significant association between steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome and growth disorders in children. Keywords: Nephrotic Syndrome, Growth Retardation

Ride-Hailing Drivers’ Preference for Fairwork Principles of Trustworthy Labour-Platform Management and Greater Worker-Autonomy and Willingness to Form and Join Worker-Platform Co-Operatives in Kenya

Ride-hailing worker-platform co-operatives had emerged as part of and for at least fairwork principles. Moreover, studies on e-drivers have recommended the formation of worker-platform co-operatives in Kenya. The actual worker-platform co-operatives by e-drivers are yet to be established. It was against this backdrop that a study was conducted to determine the extent of ride-hailing drivers’ preference for fairwork principles of trustworthy labour-platform management, greater worker-autonomy and willingness to form and join worker-platform co-operatives. The study was grounded in the social exchange theory, affective theory of social exchange, and utility theory. The researcher applied critical-realism research philosophy and multimethod research designs of discrete choice experiments and sequential explanatory mixed method research designs. Using the Yamane sampling formula, the study used quantitative data from 497 respondents from sampled 600 of the 20,000 e-drivers in the Nairobi Metropolitan Region. The quantitative data was analysed using multinominal logistic regression. Moreover, the study used qualitative data from 11 participants, analysed using thematic analysis. Results indicated that the two fairwork principles were statistically significant to e-drivers’ willingness to form and join worker-platform co-operatives. The trustworthy platform management (TPM) principle, in particular, was a highly preferred fairwork principle in terms of e-drivers’ willingness to form and join worker-platform co-operative model (Coeff=2.62; SE = 0.400, Z = 6.54, p< .001), compared to the greater worker-autonomy contract (GAC) principle (Coeff=1.565, SE = 0.202, Z = 7.74, p< .001). This study brings practical and theoretical contributions to improve the e-drivers’ benefits from the ride-hailing sector. Policymakers, promoters, and platform workers like e-drivers could understand how best to promote worker-platform co-operatives to succeed in the country’s societal context.

Model analysis of private teachers' innovative work behavior improvement after the COVID-19 pandemic

After the COVID-19 pandemic, educational organizations' learning process experienced significant changes, especially related to innovative work behavior. It is undeniable that building innovative work behavior requires strong self-efficacy and organizational commitment and is supported by conducive workplace happiness. This research aims to analyze models for improving the innovative work behavior of private teachers after the COVID-19 pandemic based on self-efficacy, organizational commitment, and workplace happiness. The research model is oriented towards a quantitative causality approach. Data was collected online using a Google form, and a sample of 100 teachers was obtained. Using a purposive sampling formula, the foundation for sample determination is geared toward a non-probability sampling strategy. Instrument tests, normality tests, regression tests, correlation tests, hypothesis tests, and coefficient of determination were all utilized in data analysis. The results of the study demonstrate that innovative work behavior is highly influenced by workplace happiness, organizational commitment, and self-efficacy. According to the study's conclusions, encouraging creative work behavior requires teachers to have the confidence to do so. Furthermore, the psychological state of educators has a significant impact on their ability to generate novel and creative ideas.

Ride-Hailing Drivers' Preferences for Fairwork Principles of Satisfactory Working Conditions and Fair Pay-Profit Distribution and Willingness to Form and Join Worker-Platform Co-Operatives in Kenya

Ride-hailing drivers (e-drivers) are among the platform workers who successfully embrace the worker-platform co-operative model's emergence to counter capitalistic ride-hailing platforms and their complex ecosystems, which align with fairwork principles of pay, condition, contracts and (platform) management. This study was conducted to determine the extent of ride-hailing drivers' preferences for satisfactory working conditions, fair pay-profit distribution and willingness to form and join worker-platform co-operatives in Kenya. The study was grounded in the social exchange theory, affective theory of social exchange, and utility theory. The researcher applied critical-realism research philosophy and multimethod research designs of discrete choice experiments and sequential explanatory mixed method research designs. Using the Yamane sampling formula, the study used quantitative data from 497 respondents from sampled 600 of the 20,000 e-drivers in the Nairobi Metropolitan Region. The quantitative data was analysed using multinominal logistic regression. Moreover, the study used qualitative data from 11 participants, which was analysed using thematic analysis. Results indicated that the two fairwork principles were statistically significant to e-drivers’ willingness to form and join worker-platform co-operatives. fair pay-profits distribution (FPD) principle, in particular, was a highly preferred fairwork principle in terms of e-drivers’ willingness to form and join the worker-platform co-operative model (Coeff=1.564, SE = 0.234, Z = 6.67, p< .001), compared to the satisfactory working conditions (SWC) principle (Coeff=0.783, SE = 0.156, Z = 5.012, p< .001). This study brings practical and theoretical contributions to improve the e-drivers’ benefits from the ride-hailing sector. Policymakers, promoters, and platform workers like e-drivers could understand how best to promote worker-platform co-operatives to succeed in the country’s societal context.

Rapid and sensitive detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin E using a time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatography assay

Staphylococcal food poisoning is a significant foodborne illness caused by staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). Immunoassays have become the primary method for rapidly detecting harmful bacteria and toxins because of their excellent sensitivity and specificity. However, these assays have limitations in that they cannot differentiate between types of SEs and do not provide rapid, on-site, quantitative testing. In this study, a time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatography assay (TRFICA) was developed specifically for detecting staphylococcal enterotoxin E (SEE), which is commonly found in dairy products. Compared with a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which had a detection limit of 0.028 ng/mL, TRFICA demonstrated comparable sensitivity, enabling SEE quantification with a detection limit as low as 0.081 ng/mL in infant formula. Validation by spiking infant formula samples confirmed no cross-reactivity with analogs (recoveries ranged from 93.17% to 128.77%). Furthermore, with an 8-min reaction time and interpretation delivered by a portable TRFICA strip reader, our method demonstrates potential for use in mobile and on-site detection. This study describes a rapid, easy, and reliable method for detecting trace levels of SEE in infant formula, which could serve as an early screening tool toward preventing food poisoning in infants and children.

Corporate Social Responsibility as A Strategic Tool for Sustainable Organizational Image and Development

Corporate social responsibility has becomes so popular that almost every corporate organization applies it to meet communal and corporate needs. However, the existing studies which centre on the influence of corporate social responsibility on Nigerian breweries’ corporate image remain controversial as they could not have any convergent point. Therefore, this study examined the impact of Nigerian breweries’ corporate social responsibility on its corporate image. The study adopted survey design in form of cross-sectional study through systematic random and purposive sampling. The sample size of 370 members of the host community of Nigerian breweries, Ibadan was derived through Taro Yamane’s proportional sampling formula. The Head of the factory’s Corporate Affairs was also purposively selected for qualitative aspect of the study. Two research instruments were used to collect data: self-designed structured questionnaire (a four-point modified Likert scale method) and a structured interview guide. The instruments were validated and subjected to reliability test using Cronbach’s Alpha analysis; a value of 0.81 was obtained. Data obtained were presented and analyzed using simple frequency counts and percentages, and content analysis. Findings reveal that the Nigerian breweries CSR is effective and meticulously implemented; it’s significantly impacts the corporate image of the company positively. It is recommended that certain aspects of the company’s corporate social responsibility should be reconsidered, including road maintaince, housing support programmes and environmental sanitation. It is concluded that Nigerian breweries should strengthen efforts that will sustain its corporate social responsibility programme.

Causes and Effects of Academic Staff Turnover Intentions on Organizational Performance: Comparative Studies on Ambo and Haramaya Universities

The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the causes of academic staff turnover intentions and their impact on the performance of Ambo and Haramaya Universities. The study primarily focused on factors such as socio-demographic characteristics, job satisfaction, compensation, work environment, and leadership style as determinants of academic staff turnover. A stratified sampling method was used to determine the sample population, while a convenience sampling technique was employed to collect data from the sample. Out of a total population of 1,672 academic staff members, a sample size of 143 was determined using Yamane's sampling formula. Of the 143 distributed questionnaires, 133 were returned, with 10 remaining uncollected. Both primary and secondary data sources were utilized, with primary data gathered through questionnaires. The research was designed as a descriptive and explanatory study to both describe relevant statistical data and explain the causes and effects observed in the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, and numerical values, as well as inferential statistics, such as correlation analyses and multiple regression models. University performance was measured through various indicators, including stakeholder engagement and satisfaction, revenue generation from business entities, quality of education, research and community services, the expansion of universities with modern facilities, and the number of academic programs offered. The findings revealed that the causes of academic staff turnover have a positive relationship with university performance, while turnover itself has a negative relationship with university performance. This implies that if universities effectively manage the causes of academic staff turnover, their overall performance is likely to improve.

Experimental and Theoretical Study on Surface Reactivity and CO Generation Mechanism of Bituminous Coal during Room-Temperature Oxidation.

To investigate the evolution of the microscopic chemical structure during the oxidation of bituminous coal at room temperature (25 °C) and infer the formation mechanism of carbon monoxide (CO), a self-designed closed-system coal oxidation experimental setup was employed to measure the CO generation from three bituminous coal samples [Duanwang (DW), Linsheng (LS), and Kunning (KN)]. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to determine the structures and contents of different carbon atoms and surface elemental compositions and chemical states of the coal samples. Molecular models were constructed on the basis of the experimental data, and reactive force field pyrolysis simulation was used to trace the carbon atoms in the generated CO molecules. In combination with the results of interactive Mantel correlation analysis on the Fourier transform infrared experimental data of coal samples oxidized at room temperature for 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h, the main functional groups, structures, and evolution of coal involved in CO formation during normal temperature oxidation were determined. The constructed molecular formulas for the coal samples were C154H122O28N2S for DW, C145H114O16N2S2 for LS, and C155H92O16N2S for KN. The formation of CO was related to the transformation of carbonyl (C═O), phenolic hydroxyl (-OH), ether (C-O-C), aromatic, and aliphatic structures in the coal.

Imperatives of Small-Scale Businesses and Employment Generation in Uyo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom state

The study investigated the relationship between small scale enterprises and employments generation in Uyo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State. A cross-sectional survey research method was adopted for the study. A sample of 361 respondents was drawn from the population of 3725 using Taro Yamane’s scientific sampling formula. For the objectives of the study to be achieved, three hypotheses were formulated and tested. The study utilized structured questionnaire as a major instrument for data collection. 361 questionnaire were distributed and 334 were returned in useable form. Data collected were analyzed using simple percentage and regression. The results of the regression analysis indicated positive relationship between the variables of small scale enterprises and employment generation in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. It was recommended that; there should be simplified loan application processes and reduced collateral requirements for small scale enterprises to encourage access to funding, there should be government policies that promote and ensure regular maintenance of existing infrastructure to prevent deterioration and reduce disruptions to business operations, and there should be development of entrepreneurship and business management training programs tailored for small scale enterprise owners, covering essential skills like book-keeping, marketing and customer service.

The Relationship Between the Physical Condition of Water (Taste, Smell, Color) and Complaints of Skin Diseases in Simalingkar B Village

The physical condition of unclean water can cause skin disorders this is because unclean water is polluted by physical particles, pathogenic microorganisms, and harmful chemicals can cause various skin diseases. the study aims to determine the relationship between the physical condition of water (color, smell, taste) with complaints of skin disease disorders in Simalingkar B Village. In this study using quantitative methods with a cross sectional design. The population in this study was people who used well water, obtained 2,531 families using well water with sampling using the purposive sample formula so that 93 families were sampled for this study. The results of the study showed a relationship between the physical condition of water (taste, odor, color) with complaints of skin disorders in Simalingkar B Village with the results of statistical tests obtained p value 0.029 or <0.05, meaning that at 5% alpha indicates a relationship between the quality of clean water with the incidence of scabies in Simalingkar B Village. Obtained OR value = 2.815 which indicates that respondents who have a water source with physical quality of clean water that does not meet the requirements have a risk of 2.815 times to suffer from skin disorders compared to respondents who have a water source with physical quality of clean water that meets the requirements. The government and community can work together to establish clean water reservoirs to prevent skin diseases in Simalingkar B Kelurahan.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI MINAT MENGGUNAKAN E-WALLET (OVO) PADA MASYARAKAT DI KOTA MALANG

This research was conducted to determine the factors that influence the OVO E Wallet in the community in Malang City. The method used is a quantitative method with primary data taken using a questionnaire. This research used a sample of 172 respondents who were selected using the lemmeshow formula and purposive sampling technique. The population of this research is the community of OVO E-Wallet users in Malang City. The data was processed using multiple linear regression analysis methods. The research results show that perceived convenience (X1) has a positive and significant effect on interest in using (Y), perception of usefulness (X2) has a positive and significant effect on interest in using (Y), income (X3) has a positive and significant effect on interest in using (Y) , Age (X4) has a positive and significant effect on interest in using (Y) and education level (X5) has a negative and significant effect on interest in using (Y).

Influence of Financial Intermediation on Sustainability of Youth Owned Enterprises in Western region, Kenya

Purpose: Despite the challenges besetting youth-owned enterprises in accessing funds from sources such as YEDF, county youth funds, Uwezo Fund, and Women Enterprise Fund, the financial sustainability of the enterprise remains an issue. This research investigates the influence of financial intermediation on sustainable youth-owned enterprises in Western Kenya. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research adapted a pragmatic approach and descriptive survey design based on the framed financial intermediation theory. It focused on chairpersons or owners of 443 registered youth-owned enterprises within Kakamega, Vihiga, Busia, and Bungoma counties and used Taro Yamane’s proportional sampling formula to arrive at 210 respondents. Both structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data, while financial data was obtained from secondary data sheets. Data analysis was done using SPSS (version 23) with descriptive and inferential statistics, and tables were used to present the results. Findings: The results of linear regression analysis revealed that financial intermediation (β = 0. 629) had a positive and significant (P≤0.001) relationship with sustainability. Implications/Originality/Value: Findings reveal that financial intermediation exerts a considerable influence on the survival of start-ups and businesses owned and operated by youth. This exploration appropriates financing policies, partnerships, financial training, risk management, planning services, networking, and capacities for enhancing sustainability.

The Impact of Work Environment and Work Stress toward Turnover Intention at Discovery Kartika Plaza Hotel Bali

The aim of this study is to determine how the work environment and work stress impact turnover intention. The study was conducted at Discovery Kartika Plaza Hotel Bali, with a sample of 79 respondents. Slovin's formula and stratified random sampling were used to collect the sample. Data were gathered through questionnaires distributed to all employees of Discovery Kartika Plaza Hotel. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression analysis, classical assumption tests, t-tests, F-tests, and the coefficient of determination. All these techniques were processed using SPSS version 26 for Windows. The results showed that the work environment variable (X1) and the work stress variable (X2) had a positive and significant partial effect on turnover intention, with a calculated t-value greater than the t-table value, namely 3.243, which is greater than 1.665, and a significance value α = 0.002 < 0.05. This study indicates that the work environment (X1) and work stress variable (X2) have a positive partial and simultaneous effect on employees' turnover intention at Discovery Kartika Plaza Hotel Bali. In other words, the worse the work environment and the higher the work stress, the greater the employees' desire to leave the hotel. Hotel management should pay attention to the quality of their work environment and strive to reduce existing stress in the workplace.

Effect of In Vitro Digestion on Bioactive Peptides Related to Immune and Gut Health in Intact Cow's Milk and Hydrolyzed Protein-Based Infant Formulas.

Background/Objectives: Human milk is the optimal source of nutrition and protection against infection for infants. If breastfeeding is not possible, standard and hydrolyzed infant formulas (IF) are an alternative. Extensively hydrolyzed IFs (eHFs) contain bioactive peptides, but their activities have rarely been evaluated. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the bioactive peptide profiles of different eHFs and standard IFs before and after in vitro digestion. Methods: Two forms, liquid and powder, of intact protein formula (iPF) and eHF were subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, mimicking a young infant's gut (age 0-4 months) and an older infant's gut (>6 months). Bioactive peptides of in vitro digested and undigested formulas were analysed with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: In all samples, a variety of peptides with potential bioactive properties were found. Immuno-regulatory peptides, followed by antimicrobial and antioxidative peptides were most frequent, as were peptides promoting wound healing, increasing mucin secretion, regulating cholesterol metabolism, and preventing bacterial infection. Peptides typically found in yoghurt and colostrum were identified in some formula samples. Conclusions: The high amounts of bioactive peptides with various properties in eHFs and iPFs indicate a possible contribution to infection protection, healthy gut microbiomes, and immunological development of infants. eHFs showed similar compositions of bioactive peptides to iPFs, with intermittently increased peptide variety and quantity.

The effect of personality type, audit firm size and age on the professional judgment of Iraqi auditors

Purpose This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the professional judgment of auditors in Iraq (personality type, audit firm size and age). Design/methodology/approach The statistical population includes 1,750 participants, and the sample size was determined to be 309 participants using Cochran’s sampling formula. The required data has been collected through a questionnaire. Regression factor analysis, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, t and Friedman(f) tests were used to analyze the variables and examine their relationships. Findings The results show a significant relationship between neuroticism, extroversion, flexibility, agreeableness and conscientiousness and auditors’ professional judgment. No relationship was observed between the size of the auditing firm and professional judgment. The results also showed a significant relationship between seniority and auditors’ professional judgment. Originality/value This study will help increase the knowledge of investors and regulators, providing information to researchers and those interested in auditors’ professional judgment. It can also be a starting point for research in this field. This research investigates the auditor characteristics, including personality traits of auditors, audit firms’ size and age and their impact on auditors’ professional judgment.

The Influence of Managerial Communication, Workload, and Compensation on Turnover Intention with Job Satisfaction as a Mediation Variable on XYZ Insurance Employees in Tangerang

This study aims to determine the influence of managerial communication, workload, and compensation on turnover intention, with job satisfaction serving as a mediating variable. The study was conducted at the XYZ Insurance office in Tangerang, involving 138 employees, with sample size determined using the Krejcie-Morgan formula and purposive sampling method. Data was collected through questionnaires distributed via Google Forms, containing 40 questions with 1-5 Likert scale. The data was analyzed using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. The results indicate that managerial communication, workload, and compensation negatively affect turnover intention among XYZ Insurance employees. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that job satisfaction mediates the relationship between managerial communication, workload, and compensation on turnover intention.

Pengaruh Self-Efficacy, Tekanan Ketaatan, Kompleksitas Tugas dan Pengalaman Auditor Terhadap Audit Judgment pada BPK RI Perwakilan Provinsi Jawa Timur

The research aims to know the impact of self-efficacy, obedience pressure, task complexity and auditor’s experience to audit judgment and was conducted at the BPK Representative of east java. using a quantitative approach and involved a sample of 62 auditors selected through basic purposive sampling and Slovin formula. Data analysis relied on Partial Least Square (PLS) software. The result of this research reveal that self-efficacy and auditor’s experience is have a positive effect to audit judgment. This is because an auditor who has a good level of self-confidence and experience will find it easier to face existing challenges. Meanwhile obedience pressure and task complecity has no effect to audit judgment. This is because an auditor, when feeling under pressure or facing a variety of tasks, always maintains his independence. Because in the State Financial Audit Standards relating to audit work, they must be free in attitude, mentality and appearance from personal and organizational interference that can affect their independence.

Overview of Nutritional Status of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Who Undergoing Hemodialisis

Patients undergoing hemodialysis for a period of more than 3 years tend to experience malnutrition due to inadequate food intake, diseases of the digestive tract, eating restrictions, drugs that cause impaired nutrient absorption, inadequate dialysis, and comorbidities. This study aimed to determine the relationship between nutritional status and the quality of life of chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis in Palu. This study used a quasy experiment design to determine the the 2-mean difference test.. The sample formula determined the number of samples to test the hypothesis on the average of two populations with 100 respondents. This study was carried out in 2 hemodialysis units in Palu. The samples involved in this study were selected by simple random sampling. The KDQOL SF-36 is used to measure quality of life, whereas the malnutrition inflammation score is employed in the questionnaire used to assess nutritional status. The results of this study show that most respondents are in the age range of > 55 years, with 60 people (60%); are female, with 48 people (48%). 48% have a poor quality of life, and 52% have a good quality of life. The p-value for MIS is 0.001, so it can be concluded that at 5% alpha, there is a significant difference between the malnutrition inflammation score before and after education, while there is no significant difference for quality of life and kt/v values. There is an influence of health education on patient nutrition, there is no influence of health education using the KADOic application on quality of life and kt/v.

Correlation of Parenting Styles and Oral Health Behavior of Children with Down Syndrome in Banjarmasin

Background: Parental, Down syndrome is a trisomy chromosomal genetic disorder that leads newborn child having more than one chromosome so that could interfere the normal growth of the body due to an excess of protein level. Children with Down syndrome have different oral health problems compared to the general population. They need assistance to maintain their oral health because of mental and physical deficiencies as well as limitations in optimally cleaning their teeth. Objective: To analyze the relationship between parenting styles and oral health behavior of children with Down syndrome in Banjarmasin Special Needs School, Indonesia. Materials and Method: This is an observational analytic study with cross-sectional approach. Sample was taken using simple random sampling technique and a cross-sectional sample formula obtained for 32 respondents. The instrument used a parenting style questionnaire and a behavioral modification questionnaire for children's oral health. Results: Democratic (87.5%) compared switch order parenting styles. It was found that there were more children with Down syndrome in the category of moderate behavior (59%) than children with good behavior (38%) and poor behavior (3%). The results of the Somers'd test data analysis obtained a significance value of 0.034 (p<0.05) and the correlation value obtained was 0.571, which means that the correlation strength is moderate with a positive correlation direction (unidirectional). Conclusion: The more democratic the parents use as parenting style the better the oral health behavior of children with Down syndrome will be.

A method validation of determination of melamine in marketed infant formula and milk powder of Iran

Melamine is a recognized food contaminant that can arise incidentally or intentionally in specific categories of food. This study aimed to validate the melamine detection and quantification in infant formula and milk powders and also analyzed 40 samples consist of infant formula and milk powders from commercially available food products, from different geographic regions of Iran. The approximate content of melamine in samples was measured by High-performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet (HPLC–UV) system. A calibration curve (R2 = 0.9925) was established for detection of melamine in the range of 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1. Limit of quantification and limit of detection were 1 μg mL−1 and 3 μg mL−1, respectively. The presence of melamine in infant formula and milk powdered was investigated and it was observed that the amount of melamine in samples of infant formulas and milk powders was 0.001–0.095 mg kg−1 and 0.001–0.004 mg kg−1, respectively. These values were found to be within the prescribed limits by the European Union and Codex Alimentarius Commission legislation. It is important to note that the consumption of these dairy products, which contain low content of melamine, does not pose any significant threat to consumer health. Furthermore, the results of the risk assessment confirmed this issue.