Salvadora Persica Research Articles

The effect of brushing with Salvadora persica (miswak) sticks on salivary Streptococcus mutans and plaque levels in children: a clinical trial

BackgroundThe aim of the randomized double-blinded clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of tooth brushing with Salvadora persica (miswak) sticks on Streptococcus mutans count and the mean plaque score relative to brushing with fluoridated tooth paste (FTP).MethodsOur sample included 94 healthy, high caries-risk, 8 to 9-year-old students recruited from a government school, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia between February and April 2016. Subjects were randomly grouped into test (provided with miswak sticks) and control groups (provided with FTP and soft brushes). Both groups were introduced to a preparatory period (PPP) of 3 weeks. Plaque score and saliva sampling were conducted prior to the PPP and in follow-up visits by a single, calibrated and blinded dentist.ResultsBoth groups showed a statistically significant decrease in the mean plaque score across the study (P = 0.007 and P = 0.001, respectively). In addition, subjects in the test group with abundant S. sanguinis increased from zero to six after 3 months.ConclusionsSalvadora Persica (miswak) and brushing with FTP significantly reduced plaque scores among school children. In addition, Salvadora persica was found to change the proportions of salivary bacteria in favor of species with less risk of inducing caries.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov ID #: NCT04137393.

Antimicrobial efficacy of indocyanine green-mediated photodynamic therapy compared with Salvadora persica gel application in the treatment of moderate and deep pockets in periodontitis

In order to prove the idea that topical application of drugs can improve the clinical parameters affecting periodontal disease, a sound comparison should be made between topical therapeutic models. The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and Salvadora persica (SP) gel as adjuncts to scaling and root planning (SRP) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. The selected patients were divided into three groups, Group I (PDT + SRP), Group II (SP + SRP) and group III (SRP alone). Clinical inflammatory periodontal parameters including plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) gain were assessed. Assessment of crevicular fluid interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. All measurements were recorded at baseline, 3 months and 6 months follow-up periods, respectively. A total of 73 patients completed the study. A significant improvement in the BOP was seen in Group II at both follow up visits when compared with other groups (p < 0.05). Only in Group-I that showed statistically significant reduction in moderate periodontal pockets at 3 months (p = 0.021), and significant reductions in deep pockets at 3-months (p = 0.003) and 6-months (p = 0.002), respectively. CAL gain also was reported to be seen in group-I at both visits (p < 0.05). Group- I and II significantly reduced the levels of IL-6 at 3-month period compared to Group-III. This reduction was further maintained by group-II and group-III at 6 months, respectively. TNF-α showed statistically significant decrease in Group II as compared to Group I and Group-III and this reduction was maintained by the end of 6-month visit (p = 0.045). Both the treatment modalities PDT and SP helped in reducing periodontal inflammation. PDT reported significant gain in clinical attachment level, whereas the SP significantly reduced the bleeding levels.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING SIWAK TOOTHPASTE ON PLAQUE ACCUMULATION IN FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES USERS’

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the ability of toothpaste containing Salvadora persica (Siwak) to reduce the accumulation of dirt in the oral cavity compared to ordinary toothpaste users in fixed orthodontic users.&#x0D; Methods: It was conducted on 40 subjects, divided into two groups of A and B. Group A uses Siwak, while Group B uses ordinary toothpaste. The research subjects were students that utilized fixed appliances for at least 6 months and without periodontal disease. Data were obtained by measuring the plaque level before and after using the toothpaste.&#x0D; Results: A significant relationship between the use of Siwak and ordinary toothpaste by reducing its accumulation in patients using fixed orthodontic appliances and a Chi-square statistical test value of 0.018.&#x0D; Conclusion: The use of Siwak is more effective in reducing plaque accumulation in fixed orthodontic appliance users compared to ordinary toothpaste.

A comparative study of four indigenous medicinal plants of Pakistan against some oral pathogens

Background: This study is carried out with an objective to comparative investigation of antibacterial and antifungal potentials of four medicinal plants of Pakistan. The ethanol extract of Aloe vera (gel), Azadirachta indica (bark), Salvadora persica (stem) and Syzygium aromaticum (oil) were used against Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albican.&#x0D; Method: Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion assay at 20, 10 and 5mg/ml concentration of test samples. Ampicillin is used as standard drug. The sensitivity of microorganisms to all selected parts of four plants were compared with each other and with standard antibiotics. All plant extracts showed increase in antimicrobial activity with increase in concentration.&#x0D; Result: Among all extracts the extract of A. vera present maximum antimicrobial activity in dose dependent manner with highest zone of inhibition of 29.1±3.2 at 20mg/ml conc. while S. persica exhibited minimum antimicrobial activity with zone of inhibition 17.5±2.5 at 20mg/ml conc.&#x0D; Conclusion: The present study suggested that theses medicinal plants contain certain compounds which can be used to discover bioactive natural products to cure common dental problems, which are safe and economical.&#x0D; Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(2) 2020 p.284-290

Wear behavior of new biomaterial composite for dental application

The current study examines the tribological performance of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) reinforced with Salvadora persica ( S. persica) powder and hydroxyapatite (HAP). This composite was selected to be used in dental application. Different percentages of S. persica were employed to enhance bioactivity and antibacterial properties. However, HAP was used to improve the wear performance of the composite. Friction response was investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Vickers hardness, pin-on-disc tribometer, and 2-D profilometer. Both wear volume and friction coefficient were investigated, especially when changing the percentage of S. persica and HAP fillers. Moreover, the morphologies of the wear track were examined by the SEM, the wear mechanisms are discussed, and the phenomenon of stick-slip is shown. The main results revealed that the composition (70% PMMA + 20% S. persica + 10% HAP) has the best wear resistance.

Tamarix arabica and Salvadora persica as antibacterial agents.

Despite the harsh conditions and limited water resources of the Arabian Peninsula, plants that live in this environment contain a variety of bioactive compounds and have been used in traditional medicines for thousands of years. We investigated the effects of ethanol extracts of Tamarix arabica and Salvadora persica on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The investigations were include; the inhibition of the bacterial growth, determination of MIC and MBC, detection of kill-time, potassium and phosphorus leakages and detection of the bioactive compounds by the GC-MS analysis. The tested extracts in combination, at a 1:1 volume ratio, showed high inhibitory effects, as reflected by the minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations. The new EC plate was used to determined MBC and kill-time. Further, the detection of phosphate and potassium leakage indicated a loss of selective permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane after treatment with these extracts. The bioactive compounds in the ethanol extracts of T. arabica and S. persica may offer a less expensive and natural alternative to pharmaceuticals.

Miswak (Salvadora persica) Roots as Antimicrobial and a Potential bioactive component

Miswak (Salvadora persica) Roots as Antimicrobial and a Potential bioactive component

Evaluation of Comparative Anti-arthritic Activity of Traditionally Well Documented Medicinal Plants in Rats

The aim of our study is to evaluate comparative assessment of well documented medicinal plants. Ethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata, Salvadora persica, Asparagus racemosus and methanolic extract of Punica granatum were prepared by continuous hot extraction method and their preliminary phytochemical screening was performed. Animals were separated into different groups and each group contains six animals. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts were administered in a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg. Arthritis was induced by FCA in Wistar albino rats and various parameters related to arthritis i.e. paw volume, arthritic score, body weight, joint diameter were recorded. A significant increase in paw volume, arthritic score, joint diameter and decrease in body weight was observed in arthritic control rats compared to normal control. Methanolic extract of Punica granatum significantly decreased the paw volume, arthritic score, and joint diameter and increased the body weight when compared to arthritic control. All the selected medicinal plants showed significant activity in arthritic rats however, methanolic extract of Punica granatum showed highly significant activity as compared to other plants. Methanolic extract showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpanoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds. The anti-arthritic activity of plant may be due to presence of aforementioned phytocompoundse.

A comparative evaluation of the antibacterial efficacy of Thymus vulgaris, Salvadora persica, Acacia nilotica, Calendula arvensis, and 5% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis: An in-vitro study.

Objectives:The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of Thymus vulgaris, Salvadora persica, Acacia nilotica, Calendula arvensis, and 5% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis.Methodology:Herbal extracts of T. vulgaris, S. persica, A. nilotica and C. arvensis were prepared. Tryptone soya broth was used to grow E. faecalis and agar plates were prepared. The tested solutions (Group A: 5% NaOCl, Group B: 20% T. vulgaris, Group C: 12.5% S. persica, Group D: 10% A. nilotica, Group E: 10% C. arvensis) were added to the wells made on agar media. Agar diffusion test was performed. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Bacterial zones of inhibition were recorded.Results:The data were analyzed statistically by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post hoc comparison by Tukey's t-test. The highest zone of inhibition against E. faecalis was shown by 5% NaOCl, followed by 10% C. arvensis, 20% T. vulgaris and 10% A. nilotica showed similar comparable antibacterial activity. The least zone of inhibition was showed by S. persica.Conclusion:5% NaOCl showed the maximum antibacterial activity, and herbal products demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against E. faecalis and can be employed as an alternative to NaOCl.

Removal of barium and strontium from wastewater and radioactive wastes using a green bioadsorbent, Salvadora persica (Miswak)

Removal of barium and strontium from wastewater and radioactive wastes using a green bioadsorbent, Salvadora persica (Miswak)

Molecular docking reveals the potential of Salvadora persica flavonoids to inhibit COVID-19 virus main protease.

In December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) commenced in Wuhan, China and affected around 210 countries and territories in a matter of weeks. It has a phylogenetic similarity to SARS-CoV and it was named coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and caused severe acute respiratory syndrome that could lead to death. One of the promising therapeutic strategies for virus infection is the search for enzyme inhibitors among natural compounds using molecular docking in order to obtain products with minimal side effects. COVID-19 virus main protease plays a vital role in mediating viral transcription and replication, introducing it as an attractive antiviral agent target. Metabolic profiling of the aqueous extract of Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae) aerial parts dereplicated eleven known flavonol glycosides using LC-HRESIMS. All the annotated flavonoids exhibited significant binding stability at the N3 binding site to different degrees, except isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, when compared with the currently used COVID-19 main protease inhibitor, darunavir. Structural similarity between the identified flavonoids enabled the study of the relationship between their structure and interactions with the receptor in the N3 binding site of the COVID-19 main protease. The results indicate that the basic flavonol nucleus possesses activity itself. Moreover, the presence of a rutinose moiety at the 3 position of ring C and absence of an O-methyl group in ring B of the flavonol structure could increase the binding stability. This study provides a scientific basis for the health benefits of the regular use of S. persica as it leaches bioactive flavonoids in the aqueous saliva.

An in vitro and in vivo antibacterial effect of different plant extracts on Enterococcus faecalis as intracanal medicament

Aim: One of the fundamental aims in endodontics is complete disinfection of the root canal. Medicinal plant extracts had effective antibacterial activity with less side effects and low cost. The aims of this study were to compare and evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of different plants extracts (Ficus carica latex [FX], F. carica leaves [FL], olive leaves [OL], and Salvadora persica [SP] roots) and 2% chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis when they are used as intracanal medicaments. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial effect of FX, (2%, 4%, and 8%) FL, (2%, 4%, and 8%) OL, (2%, 4%, and 8%) SP, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and normal saline (NS) were evaluated in vitro against E. faecalis by broth microdilution method. Sixty single-rooted teeth were selected for the in vivo study. First pretreatment sample was obtained immediately after access opening. After the instrumentation of the canals, second post-instrumentation sample was taken. Then, teeth were divided into six groups (n = 10/group), Group I: NS, Group II: 2% CHX, Group III: FX, Group IV: 8% FL, Group V: 8% OL, and Group VI: 8% SP. After 7 days, post-medication sample was collected. Analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis at P ≤ 0.05. Results: All plant extracts at 8% and 2% CHX showed significant antibacterial effect against E. faecalis both in vitro and in vivo, and significantly not different. Conclusion: Under the limitation of this study, it can be concluded that FL and ethanolic extracts of 8% FL, 8% OL, and 8% SP roots were effective for the elimination of E. faecalis. Therefore, they can be used as alternative intracanal medicaments.

Nickel-doped cerium oxide nanoparticles: biosynthesis, cytotoxicity and UV protection studies.

This study was conducted to obtain NixCe1−xO2 (where x = 0, 1, 3 and 5% w/w) nanoparticles using Salvadora persica extracts through an easy, inexpensive and non-toxic method. The biosynthesized nanoparticles have been characterized via powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis. The results of PXRD showed that Ni doping in the CeO2 process generated a higher shift at an angle of (111); also, the PXRD patterns were surveyed by the Rietveld refinement technique. Raman analysis revealed that doping nickel in CeO2 led to the nanoparticles reducing the intensity of the F2g mode. The FESEM images showed that the particle size was 5–6 nm and it had a spherical shape. The hysteresis loops of the synthesized nanoparticles were similar to that of the normal ferromagnetic materials. The cytotoxic activity of the synthesized undoped and Ni-doped CeO2-NPs was determined using MTT assays against a colon cancer cell line (HT-29). The results showed that the cytotoxic effect of the synthesized nanoparticles changed after doping nickel in CeO2-NPs. The increase in the Ni-doping value for CeO2-NPs increased the cytotoxic activity. The sun protection factor (SPF) has been estimated through spectrophotometric measurements for determining UV protection. This showed that increasing the percentage of nickel in the doped nanoparticles increased the protection factor and a higher SPF value was obtained: 48.52.

Plant Growth Promoting Attributes and Antimicrobial Potential of Rhizospheric Bacterial Strain Asp49 Isolated From Juna Amrapar, Near Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India

Rhizospheric bacteria are known to possess plant growth promoting properties. In this study, the bacterium was isolated from rhizospheric soil of plant Salvadora persica L. collected from Juna Amrapar, Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat (India). The isolate was tested for the properties including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid production, siderophore production and ammonia production. In addition, the salt profile of bacteria indicated its tolerance up to 12% NaCl (w/v) on starch agar. The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that the bacterial strain Asp49 was resistant to Novobiocin (5 μg), Erythromycin (15 μg), Amikacin (30 μg), Teicoplanin (10 μg), Methicillin (5 μg) and sensitivity to Tetracycline (30 μg), Chloramphenicol (30 μg). On the whole, based on in-vitro studies, the ability of selected strain as plant growth promoter in the saline desert conditions of Kutch district is confirmed.

Treatment efficacy of photoactivated disinfection versus Salvadora persica gel in experimental gingivitis.

This clinical trial aimed to study the comparison of clinical gingival inflammatory scores and levels of pathogenic bacteria with professionally administered plaque removal (PAPR) with photoactivated disinfection (PAD) and Salvadora persica (SP) gel application in experimentally induced gingivitis. Twenty-five non-smoking patients underwent an 8-week experimental gingivitis trial that consisted of 14 days of undisturbed plaque accumulation and a 6 week of resolution phase following the three treatment modalities. The treatment protocols included PAPR with adjunctive PAD, SP gel application and PAPR alone. Clinical gingival inflammatory parameters including plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed. Microbiological parameters included the log count of five periodontal pathogens in the plaque from all experimental sites. No significant difference in plaque levels was observed between PAD, SP and PAPR at 2- and 6-weeks following treatment. The magnitude of the decrease was statistically significant at 6 weeks for SP (P = 0.02). The median number of residual BOP+ sites was higher at PAD and PAPR compared to SP at either 2-weeks (2.75 and 1.25, respectively; P = 0.039) or 6 weeks (2 and 1, respectively; P = 0.044) following treatment administration. Counts of all bacteria reduced until 2 weeks with significantly greatest reduction seen in the PAD group and this was maintained until 6 weeks of follow-up. The log CFU/mL values for all bacterial counts significantly reduced for SP group, however, it did not show significant reduction when compared with PAD but had greater extent when compared with PAPR group. Both PAD and SP gel application improved clinical gingival inflammatory parameters in experimental-induced gingivitis. However, PAD helped to reduce bacterial counts, while SP had significant impact on bleeding in gingival inflammation.

Autecology and Physiological Features of Salvadora persica Plants Grown under Dry Conditions

<b>Autecology and Physiological Features of Salvadora persica Plants Grown under Dry Conditions</b>

Sunnah Siwakan in Health Science Perspektif and Power of Faith

Siwakan is the prophet's sunnah which aims to cleanse the mouth and teeth using araak wood (Salvadora persica). Woodwood contains various chemicals that can prevent plaque from appearing and have the potential to be antibacterial. Siwak can also be used to strengthen memorization because it can make a loss of laziness. The purpose of this study was to determine the benefits of sunny siwakan in health sciences and memorizing power. In this study used a library research where data will be obtained from books, journals, magazines, documents, records of historical stories, or pure library research related to the object of research. The results showed that Bachtiar from the Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia said araak wood contained trimethylamine (TMA) which was able to prevent plaque from forming a nest of germs so that teeth became healthy and other results from the Ta'lim Muta'allim book showed that civet could eliminate phlegm where phlegm is one of the causes of lazy memorization.

English

There have been many studies on the practice of maintaining dental health. Although most people currently use a toothbrush to maintain the cleanliness of mouth, specific populations still used miswak as an alternative tool for oral health care. This study was designed to answer the future challenges of use of miswak as a tool to maintain oral health according to modern sciences. The history, features, function, modernization, and method in miswak were discussed in this article. The effect of miswak on periodontal health and antimicrobial has also been explained thoroughly in this article. Thus, miswak can be said to be a natural source of material that has many benefits in the improvement of oral health. The miswak extract has been modified and added in toothpaste, mouthwash, endodontic irrigation treatment, and for testing DNA. The miswak is used widely as a tool for brushing teeth and is like or better than a standard toothbrush. Key words: Miswak, Salvadora persica, chewing stick, siwak &nbsp

Production of biodiesel by enzymatic transesterification of non-edible Salvadora persica (Pilu) oil and crude coconut oil in a solvent-free system

BackgroundIt is becoming imperative to develop renewable fuels such as biodiesel which are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Exploiting non-edible oils is more necessary to reduce dependency of edible oils for biodiesel production. The current study investigated biodiesel production from non-edible Salvadora persica seed oil (SPSO) and crude coconut oil (CCO) by Burkholderia cepacia lipase acting as a biocatalyst in a solvent-free system. The biodiesel yield produced from these feedstocks was compared and the effect of ethanol (acyl acceptor) vs. SPSO and CCO in various ratios on biodiesel production was determined.ResultsThe presence of medium-chain fatty acids in majority was confirmed for SPSO and CCO while the average molecular weight was calculated as 749.53 g/mol and 664.57 g/mol, respectively. Thin Layer Chromatography indicated ethyl esters in the produced Salvadora and coconut biodiesel samples. Maximum biodiesel yield (around 70%) was obtained at 1:4 oil-to-ethanol molar ratio from both oils followed by a decline at higher ratios. The gas chromatographic analysis of Salvadora biodiesel at 1:4 molar ratio showed that the yield of individual esters was mostly of medium- and long-chain fatty acids. The analysis of coconut biodiesel at 1:4 molar ratio revealed that it consists mainly of the esters of medium-chain fatty acids. A comparison of estimated properties of biodiesel from both the parent oils with the international standard showed that it meets most of the requirements.ConclusionThe study paves the way for a green route for biodiesel production and would promote the use of non-edible vegetable oils over edible ones to produce biodiesel. Further, it is a right step to use lipases in biodiesel production as compared to chemical catalysts. Ethanol, which can also be produced from biomass fermentation, can be used as acyl acceptor to produce biodiesel and this makes the process eco-friendly. Moreover, Burkholderia cepacia lipase is a good choice among lipases to get high biodiesel yields successfully from SPSO and CCO at low oil-to-ethanol molar ratios.

Phytochemical Composition, in vitro Studies on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Selected Mangrove Plants

The purpose of this study is to show the phytochemical composition and in vitro antidiabetic potential in the leaves of Ceriops tagal, Bruguiera cylindrica, and Salvadora persica mangrove plants. The phytochemical composition was studied by qualitative analysis. To determine in vitro antidiabetic activity leaves were subjected to solvent extraction by the Soxhlet method using methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and pet ether and α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibition assays were performed. The findings indicates that alkaloid, steroid, flavonoid, terpenoid, glycosides, tannin, saponin, phenol, quinones and coumarin principles are present in the leaves of selected mangrove species. Among the selected mangrove species C. tagal leaves recorded the highest antidiabetic activity for both the assay followed by B. cylidrica and S. persica. Overall C. tagal was found highly potent in the antidiabetic activity.