Salty Areas Research Articles

Evaluating Drought Effects on Soil: Innovative Soil Salinity Monitoring via SAR Data, Sentinel-2 Imagery, and Machine Learning Algorithms in Kerkennah Archipelago

The Kerkennah archipelago in Tunisia is one of the most vulnerable areas where the influence of climate change is undeniable. Soil salinization has emerged as a major consequence of climate variation on this island. In this study, remote sensing techniques were implemented to develop a model for predicting soil salinity from satellite images. Machine learning algorithms, Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data, and ground truth measurements were used to estimate soil salinity. Several algorithms were considered to achieve accurate findings. These algorithms are categorized as polynomial regression, random forest regression, exponential regression, and linear regression. The results demonstrate that exponential regression is the pre-eminent algorithm for estimating soil salinity with high predictive accuracy of R2 = 0.75 and RMSE = 0.47 ds/m. However, spatiotemporal soil salinity maps reveal distinct and clear distribution patterns, highlighting salty areas (i.e., sebkhas) and agricultural parcels. Thus, through the model, we explore areas of moderately high salinity within agricultural lands that could be affected by irrigation practices. The present work demonstrates a reliable model for soil salinity monitoring in the Kerkennah archipelago and inspires more successful technologies such as remote sensing and machine learning to improve the estimation of soil salinity in climate-affected vulnerable areas.

Phytoremediation by using Atriplex halimus subsp. schweinfurthii as a bio-absorbent of Cadmium in the soil

Background: The problem of soil contamination is a major concern of emerging countries. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and mercury cannot be biodegraded, and therefore, persist in the environment for long periods. It has become essential to develop efficient techniques for decontamination of polluted soils. One of these techniques, phytoremediation, is economically viable and compatible with environmental preservation policies. The application of phytoremediation in salty areas requires the use of plants that are able to tolerate heavy metals and high soil salinity. Atriplex halimus is one of the species with a great purification potential, which is a spontaneous halophyte species, and endowed with a fairly important aerial and root biomass. This study aimed to determine the effect of cadmium sulfate (CdSO4 ) on the germination and growth of A. halimus, and to assess its ability to accumulate cadmium and proline. Methods: This is an experimental study of the tolerance of A. halimus to increasing concentrations of CdSO4 by an in vivo test. This study aimed to assess the degree of tolerance of this perennial species towards different concentrations of CdSO4 . Results: The results show a non-significant effect of CdSO4 on the seed germination rate and growth of the aerial and root parts. However, a significant accumulation of proline was observed especially in the aerial part, whereas the highest cadmium content was recorded at the roots. Conclusion: According to the results, this species can be used in phytoremediation to decontaminate soils contaminated by heavy metals.

Investigation of the Usage of Limonium gmelinii in Phytoremediation

In this study, "Limonium gmelinii", which can be valuable as a halophyte that can be used for the improvement of arid and salty areas and for bringing them into agriculture, was researched. The experiment was carried out as 1 plant x 1 soil x 3 subjects (NaCl, Na₂SO₄, B) x 4 doses x 5 replications, in a greenhouse environment. In NaCl and Na₂SO₄ treatments, Na values increased in the plant compared to the soil, and increased up to 10500 ppm. In NaCl treatments, Cl accumulation was higher in the plant than in the soil, and increased to 33700 ppm. In Na₂SO₄ treatments, SO₄ values in the plant were higher than in the soil and increased up to 59300 ppm. In the Na₂SO₄ treatments, there was a noticeable accumulation of salt on the leaves. In B treatments, while there was no significant increase in soil B values, there was an increase in the plant and then a decrease was observed. It is thought that the plant removes and tolerates B toxicity by removing high boron concentration with its salt sacs and salt glands. With the study, it was determined that Limonium gmelinii eliminated the toxicity in the soil by incorporating different doses of these substances applied to the soil.

An empirical study of the impacts of parameters in micro electrochemical drilling of Al 7075 alloy composites with SiC and fly-ash

The Electrochemical Drilling Technique (EDT) is utilized to bore metal alloys into the desired geometric forms. The present study investigates that various typical electrochemical drilling process variables, line supply-voltage (VT), electrolytic solution (ES), and pulse-on time (PT), impact the output responses namely material extraction rate as well as surface-roughness of stir cast Al7075 alloy, SiC, and fly-ash powder mixtures. These aluminum-matrix composites could be used to construct bridges, frames, and containers that will store pollutants, dairy, as well as other corrosive compounds; they can also be used to replace stainless steel, which is used in salty areas to avoid corrosion. Taguchi's experimental design is utilized in this study to investigate the effects of every input parameter on the Material-Extraction Rate (MER) and surface-roughness. Also, the significance of each parameter has been identified using an analysis of variance.

Integrated multi-omics analysis and microbial recombinant protein system reveal hydroxylation and glycosylation involving nevadensin biosynthesis in Lysionotus pauciflorus

BackgroundKarst-adapted plant, Lysionotus pauciflours accumulates special secondary metabolites with a wide range of pharmacological effects for surviving in drought and high salty areas, while researchers focused more on their environmental adaptations and evolutions. Nevadensin (5,7-dihydroxy-6,8,4'-trimethoxyflavone), the main active component in L. pauciflours, has unique bioactivity of such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tubercular, and anti-tumor or cancer. Complex decoration of nevadensin, such as hydroxylation and glycosylation of the flavone skeleton determines its diversity and biological activities. The lack of omics data limits the exploration of accumulation mode and biosynthetic pathway. Herein, we integrated transcriptomics, metabolomics, and microbial recombinant protein system to reveal hydroxylation and glycosylation involving nevadensin biosynthesis in L. pauciflours.ResultsUp to 275 flavonoids were found to exist in L. pauciflorus by UPLC-MS/MS based on widely targeted metabolome analysis. The special flavone nevadensin (5,7-dihydroxy-6,8,4'-trimethoxyflavone) is enriched in different tissues, as are its related glycosides. The flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was drawn based on differential transcripts analysis, including 9 PAL, 5 C4H, 8 4CL, 6 CHS, 3 CHI, 1 FNSII, and over 20 OMTs.Total 310 LpCYP450s were classified into 9 clans, 36 families, and 35 subfamilies, with 56% being A-type CYP450s by phylogenetic evolutionary analysis. According to the phylogenetic tree with AtUGTs, 187 LpUGTs clustered into 14 evolutionary groups (A-N), with 74% being E, A, D, G, and K groups.Two LpCYP82D members and LpUGT95 were functionally identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli, respectively. CYP82D-8 and CYP82D-1 specially hydroxylate the 6- or 8-position of A ring in vivo and in vitro, dislike the function of F6H or F8H discovered in basil which functioned depending on A-ring substituted methoxy. These results refreshed the starting mode that apigenin can be firstly hydroxylated on A ring in nevadensin biosynthesis. Furthermore, LpUGT95 clustered into the 7-OGT family was verified to catalyze 7-O glucosylation of nevadensin accompanied with weak nevadensin 5-O glucosylation function, firstly revealed glycosylation modification of flavones with completely substituted A-ring.ConclusionsMetabolomic and full-length transcriptomic association analysis unveiled the accumulation mode and biosynthetic pathway of the secondary metabolites in the karst-adapted plant L. pauciflorus. Moreover, functional identification of two LpCYP82D members and one LpUGT in microbe reconstructed the pathway of nevadensin biosynthesis.

Antepfıstığı (Pistacia vera L.) Çöğürlerinde Harpin Proteininin NaCl Tuz Stresi Üzerine Etkisinin Belirlenmesi

Drought and salinity are among the most important abiotic stress factors. Although there is a growing interest to the sustainability of fruit growing in arid and salty areas, there are not enough studies. Therefore, this study was carried out for the determination of the effects of harpin protein at different salt concentrations in Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) seeds. At the end of the treatment, there was a 20% decrease in plant height, 43% in root length, and approximately 40% in fresh and dry plant weight. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase antioxidant enzyme activities increased by 171%, 285% and 390%, respectively. In addition, the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll a+b (respetctively, 47%, 42%, 43%) was decrease. In addition, it was determined that harpin applications protected the chlorophyll content related to photosynthesis, increased the diameter of the stem and root and decreased the stress enzyme activities. Thus, applications of harpin protein may be beneficial to increase tolerance to drought/salinity stresses in pistachio plants, especially in the early stages of seedling development. These findings may pave the way for future research on stress management in sustainable fruit growing in arid and semi-arid areas.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), Biosynthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Their Impact to Improve Shoot Growth and to Reduce Salt Toxicity on Salvia officinalis In Vitro Cultivated

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using plant extracts have recently attracted considerable attention due to their environmental protection benefits and their easy and low cost of fabrication. In the current study, ZnO NPS were synthesized using the aqueous extract of Ochradenus arabicus as a capping and reducing agent. The obtained ZnO NPs were firstly characterized using ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray absorption (EDX), zeta potential, and zeta size. All these techniques confirmed the characteristic features of the biogenic synthesized ZnO NPs. Then, ZnO NPs were evaluated for their effects on morphological, biochemical, and physiological parameters of Salvia officinalis cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0, 75, 100, and 150 mM of NaCl. The results showed that ZnO NPs at a dose of 10 mg/L significantly increased the shoot number, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight of Salvia officinalis subjected or not to the salt stress. For the shoot length, a slight increase of 4.3% was recorded in the plant treated by 150 mM NaCl+10 mg/L ZnO NPs compared to the plant treated only with 150 mM of NaCl. On the other hand, without NaCl, the application of both concentrations 10 mg/L and 30 mg/L of ZnO NPs significantly improved the total chlorophyll content by 30.3% and 21.8%, respectively. Under 150 mM of NaCl, the addition of 10 mg/L of ZnO NPs enhanced the total chlorophyll by 1.5 times, whilst a slight decrease of total chlorophyll was recorded in the plants treated by 150 mM NaCl + 30 mg/L ZnO NPs. Additionally, ZnO NPs significantly enhance the proline accumulation and the antioxidative enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR) in plants under salinity. Our findings revealed that green synthesized ZnO NPs, especially at a dose of 10 mg/L, play a crucial role in growth enhancement and salt stress mitigation. Hence, this biosynthesized ZnO NPs at a concentration of 10 mg/L can be considered as effective nanofertilizers for the plants grown in salty areas.

Effect of Streptomyces Inoculation on Ipomoea aquatica and Pachyrhizus erosus Grown Under Salinity and Low Water Irrigation Conditions

The distribution of salty areas and drought conditions caused by climate change can limit successful crop production. The co-occurrence of salinity and drought gives a unique challenge for plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) in agricultural purposes. In this study, the effect of irrigation and salinity on the abilities of isolates of plant growth-promoting bacteria (Streptomyces sp. St1 and St8) to promote the growth of Ipomoea aquatica and Pachyrhizus erosus was investigated. Both plants were planted in pots with combinations of salinity (non-saline or saline soil), different irrigation levels, and different bacterial inoculations. The results showed that the salinity decreased the root dry weight of I. aquatica and decreased the shoot and root dry weight of P. erosus. Salinity also decreased the tuber formation and root efficiency of P. erosus. Low irrigation and bacterial species did not affect either plant’s shoot or root growth. However, the chlorophyll content in the leaves of both plants decreased in the inoculated plants compared to the non-inoculated plants. Among the three factors in this study, salinity was the most influential factor, and irrigation was the least effective factor on plant growth for both parts. Soil salinity may concern plant growth-promoting bacteria, and salt-tolerant strains may be an interesting choice for use in combination with saline and low water conditions.

Salt-Tolerant Rhizobia for Enhancing Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Productivity under Salt Stress

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic factors which are responsible for lower yields. To reduce its impact, conventional methods have been unable to solve the problem at all. In this context, developing sustainable methods which increase the productivity of saline soils without harming the environment is necessary. Some microorganisms such as rhizobia are tolerant to salt stress and can then grow in saline areas. Therefore, salt tolerant (ST) rhizobia are believed to reduce the impact of salinity on plant productivity. The aim of this study is to select the major salt-tolerant isolate of rhizobia that can alleviate salt stress in the common bean. Five salt-tolerant rhizobia were used for bean inoculation in greenhouse under salt stress (0 mM, 25 mM and 50 mM). A month after sowing, plants are harvested and analyzed for nodulation, growth and biochemical stress markers production. Collected data are analyzed statistically using SPSS 12.0. Results show that plant inoculation with ISRA352, PvNk8, PvMb1, PvNk7 reduces the effects of stress through the increase of growth, total pigments and osmolytes (proline and glycine betaine) contents compared to positive and negative controls. Plant inoculation with PvMb1 and ISRA352 led to low stress at 50 mM of NaCl. PvMb1, PvNk8 and PvNj5 are good inoculants for bean cultivation even in salt-affected soils. This research study contributes to allow the cultivation of bean in salty areas. On the other hand, the study comes up with a solution for remediation of saline soils yet to be enhanced.

Geo-environmental monitoring of coastal and land resources of Port Said Governorate, Egypt

Port Said Governorate is one of the distinguished Egyptian coastal areas in regard to location, activities and resources. Present study aims to evaluate spatial and temporal changes in Land Use/Cover (LULC), Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Shoreline as a result of natural and anthropogenic factors using geospatial techniques. To achieve this aim, four calibrated multi-temporal Landsat images dated 1998, 2008, 2018 and 2021 integrated with field surveys were processed. Nine main LULC classes were mapped; urban, fish farms, vegetation, aquatic plants, main roads, bare land, water, canals/drains and salty areas. Developmental projects, particularly reclamation and urbanization, accelerated the increase in urban and agricultural lands during the whole period of study. Maximum rate of urban expansion was reported during the last period (2018–2021) and for agricultural lands during 2008–2018. The south eastern parts showed a continuous annual increase in the fish farms from 2.04 to 6.54 to 65.16 km2 at 1998, 2008, 2018 and 2021, respectively. Further, the last periods showed an increase in the main roads due to the construction of “30 June Road”. A small variation is observed in mean LST recording 34.2, 33.7 and 34.3, 34.2° C at 1998, 2008, 2018 and 2021, respectively. LULC can be ordered from lowest to highest LST as following; water (27.1 °C), aquatic plants (28.1 °C), fish farms (30.6 °C), vegetation (31.9 °C), canals and drains (33.8 °C), urban (36.45 °C), salty areas (36.6 °C), main roads (37.20 °C) and bare land (39.40 °C). The total eroded area along Port Said shoreline (5 km2) exceeds the total accreted areas (2.8 km2). Maximum erosion and accretion were observed at the eastern sector recording 2.61 and 1.29 km2, respectively. Fortunately, no intensive urban and agricultural areas are located in this sector which minimizes the probable adverse impact.

Screening and Characterization of Thermostable Amylase-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Soil Samples of Afdera, Afar Region, and Molecular Detection of Amylase-Coding Gene.

Studying thermostable amylase-producing bacteria in extreme environments has a crucial role to overcome different industrial challenges. Afar Region is one of the hottest and salty areas, making it the home of extremophiles. This study aimed at screening and characterizing amylase-producing bacteria isolated from soil samples of Afdera, Afar Region, and detection of their amylase-coding genes. Thus, a total of 49 bacterial isolates were obtained from the collected soil samples. Out of these, three isolates (M2, M8, and M13) were selected on the basis of diameter of the average clear zone formation and time taken to decolorize iodine solution. Based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics, the isolates were identified as genus Bacillus. PCR amplification and detection of the amylase-coding gene confirmed the presence of the amylase gene in the three bacterial isolates. Optimum amylase production time for these isolates was 48 hrs (M13 and M8) and 72 hrs (M2) corresponding to the amylase activity of 0.67 U/mL for M13, 0.74 U/mL for M8, and 0.73 U/mL for M2 with an optimum temperature of 55°C. Studies on the effect of temperature revealed that the crude enzyme had a maximum activity and stability at 75°C, 70°C, and 65°C for isolates M13, M8, and M2, respectively. Additionally, amylase produced from all isolates retained more than 66.41% of their original activity after incubating them at a temperature range from 55 to 80°C for 50 min. Optimum pH for the activity of all crude amylases was in the range from 5 to 9 with a peak activity at pH 8. Their activity decreased significantly by the presence of Zn+2 and Mg2+; however, their activity increased by the presence of Ca+2. Moreover, the three crude amylases were stable (0–3 M) with NaCl concentration. Amylases of this finding with thermophilic and halophilic characteristics offer a wide range of applications in food, brewing, textile, starch, paper, and deterrent industries. Thus, identification of these Bacillus isolates at a molecular level and purification as well as detailed characterization of the types of amylases are recommended for effective utilization in different industries.

Monitoring land use and soil salinity changes in coastal landscape: a case study from Senegal

Soil salinity is a major issue causing land degradation in coastal areas. In this study, we assessed the land use and soil salinity changes in Djilor district (Senegal) using remote sensing and field data. We performed land use land cover changes for the years 1984, 1994, 2007, and 2017. Electrical conductivity was measured from 300 soil samples collected at the study area; this, together with elevation, distance to river, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Salinity Index (SI), and Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), was used to build the salinity model using a multiple regression analysis. Supervised classification and intensity analysis were applied to determine the annual change area and the variation of gains and losses. The results showed that croplands recorded the highest gain (17%) throughout the period 1984–2017, while forest recorded 3%. The fastest annual area of change occurred during the period 1984–1994. The salinity model showed a high potential for mapping saline areas (R2 = 0.73 and RMSE = 0.68). Regarding salinity change, the slightly saline areas (2 < EC < 4 dS/m) increased by 42% whereas highly saline (EC > 8 dS/m) and moderately saline (4 < EC < 8 dS/m) areas decreased by 23% and 26%, respectively, in 2017. Additionally, the increasing salt content is less dominant in vegetated areas compared with non-vegetated areas. Nonetheless, the highly concentrated salty areas can be restored using salt-resistant plants (e.g., Eucalyptus sp., Tamarix sp.). This study gives more insights on land use planning and salinity management for improving farmers’ resilience in coastal regions.

Emerging trends of ecotourism in threatened Tal Chhapar sanctuary of India

Rajasthan State forest covers an area of 32.638.74 Sq. km. which is 9.54 percent of the total geographical area of the state. Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the enclaved area enlisted by Wildlife Department Rajasthan. Tal Chhapar is located on the fringes of the Thar Desert covering an area of about 17.19 Sq Km. It is an abode to thousands of migratory bird species. The region represents a salty area which is being massively covered with Dichanthium lasiurus that is the chief food for Antilope cervicapra. This natural abode is presently under threat and necessary steps are must to maintain the rich biodiversity. This sanctuary needs to be upgraded to Ecotourism Blackbuck Sanctuary by adopting sustainable practices. The paper presented here is inspired to address the influence of ecotourism with the locals of Sujangarh area. There is a need to implement realistic ecotourism practices to enrich the biodiversity and livelihood of indigenous people.

The Characteristics of Mangrove Species Are Based on Water Conditions in Karimunjawa Nasional Park

The mangrove ecosystem in Karimunjawa National Park has an area of 222.2 hectares of mangrove, which functions as a habitat for various types of biota. The condition of the waters will determine the future of the mangrove ecosystem. It aims to identify the characteristics of mangrove species based on the conditions of Karimunjawa waters. The method used is a journal literature review. There are several journals about the characteristics and conditions of different mangroves. The results of this study various mangrove ecosystems can live in the waters of Karimunjawa. Based on the results of the study during the literature review, there are 9 types of mangroves in Karimunjawa, namely: Cerriops tagal, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora apicullata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia caseolaris, Excoracia agalloca, Rhizophora mucronata, Scyphilappuphoranata and Xcyphillappuburanata, which can survive on 3 substrates, rocky ground, sand. Mangroves can grow in shallow water ecosystems because the shape of their roots can help adapt to the aquatic environment. Mangroves can live in salty or brackish areas ranging from 11-25‰. It was concluded that the type of substrate and water conditions affect mangroves to live in harmony.

Growth parameters, mineral distribution, chlorophyll content, biochemical constituents and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata (L) var. gana) grown under salinity stress

Soil salinity has a negative impact on crop production over the world. The effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content, mineral distribution, biochemical constituents and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata (L) var. gana) cultivar regularly consumed in Cameroon were investigated. Plants were subjected to four different levels concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100 and 200 mM), with 0 mM NaCl as a control. The supply of intake doses of NaCl in the culture medium significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the dry biomass (roots and shoots), growth parameters (number of leaves, noose diameter, leaf area and stem height) and chlorophyll contents from 100 mM NaCl. Mineral elements (K, Ca and Mg) and K/Na ratio significantly (P < 0.001) decreased in roots and shoots with increasing salinity. The higher sodium (Na) concentrations were recorded in shoots than in roots. The different biochemical constituents (proline (PRO), total soluble carbohydrates (CH), soluble proteins (PR) and total free amino acids (FAA)) and non-enzymatic antioxidants compounds (total phenolic (TP) and flavonoids (FLA) contents) significantly (P < 0.001) increased from 50 mM NaCl. The main strategy in cv. gana seems to increase osmotic adjustment through high accumulation of CH, PR, FAA and PRO in the leaves and they could eventually be considered as biochemical indicators of early selection and osmotic adjustment ability for salt tolerant plants. The gana variety could be encouraged to be planted on salt affected soils for the better development in salty areas.

Effects of salt (NaCl) and KNO3 applications on some plant growth parameters in Hicaznar pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivar

Nar, çeşitli iklim koşullarında kolaylıkla yetiştirilebilmesi, çoğaltma ve bakım işlerinin kolay olması, her yıl düzenli ve yüksek verim vermesi gibi nedenlerle büyük bir üretim potansiyeline sahiptir. Son yıllarda GAP Bölgesi’nde nar dikim alanlarında önemli artışlar meydana gelmiş ve bölgedeki ağaç sayısı bakımından Şanlıurfa ili ilk sırada yer almıştır. Tüm canlılarda olduğu gibi bitkiler de en iyi gelişimi kendileri için optimum olan koşullarda gösterirler. Ancak yaşamlarını sürdürdükleri alanlarda, gelişimlerini engelleyici bazı problemlerle (stres) karşılaşabilirler. En şiddetli abiyotik stres faktörlerinden biri olan tuzluluk, dünyada ve ülkemizde her geçen gün artan bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Nar, tuza orta dayanıklı bitkiler arasında yer alır ve tuzlu alanların üretime kazandırılmasında alternatif bir ürün olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu çalışma, farklı tuz seviyeleri altında yetiştirilen Hicaznar çeşidinde K uygulamalarının bitki gelişimi üzerine olan etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Saksı içerisinde perlit ortamında yetiştirilen bitkilere 4 farklı tuz uygulaması (0, 100, 200 ve 300 mM) ile beraber tuzun etkisini azaltmak amacıyla potasyum nitrat (0 ve 10 mM) uygulaması yapılmıştır. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda tuz uygulamasının bitki boyu, gövde çapı, yan dal sayısı, yaprak sayısı, yaprak alanı ve klorofil içeriklerini önemli oranda azalttığı, ancak potasyum uygulamaları ile gövde çapı, yaprak sayısı ve klorofil içeriği gibi parametrelerde tuzun olumsuz etkisinin hafiflediği belirlenmiştir.

Enhanced Oil Recovery by Potential Biosurfactant-Producing Halo-thermotolerant Bacteria Using Soil Washing and Sand-Packed Glass Column Techniques.

Biosurfactants offer numerous advantages over the chemical surfactants, especially in energy and environment-related applications. Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is a technique to recover oil from reservoirs by using microbes and their metabolites. In present study, total sixteen morphologically distinct bacterial strains isolated from different salty areas of the district Khairpur Mir's, Pakistan, were investigated for their MEOR potential. Screening assays for thermotolerance and halotolerance declared 7 out of 16 (43.75%) bacterial isolates as thermotolerant (capable of growing in the temperature range 60-70°C) and halotolerant (tolerating NaCl concentrations up to 17%, w/v). Moreover, five of them were screened as biosurfactant producers. Among, the lowest surface tension reduction was achieved with biosurfactants produced by the strains KJ2MO (27.8mN/m) and KJ2SK (29.3mN/m). The biosurfactant activity was found stable at temperature (100-121°C, 1h) and pH (4-10). Moreover, maximum oil recovery was obtained with biosurfactant of bacterial strain KJ2MO (54.7%, 51.25%) followed by KJ2SK (44.7%, 40.5%), KJ1WB (37%, 35.5%) and KJ2MD (37.8%, 31.9%) by using either techniques, i.e., soil washing and sand-packed column, respectively. Moreover, the potent species were identified as Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes KJ1WB, Bacillus aerius KJ2MD, Bacillus licheniformis KJ2SK, and Bacillus subtilis KJ2MO using 16S rRNA ribo-typing. The investigated species were found to be promising biosurfactants producers having potential for enhanced oil recovery and could be used in other environmental applications like bioremediation.

Elemental Analysis of Plants Cultivated in Saline Soil by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

The production of crops and vegetables is largely affected by soil salinity which is a rising problem all over the world. The irrigation water and fertilizers are playing a vital role in increasing soil salinity. The elemental composition of the Aerva javanica plants grown in the salty area has been studied using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The soil, root, and shoot samples were collected from the Khewra Salt ranges, which is the world’s second-largest salt mine, located in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. This work aims to detect the major saline metals present in the plants grown in the salt-affected soil for which the electric field has been applied as an additional excitation source to enhance the emission signals using LIBS. Calibration-free LIBS has been applied to extract the concentration of soluble metals such as sodium, magnesium, and calcium in the root and shoot samples. The plasma temperature was determined using the Boltzmann plot method while the electron density was estimated from the Stark broadened profile of the calcium line at 616.12 nm.

Bhagabania, Nigamananda and Baha’i of Jashore in Bangladesh: A Study of Women

Jashore, a renowned district of Bangladesh whose has own ancient tradition and heritage which is surrounded by the various rivers, forests and various folk religious communities who lead their life like the heart of rivers. The Bhairav, the Chitra, the Begobati, the Kaputakhya, the Icchamati, the Mukteswaree, the Nabagonga, the Kumar, the Harihar, the Kobadak, the Mathabhanga, the Afra Khal, the Khatki, the Fatki, and the Bhadra are the ancient rivers of Jashore. The rivers have changed their own speed and path by the rules of eternal geonatural world and in these ways, watery, salty and sweet areas people follow the extraordinary style of religious beliefs which focus on the rivers and religious beliefs which focus on the rivers and religious paramount where the deities and entities of the people make up a resourceful religious culture. Like rivers and religions have changed their own facets and beliefs. The World religions are divided into two divisions. They are: (a) State recognized religions and (b) Folk religions. There is a good number of discrimination between state-recognized religions and Folk religions. The state-recognized religions are in two sections. They are: (a) Abrahamic religions and (b) Indian religions. Folk religions are community-based religions that may be national and international. Here will be shown about state-recognized were their women in what is how. The reviewer attempts to examine between state-recognized religions and folk religions where both of two, how to treat to the women.

A New Approach for Estimating Soil Salinity Using A Low-Cost Soil Sensor In Situ: A Case Study in Saline Regions of China’s East Coast

Accurate and timely information on soil salinity is crucial for vegetation growth and agricultural productivity in coastal regions. This study investigates the potential of using Wifi POGO, an in situ electromagnetic sensor, for soil salinity assessment over saline coastal regions in eastern China. The sensor readings, soil moisture, and temperature-corrected apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) were used to generate models for EC1:5 (a surrogate for soil salinity) estimation. Two salty areas with distinct soil textures, sandy loam (Shuntai) and clay (Dongxin), were selected. This study revealed that the difference between soil salinity and the in situ measured soil ECa (i.e., EC1:5-ECa) had a strong curvilinear relationship with soil moisture. Such a relationship allows for the direct estimation of soil salinity from soil ECa with the aid of soil moisture information. Both ECa and soil moisture can be measured in situ using a Wifi POGO, a low-cost ground-based soil sensor. By using the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV), the achieved root mean square error (RMSE) and relative RMSE (RRMSE) in EC1:5 estimation were 0.0109 S/m and 19.24% respectively in Shuntai, and 0.0157 S/m and 16.05%, in Dongxin. This new method offers a simple, cost-effective and reliable tool for assessing soil salinity in dynamic coastal regions.