Airborne Particulate Matter Samples Research Articles

Continuous ion beam-induced luminescence (IBIL) spectroscopy of air-borne particulate matter hourly collected from the atmosphere

We investigated the applicability of Ion Beam Induced Luminescence (IBIL) analysis for identifying biological components in sequentially collected airborne particulate matter (PM) samples obtained using the automated sampler. A series of micro-IBIL spectroscopies were performed on a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) membrane tape filter from the Atmospheric Environmental Regional Observation System (AEROS) during a highly concentrated air pollution event on 26–27 March 2020, collected at Ota, Japan (36.290°n, 139.381°e) using an external 3 MeV proton microprobe. IBIL at typical wavelengths associated with organic compounds such as NADH and riboflavin were identified through the series of IBIL analyses, which is a key factor for identifying existence of organic pollutions, or bioaerosols. The decay times of the IBIL indicate that the peak measured is due to organic compounds rather than inorganic particles or ambient substances. These results suggest that micro-IBIL spectroscopy can be used to identify bioaerosols in hourly collected AEROS PTFE membrane tape filters taken from the atmosphere.

Evaluating IMPROVE PM2.5 element measurements

ABSTRACT The Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network has collected airborne particulate matter (PM) samples at locations throughout the United States since 1988 and provided chemical speciation measurements on the samples using several techniques including X-ray fluorescence (XRF). New XRF instruments for measuring PM elemental content of IMPROVE samples were introduced in 2011. To evaluate the performance of these new instruments relative to the old instruments, archived sample from three IMPROVE monitoring sites were retrieved and analyzed on the new instruments. The agreement between the two instruments varied by element. Comparisons of the results were very good (slopes within 10% of unity) for most elements regularly measured well above the detection limits (sulfur, chlorine, potassium, titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, lead). Different particle compositions at the three sites highlighted different measurement interferences. High sea salt concentrations at the coastal site emphasized corrections applied in the old systems to light elements – sodium and magnesium – and resulted in poor agreement for these elements. Comparisons of the XRF measurements with collocated sulfate measurements by ion chromatography suggest that sulfur measurements from the new instruments are more precise but slight underestimates. Comparing elemental ratios to expected ratios for soil-derived PM demonstrate the new instruments are better at resolving the aluminum and silicon peaks. Implications: The presented work represents a comprehensive analysis of the method change enacted within the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) air monitoring network. This work describes the implications of the last change in elemental quantification methodology. The most important point for data users performing longitudinal analyses is that light elements (e.g., sodium – sulfur) were affected; the old instrumentation overestimated these elements while the current measurements are slightly underestimated. The authors recommend these results to be taken into consideration when interpreting sea salt and crustal sources of atmospheric dust.

Evaluating PM2.5 element concentration measurements for a nationwide monitoring network

ABSTRACT Particulate matter (PM) concentrations have decreased dramatically over the past 20 years, thus lower method detection limits (MDL) are required for these measurements. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is used to quantify multiple elements simultaneously in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Chemical Speciation Network (CSN). Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is an alternative analysis with lower MDL for elements. Here, we present a side-by-side comparison of XRF and ICP-MS for elements in PM2.5 samples collected via the EPA’s CSN. For ICP-MS, a simple extraction and ICP-MS analysis technique was applied to a wide variety of samples to minimize effort and cost and serve as a feasibility test for a large monitoring network. Filter samples (N = 549) from various urban locations across the US were analyzed first analyzed via XRF at UC Davis and then ICP-MS at RTI International. Both methods measured 29 of the same elements out of the 33 usually reported to CSN. Of these 29, 14 elements (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb) were found to be frequently detected (i.e. had more than 10% of values above both XRF and ICP-MS MDL). ICP-MS was found to have lower MDL for 26 out of 29 elements, namely Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, Ce, Pb; conversely, XRF had lower MDL for 3 elements, namely, P, K, Zn. Intra-method quality checks using (1) inter-elemental inspection of scatter plots using a priori knowledge of element sources and (2) scatter plots of routine versus collocated measurements reveal that ICP-MS exhibits better measurement precision. Lower detection limits for element measurements in nationwide PM monitoring networks would benefit human-health and source apportionment research. Implications: We demonstrate that ICP-MS with adilute-acid digestion method would significantly improve the element detection rates and thus be avaluable addition to the current analysis techniques for airborne PM samples in anationwide monitoring network. In this paper, we show that a hybrid method of elemental analysis for airborne particulate matter (PM) would significantly improve the detection rates for elements in PM. This would be a valuable addition to the current analysis techniques for airborne PM samples in nationwide and other large-scale monitoring networks, such as the EPA’s Chemical Speciation Network (CSN). The techniques explored in this study (i.e., X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy or XRF and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry or ICP-MS) are relevant to the PM monitoring and regulatory community audience of JAWMA, especially agencies and states that are already involved in CSN. In addition, our results outline considerations that give insight on factors to consider for other large-scale and long-term ambient air monitoring efforts.

Characterization of hourly-collected airborne particulate matters from an automated sampling unit of the atmospheric environmental regional observation system by in-air micro-PIXE analysis

We investigated element composition ratios in two sets of sequentially collected airborne particulate matter (PM) samples obtained through the automatic sampler of the Atmospheric Environmental Regional Observation System (AEROS). A series of micro-PIXE analyses and imaging were performed on a PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) membrane tape filter corresponding to two hourly time slots through a high-concentration air pollution event from 26th to 27th March 2020 sampled at Ota, Japan (36.290° N, 139.381° E) by utilizing an external 3 MeV proton microprobe. Latent variables of sequentially collected PM samples were analyzed by the non-linear least square method and classified by those clustering driven by house-made data analysis software. Micro-PIXE imaging effectively confirmed the presence of large elemental agglomerations on the PTFE membrane tape filter of AEROS that often appeared as outliners in data analysis.

Assessment and sources identification of air quality pollution in Klang Valley, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Air quality pollution increases a research interest due to its importance ininfluencing weather and temperature, restricting visibility and causing harmful effects on human health. Samples of airborne particulate matter (APM) were collected weekly during the period from 2018 to 2020 at Klang Valley, Kuala Lumpur. The samples were collected using a Gent stacked filter sampler in two fractions particulate matter PM2.5 (PM2.5 – size of particulate < 2.5 μm) and particulate matter PM10 (PM10 – size of particulate 2.5 – 10 μm). 100 pairs of APM samples were analysed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) for their elemental composition. The analysis result of air quality in Klang Valley, Kuala Lumpur, for an average mass concentration of PM2.5 (26.8 μg/m3) and PM10 (44.8 μg/m3) were higher compared to the interim value of Malaysian ambient air quality standard 2020 (MAAQS-2020) (PM2.5 = 15.0 μg/m3; PM10 = 40.0μg/m3). The results showed the possible sources of air pollution in the Klang Valley contributed by biomass burning/smoke (31.6%), soil dust (10.3%), industries (8.4%), motor vehicles (7.1%), sea spray (6.3%) and secondary sulphate (5.5%).

SARS-CoV-2 and other airborne respiratory viruses in outdoor aerosols in three Swiss cities before and during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been affecting the world since the end of 2019. While virus-laden particles have been commonly detected and studied in the aerosol samples from indoor healthcare settings, studies are scarce on air surveillance of the virus in outdoor non-healthcare environments, including the correlations between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses, between viruses and environmental factors, and between viruses and human behavior changes due to the public health measures against COVID-19. Therefore, in this study, we collected airborne particulate matter (PM) samples from November 2019 to April 2020 in Bern, Lugano, and Zurich. Among 14 detected viruses, influenza A, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-229E were abundant in air. SARS-CoV-2 and enterovirus were moderately common, while the remaining viruses occurred only in low concentrations. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in PM10 (PM below 10µm) samples of Bern and Zurich, and PM2.5 (PM below 2.5µm) samples of Bern which exhibited a concentration positively correlated with the local COVID-19 case number. The concentration was also correlated with the concentration of enterovirus which raised the concern of coinfection. The estimated COVID-19 infection risks of an hour exposure at these two sites were generally low but still cannot be neglected. Our study demonstrated the potential functionality of outdoor air surveillance of airborne respiratory viruses, especially at transportation hubs and traffic arteries.

Neutron Activation Analysis in Urban Geochemistry: Impact of Traffic Intensification after Opening the Blanka Tunnel Complex in Prague

Opening of the Blanka Tunnel Complex (BTC) in Prague, Czech Republic, the longest city tunnel in Europe, significantly increased traffic on a connected main road, the V Holešovičkách street (VHS). To study environmental changes in VHS connected with BTC opening, sampling of road dust and airborne particulate matter in the VHS vicinity started 3 years before BTC opening and continued until BTC pilot operation. The enrichment factors calculated for the collected samples from elemental compositions determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) have shown significant enrichment for Se, Sb, Hg, Br, Mo, Zn, As, W, Cr, Ba, and Fe, but not their increase after starting BTC operation. The Principal Component Analysis allowed distinguishing between detrital and anthropogenic, probably traffic related, origin of the elements determined in samples. The study demonstrated a potential of INAA for multielement trace analysis of minute samples (28 elements determined in samples down to 20 μg, with detection limits down to sub-ng level) and its application in urban geochemistry studies.

Assessment of Water Soluble Ionic Composition of Respirable Particulates from the Coastal Region, Gandhidham-Kachchh, Gujarat, India

Gaseous pollutants serve as precursors of ionic particles in the atmospheric environment, thus their control is necessitated along with the particulate with special reference to soluble ions. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of Particulate Matter (PM10) associated Water-Soluble Ions (WSI) on the ambient air concentration. In total 134 airborne particulate matter (PM10) samples were collected from 11 stations from January to December in and around Gandhidham, Gujarat, India. Monthly sampling was carried out by the Respirable Dust Sampler (RDS) on 24 hr basis. The samples were subjected to chemical analyses for estimating water-soluble ions. The PM10 concentration in the analyzed samples ranged from 29 to 401 µg/m3. The amount of Na+, Ca2+ and K+ varied from 0.04 to 8.43 µg/m3, Below Detection Level (BDL) to 12.25 µg/m3, and 0.09 to 3.49 µg/m3, respectively following flame photometer method. The anions SO 2-, NO - and Cl- ranged from 0.31 to 3.68 µg/m3, 0.39 to 32.47 µg/m3, and 4.03 to 54.08 µg/m3, respectively. Higher concentrations were reported for all the ions during winter. From the results, it is evident that secondary anthropogenic aerosols, natural mineral aerosols and mixed sea salt contributed to higher ionic concentrations in the air.

A Year-Round Measurement of Water-Soluble Trace and Rare Earth Elements in Arctic Aerosol: Possible Inorganic Tracers of Specific Events

This study presents the year-round variability of the water-soluble fraction of trace elements (wsTE) and rare earth elements (wsREE) among size segregated airborne particulate matter samples collected at Ny-Ålesund in the Svalbard Archipelago from 26 February 2018 to 26 February 2019. Six different aerosol dimensional fractions were collected using a multi-stage Andersen impactor to better understand local and global circulation with the aim of disentangling the source of inorganic tracers from specific natural or anthropogenic sources. The wsTE and wsREE content, especially in the finest fractions in remote areas, is primarily related to long-range transport and it gives valuable information on (1) the global circulation, (2) the natural sources and (3) the contribution of human activities to aerosol composition. A Factor Analysis was applied to the dataset, including levoglucosan and methanesulfonic acid (MSA), to assess the possibility of using certain inorganic tracers as indicators of specific transport events or circulation regimes. We also investigate back-trajectories to determine potential source areas.

Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Airborne Particulate Matter Samples by Gas Chromatography in Combination with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS).

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the family of organic contaminations, have been shown to have negative effects on human health. However, until now, the comprehension on occurrence, distribution, and risk assessment of human exposure to PAHs has been limited in Vietnam. In this work, a capillary gas chromatography coupled with electron impact ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS/MS) has been introduced for analysis of 16 PAHs in some particulate matter samples. PAHs have been separated on the TG 5 ms capillary gas chromatographic column and detected by tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The PAHs in the particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10) samples were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted liquid extraction and cleaned up by an acidic silica gel solid phase extraction. The linearity range of all analyzed PAHs was from 5 to 2000 ng mL−1 with R2 ≥0.9990. Limit of detection (LOD) of PAHs in particulate matter sample was from 0.001 ng m−3 (Br-Naph) to 0.276 ng m−3 (Fln). The recovery of PAHs was investigated by international proficiency testing samples. The recoveries of PAHs in proficiency testing sample ranged from 79.3% (Chr) to 109.8% (IcdP). The in-house validated GC-EI-MS/MS method was then applied to analysis of some particulate matter samples that were collected in the Hanoi areas. The total concentrations of PAHs in several brands of samples collected from Hanoi were found in the range of 226.3 ng m−3–706.43 ng m−3. Among the studied compounds, naphthalene was found at high frequency and ranged from 106.5 ng m−3 to 631.1 ng m−3. The main distribution of the PAHs in particulate matter samples was two-ring and three-ring compounds.

Airborne particulate matters induce thrombopoiesis from megakaryocytes through regulating mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation

BackgroundAlthough airborne fine particulate matter (PM) pollution has been demonstrated as an independent risk factor for pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, their currently-available toxicological data is still far from sufficient to explain the cause-and-effect. Platelets can regulate a variety of physiological and pathological processes, and the epidemiological study has indicated a positive association between PM exposure and the increased number of circulative platelets. As one of the target organs for PM pollution, the lung has been found to be involved in the storage of platelet progenitor cells (i.e. megakaryocytes) and thrombopoiesis. Whether PM exposure influences thrombopoiesis or not is thus explored in the present study by investigating the differentiation of megakaryocytes upon PM treatment.ResultsThe results showed that PM exposure promoted the thrombopoiesis in an exposure concentration-dependent manner. PM exposure induced the megakaryocytic maturation and development by causing cell morphological changes, occurrence of DNA ploidy, and alteration in the expressions of biomarkers for platelet formation. The proteomics assay demonstrated that the main metabolic pathway regulating PM-incurred alteration of megakaryocytic maturation and thrombopoiesis was the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process. Furthermore, airborne PM sample promoted-thrombopoiesis from megakaryocytes was related to particle size, but independent of sampling filters.ConclusionThe findings for the first time unveil the potential perturbation of haze exposure in thrombopoiesis from megakaryocytes by regulating mitochondrial OXPHOS. The substantial evidence on haze particle-incurred hematotoxicity obtained herein provided new insights for assessing the hazardous health risks from PM pollution.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulate matter samples from Hanoi, Vietnam: Particle size distribution, aryl hydrocarbon ligand receptor activity, and implication for cancer risk assessment

Concentrations and profiles of unsubstituted and methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs and Me-PAHs) were analyzed in airborne particulate matter (PM) samples collected from high-traffic roads in Hanoi urban area. Levels of PAHs and Me-PAHs ranged from 210 to 660 (average 420) ng/m3 in total PM, and these pollutants were mainly associated with fine particles (PM2.5) rather than coarser ones (PM > 10 and PM10). Proportions of high-molecular-weight compounds (i.e., 5- and 6-ring) increased with decreasing particle size. Benzo[b+k]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and benzo[ghi]perylene were the most predominant compounds in the PM2.5 samples. In all the samples, Me-PAHs were less abundant than unsubstituted PAHs. The PAH-CALUX assays were applied to evaluate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand activities in crude extracts and different fractions from the PM samples. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalents (BaP-EQs) derived by the PAH-CALUX assays for low polar fractions (mainly PAHs and Me-PAHs) ranged from 300 to 840 ng/m3, which were more consistent with theoretical values derived by using PAH-CALUX relative potencies (270–710 ng/m3) rather than conventional toxic equivalency factor-based values (22–69 ng/m3). Concentrations of PAHs and Me-PAHs highly correlated with bioassay-derived BaP-EQs. AhR-mediated activities of more polar compounds and interaction effects between PAH-related compounds were observed. By using PAH-CALUX BaP-EQs, the ILCR values ranged from 1.0 × 10−4 to 2.8 × 10−4 for adults and from 6.4 × 10−5 to 1.8 × 10−4 for children. Underestimation of cancer risk can be eliminated by using effect-directed method (e.g., PAH-CALUX) rather than chemical-specific approach.

Temporal variations of PM2.5-bound platinum group elements in outdoor and indoor environments close to areas with traffic congestion

Every city in the world faces pollution problems caused by traffic congestion almost every day. Platinum group elements (PGE) have been accumulating in the urban environment as catalytic converters for automobile exhaust emissions control. This study aims to determine the temporal variations of airborne particulate matter (PM)-bound PGE [Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh)] in areas close to traffic congestion hotspots. Compared with the morning peak time, the concentrations of Pt, Pd, and Rh in outdoor airborne PM samples (PM2.5) collected in winter during the evening peak time increased by 35.03%, 37.45% and 75.47%, respectively, and the corresponding indoor environment was 9.33%, 6.93% and 71.36%, respectively. Significant temporal variations of PM2.5-bound Pt, Pd, and Rh concentrations were observed during the time period of the Spring Festival. From before to during the Spring Festival, the outdoor environment Pt, Pd, and Rh concentrations sharply decreased by 172.1%, 14.72% and 22.96%, respectively, while the indoor environment decreased by 228.0%, 300.6% and 129.5%, respectively. From a seasonal perspective, among PM2.5 collected from the outdoor environment, PGE concentrations are the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. The temporal variation of the ratios (Pt/Pd, Pt/Rh, and Pd/Rh) indicates that PM2.5-bound Pd concentration increased in the vicinity of traffic congestion. Further, the increased diesel-based trucks with Pt-dominant catalytic converters may contribute to PM2.5-bound Pt detected in the autumn and winter of the alpine area (e.g. Harbin).

Assessment of ambient aerosol sources in two important Atlantic Rain Forest hotspots in the surroundings of a megacity

Between 2010 and 2015, an assessment of ambient aerosol sources was carried in two unique fragments of the Atlantic Rain Forest in the surroundings of the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro (MRRJ). Airborne particulate matter samples were collected at Serra dos Órgãos National Park (43°04′42.1″W and 22°29′16.9″S) and Mário Xavier National Forest (43°42′21.8″W and 22°43′21.7″S). At the former site, PM10 samples were collected, while at the latter TSP samples were collected due to a particular interest on the preservation of an endangered endemic species of tree frog (Physalaemus soaresi). Elemental composition, inorganic and organic water-soluble compounds were analyzed along with local meteorology variables in order to provide the most relevant variables for particulate matter prediction and its potential sources. For TSP, the main predictors were NO3− >Mn >Rad (Global radiation) >Ca2+ >Precipitation >Mg 2+. For PM 10, the main predictors were Gust (Gust wind speed) >NO 3− >Ca2+ >Zn >Cu >Ti. Furthermore, trends in the particulate matter were analyzed considering the prevailing winds and sources were evaluated whether intermittent or continuous, using the conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF). With the use of CBPF, recent developed machine learning algorithms (Conditional inference trees – CIT, and Random Forests using a conditional inference framework), and other standard data analysis techniques tuned for air quality exercises, we provide an example case for planning and evaluation of environmental risk assessment by stakeholders.

Particle-induced oxidative damage by indoor size-segregated particulate matter from coal-burning homes in the Xuanwei lung cancer epidemic area, Yunnan Province, China

Size-segregated samples of airborne particulate matter were collected at the coal-burning homes of the Hutou high lung cancer epidemic village and a comparison site Xize village of the Xuanwei County, Yuanan Province, by an Anderson Cascade Impact Sampler in winter and spring to study the toxicological characteristics of different-sized particles. The DNA damage caused by the water-soluble fractions of these size-segregated particles was analyzed by the plasmid scission assay, and the trace element compositions were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The DNA damage rate from the airborne particles in the high lung cancer incidence area was higher than that in Xize village. The different-sized particles have highly varying DNA damage rates, with the values being greater in the small size range than in the large size range. The particle-induced DNA damage rates had a significantly positive correlation with total water-soluble trace elements. Further analysis of the individual elements indicated that the water-soluble heavy metals Zn, Cu, Cd, Rb, Cs, and Sb had a positive correlation with the particle-induced DNA damage, implying that these water-soluble heavy metals played an important role in the DNA damage. The Sr had a negative correlation with the particle-induced DNA damage, suggesting that the water-soluble Sr might counter DNA damage. The mass concentrations of the total and individual water-soluble trace elements were mostly enriched in the small particle size ranges, thus implying the indoor airborne particles in the small size ranges would have a higher health risk.

Health risk assessment of heavy metals associated with Coarse and Quasi-accumulative airborne particulate matter in Mumbai City situated on the Western Coast of India

The present study investigates the concentration of airborne particulate matter (APM) for Coarse (>PM2.5, ) to Quasi accumulating (QAC) sizes (PM2.5−1.0, PM1.0−0.5, and PM0.5−0.25 μm). APM samples were collected using a four-stage cascade impactor (Suitos) from a heavy traffic area of Mumbai on the Western Coast of India. Particulate samples were also analyzed for seven heavy metals i.e. Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn) using Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The total concentration of coarse particles and quasi-accumulating (QAC) ranged from 78.02 μg/m3 to 106.32 μg/m3 and 23.91 μg/m3 to 68.49 μg/m3 during the study period. The concentration of seven heavy metals associated with Coarse to (QAC) ranged from 0.45 μg/m3 to 33.40 μg/m3. Metals such as Fe, Cr, Mn, Cu, and Ni majorly contributed in coarse size while Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn were found majorly in quasi-accumulating size particles. Among seven analyzed metals Fe comprised the highest concentration with a percentage 15.33%, while Cr was found in a minimum concentration of 0.21%. Calculated Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) revealed that Ingestion and Dermal contact were the major exposure pathways in humans. HI values for heavy metals were below 1 in children and adults indicating that these have non-carcinogenic risks. Cancer risk assessment for Cr and Ni in children and adults were also found to be below the acceptable limit indicating safe levels of the above mentioned particulate matter in the area selected for study.

Bioaccessiblity and exposure assessment of PM2.5- and PM10-bound rare earth elements in Oil City, Northeast China

In this study, an in vitro method was used to simulate lung fluids [Artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) and Gamble’s solution (GS)] to assess how the bioaccessibility of rare earth elements (REEs) in airborne particulate matter (PM) affects human health. Airborne PM samples (PM10 and PM2.5) were collected in Daqing in Northeast China. The bioaccessible proportions determined for REEs in PM10 and PM2.5 had high variability, which can be attributable to the heterogenic feature of airborne PM and its components, as well as sampling time. Overall, the bioaccessiblity of the REEs in the airborne PM samples was time-dependent. The bioaccessiblity of the REEs varied in PM with different sizes, and it was an order of magnitude higher in ALF than in GS. During both heavy and light pollution, the bioaccessiblity of the REEs in PM2.5 was higher than in PM10 after 24 h of ALF extraction, whereas bioaccessiblity of the REEs in GS followed the opposite trend. The REEs associated with airborne PM had much greater bioaccessiblity as the exposure time increased. The results of this study emphasize the necessity of conducting bioaccessibility experiments with field samples for the proper evaluation of human health risks.

Assessment of Urban Air Quality in Indonesia

ABSTRACT This study assessed the urban air quality in 16 large Indonesian cities on the islands of Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua from 2010 till 2017. 24-h samples of airborne particulate matter (PM) in two size fractions, PM2.5 (< 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) and PM2.5-10 (2.5–10 µm in aerodynamic diameter), were collected weekly using a Gent stacked filter unit sampler and then analyzed for their mass concentrations, black carbon (BC) content, and elemental compositions. The majority of the average annual PM2.5 concentrations measured at the Java sites (Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang, and Surabaya) exceeded the Indonesian annual ambient air quality standard (15 µg m–3), although the other tested locations, excluding Pekanbaru and Palangka Raya, exhibited values below the standard. During the forest fire episodes of 2015, the average daily PM2.5 concentrations in Pekanbaru and Palangka Raya rose above the national daily ambient standard (65 µg m–3). The percentage of BC, which is associated with traffic emission and biomass burning, averaged between 15% and 26% (a significant fraction) in the PM2.5. The concentrations of the major elements in the PM2.5, viz., Si, S, K, Fe, Zn, and Pb, varied widely from site to site, although all of the locations displayed enhanced levels of the crustal elements Si and S, which originated from unpaved roads and volcanic eruptions, and vehicle fuel, forest fires, and volcanic emissions, respectively. Significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, and Pb in Surabaya and Pb in Tangerang) were found at the heavily industrialized sites, demonstrating the effect of local industrial emissions on air quality. Our results, which are based on a crucial survey of PM concentrations and compositions in Indonesia, provide a scientific basis for developing and improving various air quality policies in the nation, including an early warning system for severe pollution events.

Adaptation of the BCR sequential extraction procedure for fractionation of potentially toxic elements in airborne particulate matter collected during routine air quality monitoring

ABSTRACT The Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) four-step sequential extraction has been adapted for fractionation of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in simulant airborne particulate matter (APM) samples presented on 47 mm filter dynamics measurement system (FDMS) filters as used in routine air quality monitoring. Simulants were prepared from an urban soil reference material and from BCR CRM 701, which is certified for analytes extractable by the BCR procedure. Analysis was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using an Agilent 7700x instrument. Fractionation patterns similar to the full-scale protocol were obtained when test portions as small as 0.0625 g were extracted in 2–3 mL of reagents. However, changing the extraction vessel used was found to affect the outcome. This highlights the operational nature of sequential extraction procedures and the need carefully to evaluate the effects of procedural modifications. When the method developed was applied to blank FDMS filters, large amounts of Zn were detected, especially in step 3, the oxidisable fraction, and step 4, the residual fraction. Despite this, following blank-correction, fractionation patterns similar to certified values were obtained for BCR CRM 701, with overall recoveries (∑(steps 1–4)) of 84.2-113%. Given the increased awareness of public health risks associated with poor air quality, a sequential extraction procedure specifically designed for use with APM samples collected during routine air quality represents a valuable tool for use in source apportionment and to improve understanding of human exposure to PTE through inhalation.

A Comprehensive Nontarget Analysis for the Molecular Reconstruction of Organic Aerosol Composition from Glacier Ice Cores.

Ice cores are climate archives suitable for the reconstruction of past atmospheric composition changes. Ice core analysis provides valuable insight into the chemical nature of aerosols and enables constraining emission inventories of primary emissions and of gas-phase precursors. Changes in the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can affect formation rates and mechanisms as well as chemical composition of aerosols during the preindustrial era, key information for understanding aerosol climate effects. Here, we present an analytical method for the reconstruction of organic aerosol composition preserved in glacier ice cores. A solid-phase-extraction method, optimized toward oxidation products of biogenic VOCs, provides an enrichment factor of ∼200 and quantitative recovery for compounds of interest. We applied the preconcentration method on ice core samples from the high-alpine Fiescherhorn glacier (Swiss Alps), and used high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry as a sensitive detection method. We describe a nontarget analysis that screens for organic molecules in the ice core samples. We evaluate the atmospheric origin of the detected compounds in the ice by molecular-resolved comparison with airborne particulate matter samples from the nearby high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch. The presented method is able to shed light upon the history of the evolution of organic aerosol composition in the anthropocene, a research field in paleoclimatology with considerable potential.