Salvadora Persica Research Articles

Survey of Ethnoveterinary Medicines Used to Treat Livestock Diseases in Omusati and Kunene Regions of Namibia.

The aim of this study was to find, evaluate, and document ethnoveterinary medications used to treat livestock ailments in Namibia's Omusati and Kunene regions. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview a total of 100 people. The results of the survey will be useful in creating the groundwork for future scientific research and validation. There were 15 veterinary medicinal plant species identified, which were divided into 10 families. The only types of growth that were utilized were trees, herbs, and bushes. Leaves (71%) were the most widely used plant parts for ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM), followed by bark (14%), stem (8%), and root (7%). Fresh components were frequently preferred in medical compositions. Oral administration was the most common (42.76%), followed by cutaneous (topical) administration (36.18%). Indigenous knowledge was largely passed down through the generations by word of mouth, indicating that it was vulnerable to fragmentation and loss. EVMs were crushed, soaked in water, and administered orally or topically. Farmers who were older had greater EVM knowledge than those who were younger. Ziziphus mucronate, Combretum collinum, and Colophospermum mopane were used in the treatment of diarrhea. Z. mucronate was also used in the treatment of mastitis. Skin infections were treated using Aloe esculenta and Salvadora persica. Ximenia americana and C. imberbe were used to treat eye infections in cattle, goats, and sheep. Retained placentas were treated using Acacia nilotica, A. erioloba, and Grewia flavescens. Roots from Fockea angustifolia were used in treating anthrax. A. esculenta Leach placed best with a fidelity level (FL) value of 90%, followed by A. littoralis Baker in second place (56%), and Combretum collinum Fresen in third place (54%). The majority of EVM recipes took 2–3 days to recover. More research is needed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations, biological activities, and toxicities, as well as characterize the chemical components of the plants and determine whether there is a plausible mechanism by which plant chemicals or possible physiological effects could achieve the results described by the respondents.

Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Action of Salvadora persica Extract as Intracanal Medication (In Vitro and Ex Vivo Experiment).

This study aimed to test the biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of Salvadora persica (S. persica) extract, a natural product, as an intracanal medication in comparison with calcium hydroxide (Metapaste, META BIOMED, Cheongju, Korea). The pH values of both materials were tested. The biocompatibility of S. persica extract and Metapaste was determined using light microscopy and MTT assays. The antibacterial action was tested using the zone of bacterial inhibition on four common bacterial species. In addition, intracanal medication was administered using 68 extracted single-rooted teeth contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and the percentage reduction in colony count (% RCC) at 1, 3, and 7 days was measured. The extension of activity for both materials was assessed using histological sections and scanning electron microscopy. S. persica was found to be acidic in nature. Both materials showed significantly lower cell viability than the positive control cells on days 1 and 3 but not on day 7. S. persica showed better antibacterial effects against E. faecalis and S. mutans. S. persica extract showed 97.6%, 98.9%, and 99.3% RCC values at 1, 3, and 7 days, respectively, which are comparable to those of Metapaste. S. persica herbal extract is a promising material that can be utilized as an intracanal medication, but its use requires further research.

An In Vitro Study Of Antibacterial Efficacy Of Salvadora Persica (Miswak) Extract Against Enterococcus Faecalis

Salvadora persica is widely used in dental field to improve dental health and promote dental hygiene. Although sodium hypochlorite is highly recommended and regarded as the most effective irrigant in root canal treatment to eliminate bacteria, it can cause harm to patients manifested by severe pain, rapid swelling and also obstruct breathing airway. However, it is believed that the chemical composition of Salvadora persica helps to treat and act as an antibacterial agent in root canal therapy. This study aims to obtain the crude compound from Salvadora persica by using the freeze drying method and to compare the antibacterial activity of the Salvadora persica and sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis in aerobic condition. Antibacterial activity results showed that 150 mg/ml of Salvadora persica give comparable effect with sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis. It is believed that 60% of alcoholic Salvadora persica extraction is an effective antimicrobial agent to be utilized as an irrigant in root canal treatment.

An In Vitro Study Of Antibacterial Efficacy Of Salvadora Persica (Miswak) Extract Against Enterococcus Faecalis

Salvadora persica is widely used in dental field to improve dental health and promote dental hygiene. Although sodium hypochlorite is highly recommended and regarded as the most effective irrigant in root canal treatment to eliminate bacteria, it can cause harm to patients manifested by severe pain, rapid swelling and also obstruct breathing airway. However, it is believed that the chemical composition of Salvadora persica helps to treat and act as an antibacterial agent in root canal therapy. This study aims to obtain the crude compound from Salvadora persica by using the freeze drying method and to compare the antibacterial activity of the Salvadora persica and sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis in aerobic condition. Antibacterial activity results showed that 150 mg/ml of Salvadora persica give comparable effect with sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis. It is believed that 60% of alcoholic Salvadora persica extraction is an effective antimicrobial agent to be utilized as an irrigant in root canal treatment.

Salvadora persica attenuates DMBA-induced mammary cancer through downregulation oxidative stress, estrogen receptor expression and proliferation and augmenting apoptosis

Naturally occurring phytochemicals especially polyphenolic compounds have received increasing attention as chemopreventive agents. The chemopreventive potential of the ethanolic extract of Salvadora persica L. fruits SP, (the arak tree or miswak) on 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female albino rats was investigated in this work. Ethanolic extract of SP fruits was supplemented to the experimental groups at a concentration of 500 mg/kg body weight for 22 weeks. Administration of SP extract suppressed DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis as revealed by incidence of tumors in histological investigation. There was a significant reduction in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis with downregulation of estrogen receptor expression in the mammary tissue of SP-treated animals. Additionally, SP extract prevented the oxidative damage induced in breast tissues of DMBA-treated rats. SP treatment also decreased the viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and induced early and late apoptosis and induced S cell cycle arrest. The chemo-preventive properties and anticancer effects of SP could be attributed to its anti-oxidative and a high percentage of phenolic compounds and esters which were detected here in the SP fruit extract.

Salinity mediated cross-tolerance of arsenic toxicity in the halophyte Salvadora persica L. through metabolomic dynamics and regulation of stomatal movement and photosynthesis

Arsenic (As) is a highly toxic metalloid adversely affecting the environment, human health, and crop productivity. The present study assessed the synergistic effects of salinity and As on photosynthetic attributes, stomatal regulations, and metabolomics responses of the xero-halophyte Salvadora persica to decipher the As-salinity cross-tolerance mechanisms and to identify the potential metabolites/metabolic pathways involved in cross-tolerance of As with salinity. Salinity and As stress-induced significant stomatal closure in S. persica suggests an adaptive response to decrease water loss through transpiration. NaCl supplementation improved the net photosynthetic rate (by +39%), stomatal conductance (by +190%), water use efficiency (by +55%), photochemical quenching (by +37%), and electron transfer rate (54%) under As stress as compared to solitary As treatment. Our results imply that both stomatal and non-stomatal factors account for a reduction in photosynthesis under high salinity and As stress conditions. A total of 64 metabolites were identified in S. persica under salinity and/or As stress, and up-regulation of various metabolites support early As-salinity stress tolerance in S. persica by improving antioxidative defense and ROS detoxification. The primary metabolites such as polyphenols (caffeic acid, catechin, gallic acid, coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid, and cinnamic acid), amino acids (glutamic acid, cysteine, glycine, lysine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine), citrate cycle intermediates (malic acid, oxalic acid, and α-ketoglutaric acid), and most of the phytohormones accumulated at higher levels under combined treatment of As + NaCl compared to solitary treatment of As. Moreover, exogenous salinity increased glutamate, glycine, and cysteine, which may induce higher synthesis of GSH-PCs in S. persica. The metabolic pathways that were significantly affected in response to salinity and/or As include inositol phosphate metabolism, citrate cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism. Our findings indicate that inflections of various metabolites and metabolic pathways facilitate S. persica to withstand and grow optimally even under high salinity and As conditions. Moreover, the addition of salt enhanced the arsenic tolerance proficiency of this halophyte.

De-novo fabrication of sunlight irradiated silver nanoparticles and their efficacy against E. coli and S. epidermidis

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) gained significant attention due to their activity against microbial pathogens, cancer cells, and viral particles etc. Traditional fabrication methods require hazardous chemicals as reducing agents and their usage and disposal pose a significant hazard to environmental ecosystem. Here, a de novo, robust, cost effective and an eco-friendly method is reported to fabricate AgNPs irradiated with sunlight (SL) while using Salvadora persica root extract (SPE) as reducing agent. Sunlight (SL) irradiated S. persica silver nanoparticles (SpNPs) i.e., SL-SpNPs were characterized using multiple techniques and their antibacterial efficacy was evaluated. The SL-SpNPs were synthesized in 10 min. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed their spherical morphology with a size range of 4.5–39.7 nm, while surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaked at 425 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis suggested that the reduction of SL-SpNPs was due to the presence of phytochemicals in the SPE. Furthermore, X-ray powder diffraction (P-XRD) pattern depicted the crystal structure of SL-SpNPs, hence proving the presence of AgNPs. Further the antibacterial studies were carried out against Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) using Kirby Bauer method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for E. coli were determined to be 1.5 μg/mL and 3.0 μg/mL respectively while MIC and MBC values for S. epidermidis were found to be 12.5 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL respectively. The solar irradiation-based fabrication method and resulting SL-SpNPs can find their utility in many biomedical and environmental applications.

Plants for oral biofilms eradication: literature review

ABSTRACT Oral Biofilm is a collection of microbial cell colonies related to periodontal diseases and caries. Biofilmbacteria were more resistant to antimicrobial agents than in the planktonic phase. The rapid progression of bacterialresistance to antimicrobial agents such as chlorhexidine has encouraged researchers to find alternative antimicrobialagents from natural plant products with low side effects. The purpose of this review was to summarize plants thatcontain bioactive compounds for biofilm eradication in terms of preventing caries and periodontal diseases. Themethod was used Systematic Review without Metha Analysis. Articles to be reviewed were searched from Pubmed,Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases using the PRISMA method and hand searching. The lastselected articles were analyzed using narrative analysis. There are 1,610 articles specified in the first stage and only18 articles left in the final extraction stage. Plants that contain bioactive compounds for oral biofilm eradicationinclude Piper betle (betel), Psidium sp., Mangifera sp., Mentha sp., Caesalpinia sappan (secang), Baccharis dracunculifolia,Laurus nobilis L. (dafnah), Croton nepetaefolius, Salvadora persica (miswak), Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Diospyros kakiThunb. (persimmon), Ginkgo biloba, Azadirachta indica (neem), Camellia sinensis, Lippia alba, Cymbopogon citratus(lemongrass), Citrus aurantifolius, Tamarindus indica (sour), Syzygium cumini (jamblang), Emblica officinalis (malacca),Acacia Arabica (prickly acacia), Terminalia chebula (myrobalan), Terminalia bellerica (bahera), Carica papaya, Ocimumbasilicum L. (basil), and Myrmercodia pendans. These plant bioactive compounds are belong to the group of alkaloids,terpenoids, and polyphenols which were tested in the form of single compounds or mixtures, especially againstStreptococcus mutans. In conclusion, 26 plant species have reported containing bioactive compounds tested in theform of single or mixed extracts to eradicate oral bacterial biofilm. KEYWORDS: Plants, eradication, natural products, oral biofilm

Evaluation of antimicrobial action, pulp tissue dissolution, and smear layer removal of an experimental irrigant combining Salvadora persica and sodium hypochlorite with and without ultrasonic activation: An in vitro study

Aim: To evaluate the pulp tissue dissolution, antimicrobial action, and smear layer removal using an experimental irrigant combining Salvadora persica and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with and without ultrasonic activation in comparison to standard irrigation protocol of NaOCl and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) with and without ultrasonic activation.Materials and Methods: Pulp tissue dissolution - Pulp tissue weighing 0.9 g was dissolved in each experimental Group G1: 5 ml of 5% NaOCl, G2: G1 + ultrasonic activation, G3: 5 ml 5% NaOCl + 40% S. persica, G4: G3 + ultrasonic activation and weighed after 1, 5, and 10 min. The difference in weight of the tissue sample was assessed. Smear layer removal and calcium/phosphate (Ca/PO4) ratio - G1: 5 ml of 5% NaOCl, saline, 1 ml of 17% EDTA, G2: G1 + ultrasonic activation, saline, 17% EDTA, G3: 5 ml 5% NaOCl + 40% S. persica G4: G3 + ultrasonic activation. Each tooth was then split longitudinally and subjected to scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analysis. Antibacterial Activity- assessed against Enterococcus Faecalis.Statistical Analysis: SEM, pulp tissue dissolution and antimicrobial efficacy – Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc Mann–Whitney EDX – ANOVA and Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc analysis.Results: Pulp dissolution by G3 and G4 was better. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). Experimental combination performed better in terms of smear layer removal, showed higher amount Ca/PO4 in EDX analysis, but the difference was not statistically significant between the groups (P > 0.05). G2 showed maximum antimicrobial efficacy compared to all groups but not statistically significant (P > 0.05).Conclusions: The combined formulation of 5% NaOCl + 40% S. Persica was as effective as conventional protocol and ultrasonic activation improved its efficacy.

Preparation of activated carbon from Salvadora persica for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous media

Preparation of activated carbon from Salvadora persica for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous media

GC/MS Profiling and Ex Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Salvadora persica (Siwak) against Enterococcus faecalis as Intracanal Medicament

Introduction Salvadora persica L. (S. persica, Siwak) has been used for many centuries as oral hygiene tools, particularly in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of S. persica petroleum ether extract (SPE) as an intracanal bactericidal for endodontic treatment against Enterococcus faecalis. Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 gold standard intracanal medicament was used for comparison. Methods The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out to identify the components of SPE. First, the consistency of SPE was accomplished according to ANSI/ADA specification no 57. Forty-five single-rooted mandibular premolars were infected with that of E. faecalis suspension. Colony-forming units (CFU) were counted before the medicaments' application (CFU-1) and after seven days of their applications (CFU-2). Group I: SPE, Group II: positive control Ca(OH)2, and Group III: saline solution negative control. The microdilution method was applied to determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of SPE. Results Thirty-two compounds were identified (89.09%), with main components of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) (33.32%) and steroids (34%). CFU before and after using SPE and Ca(OH)2 recorded a statistically significant reduction in bacterial count (P=0.006) and (P=0.01), respectively. There was an insignificant difference between CFU after using SPE and Ca(OH)2 (P=0.210). On the contrary, comparing both medicaments with the negative control saline group resulted in significant differences, (P=0.001) and (P=0.007), respectively. Moreover, the equality of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SPE is recorded. Conclusion This finding could be referred to the high content of bactericidal BITC in synergism with other antimicrobial components, representing 70.71% of SPE. Thus, SPE is a good candidate as an intracanal medicament, which warrants further investigation.

HPLC/MSn Profiling and Healing Activity of a Muco-Adhesive Formula of Salvadora persica against Acetic Acid-Induced Oral Ulcer in Rats.

Salvadora persica L. (S. persica, Siwak) is an ethnic plant that is widely used for improving oral hygiene. This study aimed to provide a phytochemical profiling of S. persica ethyl acetate fraction (SPEAF) and to evaluate the healing activity of a muco-adhesive formula of the fraction against acetic acid-induced oral ulcers in rats. HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS-MS analysis of SPEAF resulted in the tentative identification of 56 metabolites containing fatty acids (23%), urea derivatives (10.5%) and sulphur compounds (10%), in addition to several amides, polyphenols and organic acids (6.5%, 5% and 2%, respectively). For the first time, 19 compounds were identified from S. persica. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that the extract is non-toxic. SPEAF exhibited superior healing activities compared to both the negative and positive control groups on days 7 and 14 of tongue ulcer induction. This was confirmed by histopathological examinations of haematoxylin and eosin-stained (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome-stained tongue sections. Moreover, SPEAF showed potent anti-inflammatory activities, as evidenced by the inhibited expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis alpha (TNF-α). Moreover, SPEAF exhibited potent antioxidant activity, as it prevented malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion and superoxide dismutase (SOD) exhaustion. SPEAF significantly enhanced hydroxyproline tongue content and upregulated collagen type I alpha 1 (Col1A1) mRNA expression. SPEAF also improved angiogenesis, as shown by the increased mRNA expression of the angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1). In conclusion, S. persica has a wide range of secondary metabolites and ameliorates acetic acid-induced tongue ulcers in rats. This can be attributed, at least partly, to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, procollagen and angiogenic activities. These findings provide support and validity for the use of S. persica as a traditional and conventional treatment for oral disorders.

Antibacterial Activities of Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Salvadora persica against Streptococcus mutans Biofilms: An In Vitro Study.

The use of herbal products in oral hygiene care has a long history, and their use is popular today. A tree stick, named Salvadora persica (S. persica), is commonly used to remove dental plaque and clean teeth in many countries. In addition, extracts of S. persica can be used as a mouthwash, as they demonstrate antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effect of S. persica methanol and aqueous extracts against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm. A S. mutans biofilm formation assay was conducted using different concentrations of S. persica methanol or water extracts in tryptic soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 1% sucrose. The biofilm was stained with crystal violet dye, and the absorbance was assessed to examine biofilm formation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests were used to analyze the results. The S. persica methanol extract displayed a significant inhibition (p ≤ 0.001) against the S. mutans biofilm. The 10 mg/mL concentration of the S. persica methanol extract was determined as the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). The used methanol concentration, mixed with TSB supplemented with 1% sucrose and without the S. persica extract, did not inhibit the S. mutans biofilm. The S. persica aqueous extract did not demonstrate any biofilm inhibition at any concentration (p ≥ 0.05). The findings of this study suggest the potential of using S. persica methanol extract as a mouthwash or adjunctive to oral hygiene tools.

Assessment of metals content of widely used traditional toothbrushes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT. Traditional toothbrushes are used by the vast majority of people who cannot afford to buy the commercial toothbrush and toothpaste. The traditional toothbrushes are generally obtained from any slim woody part of a toothbrush tree. The main purpose of this study was to determine selected metals (Ca, Fe, Mg, Al, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cd) in traditional toothbrushes obtained from three plants including Ligustrum vulgare L., Phoenix reclinata and Olea africana, which are extensively used in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, by using microwave plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES) after wet digestion. Recoveries of the metals in spiked samples varied from 90.4–107%. The overall mean concentrations determined (mg/kg, dry weight) were in the ranges of Ca (4267–36514) > Fe (131–318) > Al (81.6 –224) > Mg (45.6–122) > Zn (27.2–175) > Mn (20.1–29) > Cu (6.6–20.3) > Cr (6.7–8.9) > Ni (2.6–7.9). Analysis of variance at 95% indicated significant differences in the metals’ contents of three toothbrushes. The results indicated that the selected traditional toothbrushes are good sources of essential metals and free from Pb and Cd. Therefore, the investigated Ethiopian traditional toothbrushes are found to be safe for human use.
 
 KEY WORDS: Metal contents, Traditional toothbrushes, Wild privet (Ligustrum vulgare), Wild date palm (Phoenix reclinata), African wild olive (Olea africana), Ethiopia
 
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(2), 257-272.
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i2.4

Utilizing treated wastewater in tree plantation in Indian desert: part I – species suitability, plant growth and biomass production

Treated wastewater can partly meet the requirements of water for irrigating tree crops in dry areas to better utilize, produce biomass and reduce land degradation. Seedlings of Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Prosopis cineraria, P. juliflora, Tamarix aphylla, Salvadora persica, S. oleoides and Tecomella undulata were planted and irrigated with bore-well (BW) and treated wastewater (WW) at ½ET (Evaporation-transpiration) and ¾ET. Plants irrigated at BW1/2 attained less height and collar diameter, and showed low growth increments and dry biomass. These variables increased by 1.2-2.0-fold at WW3/4 irrigation. Plants produced 1.4-fold higher biomass with WW over BW, whereas it was 1.5-fold higher at ¾ET over ½ET. Responses of species to BW/WW irrigation differed in biomass allocation to roots and other parts as a mechanism to uptake water and nutrients. Conclusively, A. nilotica, A. indica, P. juliflora and T. aphylla had stronger preference to increased irrigation level, whereas E. camaldulensis, S. persica, S. oleoides and T. undulata had preferred nutrients added through treated wastewater. A. nilotica, E. camaldulensis, P. juliflora and A. indica were best species in growth and biomass production and wastewater utilization. These can be replicated in urban afforestation to enhance bio-product and reduce degradation in environmental quality.

Assessment of modified Salvadora Persica for removal of 134Cs and 152+154Eu radionuclides from aqueous solution.

Biosorption is a simple and economical method utilized to remove hazardous elements from a waste solution. In this study, a low-cost agricultural waste, Salvadora Persica, was modified with iron oxyhydroxide and evaluated as an economic biosorbent to remove cesium and europium radionuclides from their aqueous solutions. The modified biosorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis as well as thermogravmetirc analysis (TGA). The sorption of 134Cs and 152+154Eu radioisotopes was investigated singly in a batch mode as a function of the solution pH, contact time, and the initial concentrations of the studied ions. The kinetic of the removal process was examined and it was found that the reaction obeys a pseudo-first-order model and the intraparticle diffusion is not the sole mechanism dominating the reaction. Temkin and Sips isotherm models provide the best fit for the equilibrium data. In addition, the sorption of cesium and europium ions was a spontaneous and endothermic process as inferred from thermodynamic studies. The reusability for the sorption of cesium and europium ions reveals the feasibility and efficacy of the modified biosorbent.

Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics

Ever since the discovery of Indus valley civilization, scholars have debated the linguistic identities of its people. This study analyzes numerous archaeological, linguistic, archaeogenetic and historical evidences to claim that the words used for elephant (like, ‘pīri’, ‘pīru’) in Bronze Age Mesopotamia, the elephant-word used in the Hurrian part of an Amarna letter of ca. 1400 BC, and the ivory-word (‘pîruš’) recorded in certain sixth century BC Old Persian documents, were all originally borrowed from ‘pīlu’, a Proto-Dravidian elephant-word, which was prevalent in the Indus valley civilization, and was etymologically related to the Proto-Dravidian tooth-word ‘*pal’ and its alternate forms (‘*pīl’/‘*piḷ’/‘*pel’). This paper argues that there is sufficient morphophonemic evidence of an ancient Dravidian ‘*piḷ’/‘*pīl’-based root, which meant ‘splitting/crushing’, and was semantically related to the meanings ‘tooth/tusk’. This paper further observes that ‘pīlu’ is among the most ancient and common phytonyms of the toothbrush tree Salvadora persica, which is a characteristic flora of Indus valley, and whose roots and twigs have been widely used as toothbrush in IVC regions since antiquity. This study claims that this phytonym ‘pīlu’ had also originated from the same Proto-Dravidian tooth-word, and argues that since IVC people had named their toothbrush trees and tuskers (elephants) using a Proto-Dravidian tooth-word, and since these names were widely used across IVC regions, a significant population of Indus valley civilization must have used that Proto-Dravidian tooth-word in their daily communication. Since ‘tooth’ belongs to the core non-borrowable ultraconserved vocabulary of a speech community, its corollary is that a significant population of IVC spoke certain ancestral Dravidian languages. Important insights from recent archaeogenetic studies regarding possible migration of Proto-Dravidian speakers from Indus valley to South India also corroborate the findings of this paper.

PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION, SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF SALVADORA PERSICA AND CRESCENTIA CUJETE

Salvadora persica is a well-known medicinal plant which belongs to the family Salvadoraceae. It is commonly known as the Meswak tree. Calabash tree or Crescentia cujete tree belongs to the family of Bignoniaceae. It is also known as the gourd tree. These two plants have been studied by preliminary phytochemical and FTIR analysis. Data gathered on solvent extraction and preliminary phytochemical method suggested that the presence of primary and secondary metabolites in leaf tissue. Two solvents such as ethanol and aqueous are used here to reveal the phytocompounds and extend our work to find out the various functional groups present in these two plants through FTIR analysis was done. Spectrum of Salvadora persica showed 5 peaks that are 599.89, 654.86, 1409.06, 1431.24, 2930.96 and spectrum of Crescentia cujete showed that 13 peaks that are 470.65, 520.80, 630.75, 652.93, 776.38, 1060.89, 1155.41, 1248, 1321.30, 1431.24, 1527.69, 2860.56, 2924.21. The present study revealed that the functional groups of both plants, such as alcohols or phenols, alkanes, amines, esters or carboxylic acid or lactones, aldehyde or ketones, acetates and ethylene.

Control Measure of Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus spp. Using Some Botanicals

The effectiveness of some botanicals collected from various localities of Jodhpur were used against adult emergence of stored grain insect pest, Callosobruchus spp. The experiment was conducted at Department of Zoology, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur. All the botanicals were used in the form of leaf powder and applied at three doses, 0.5, 1 and 2 gm, separately mixed with 20 gm of mung beans. Azadirachta indica was found most effective with minimum number of adult emergence at all three doses while maximum adults were emerged in grains treated with Salvadora persica at 0.5 gm/20gm of mung beans in comparison to the other botanicals. Eucalyptus globulus, Fagonia cretica, Balanites aegyptiaca, Ocimum sanctum, Commiphora weightii, Barleria acanthoides and Maytenus emarginata also showed effective result in comparison to the control.

ANTHELMINTIC, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT PART OF INDIAN ORIGIN SALVADORA PERSICA

Nowadays, Herbal products are attracting the whole population of the world because of their safety features. The present study aimed to reveal the phytochemical compositions, anthelmintic activity, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Salvadora persica leaves extract in different extraction solvent systems. Shade dried leaves of Salvadora persica were extracted in chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, and water using the modified fractional maceration method. These extracts were analyzed for their phytochemical, anthelmintic activity, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. The antioxidant activity was done using DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging method. While the antimicrobial potential was analyzed using the disc diffusion method. Anthelmintic activity was determined against Indian earthworms (Eiseniafetida).The highest percentage yield of extract was found in the hydro solvent extraction system. The DPPH radical scavenging was found 67.3% (lowest) and 99.07% (highest), (dose100µg/ml), in SPLEC and SPLEW respectively. The highest antimicrobial activity was found in SPLEE (200µg/ml and 100µg/ml) i.e. 6 mm and 4 mm zone of inhibition against E.coli while 5mm and 3mm again B. subitilis respectively. All extract fractions of Salvadora persica exhibited anthelmintic activity but less than standard drug albendazole. Based on our findings, we were concluded that leaves of Salvadora persica have an anthelmintic effect good antioxidant and antimicrobial potential so their consumption may exert a beneficial effect on human and animal health as well