Salmonella Typhimurium Research Articles

Novel In Vivo Assessment of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles against Salmonella typhimurium Infection.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) is known for its intracellular survival, evading the robust inflammation and adaptive immune response of the host. The emergence of decreased ciprofloxacin (CIP) susceptibility (DCS) requires a prolonged antibiotic course with increased dosage, leading to threatening, adverse effects. Moreover, antibiotic-resistant bacteria can persist in biofilms, causing serious diseases. Hence, we validated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of ciprofloxacin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (CIP–MSN) using a rat model of salmonella infection to compare the oral efficacy of 5 mg/kg body weight CIP–MSN and a traditional treatment regimen with 10 mg/kg CIP postinfection. Our results revealed that mesoporous silica particles can regulate the release rate of CIP with an MIC of 0.03125 mg/L against DCS S. typhimurium with a greater than 50% reduction of biofilm formation without significantly affecting the viable cells residing within the biofilm, and a sub-inhibitory concentration of CIP–MSN significantly reduced invA and FimA gene expressions. Furthermore, oral supplementation of CIP–MSN had an insignificant effect on all blood parameter values as well as on liver and kidney function parameters. MPO and NO activities that are key mediators of oxidative stress were abolished by CIP–MSN supplementation. Additionally, CIP–MSN supplementation has a promising role in attenuating the elevated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in serum from S. typhimurium-infected rats with a reduction in pro-apoptotic gene expression, resulting in reduced S. typhimurium-induced hepatic apoptosis. This counteracted the negative effects of the S. typhimurium challenge, as seen in a corrected histopathological picture of both the intestine and liver, along with increased bacterial clearance. We concluded that, compared with a normal ciprofloxacin treatment regime, MSN particles loaded with a half-dose of ciprofloxacin exhibited controlled release of the antibiotic, which can prolong the antibacterial effect.

Polynesian medicine used to treat diarrhea and ciguatera: An ethnobotanical survey in six islands from French Polynesia

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIn French Polynesia, many pathologies common or endemic to the territory cause diarrhea. This is the case for rotavirus gastroenteritis, salmonella food poisoning, ingestion of water contaminated by bacteria, and ciguatera. To treat these ailments, the population may employ traditional medicine for cultural reasons, geographical isolation, and poor health coverage. Polynesian remedies are often used without medical consultation and there is no data on their benefit-risk balance. A few ethnobotanical studies have been carried out in order to identify the traditional remedies used for various ailments, but few studies have focused on gastrointestinal pathologies. In this context, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out to identify treatments used for diarrhea and ciguatera, inventory the plants used, better understand the local representation of these remedies, and provide efficacy and safety data on these uses. Materials and methodsFrom February to April 2021, a semi-structured survey was conducted on six islands in French Polynesia, including one island in the Windward Islands archipelago (Tahiti), three islands in the Marquesas archipelago (Hiva Oa, Nuku Hiva, Tahuata), and two islands in the Leeward Islands archipelago (Raiatea, Tahaa). A total of 133 people was interviewed including 34 specialists (of which 29 experts in herbalism). ResultsThese people mentioned the use of 27 plants for the treatment of diarrhea, and 24 for the treatment of ciguatera. Citrus aurantiifolia, Psidium guajava and Cordyline fruticosa were the three most cited plant species used for treating diarrhea, while Cocos nucifera, Punica granatum and Barringtonia asiatica were the most cited for ciguatera. A large majority of plants are widespread and introduced plants, which is congruent with the history of Polynesian people. While some plants are well known for similar uses (e.g. Psidium guajava for diarrhea, Heliotropium arboreum for ciguatera), others are less well known and may present toxicity risks (e.g. Barringtonia asiatica for ciguatera). ConclusionTraditional Polynesian medicine is an integral part of the local culture so important to be preserved and valued. However, more pharmacological and toxicological studies are still needed to determine the benefit-risk balance of some of these remedies and to allow their official integration into the Polynesian health system.

USE OF BACTERIOPHAGES TO CONTROL Salmonella Enteritidis IN FECAL FERMENTATION

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is one of the main serovar of Salmonella enterica involved in foodborne infections. When intestinal infection by SE requires treatments using antimicrobial, cases can be aggravated if the cause bacteria are resistant to the drugs used. A possible alternative to control these antimicrobial resistant bacteria is phagotherapy, which is characterized by the use of bacteriophages that will lead to the lysis of the target bacteria. The objective was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of a bacteriophage cocktail for the inactivation of SE in fecal fermentation. Fecal samples were collected from healthy donors and the fecal fermentation preparation was carried out. For the tests, a pool with three different SE isolates was used, and the bacteriophage cocktail was elaborated with the phages UPF_BP1, UPF_BP2 and UPF_BP3. Four different treatments were evaluated: the group called ASF, where the action of the bacteriophage cocktail against a pool of SE in fecal fermentation was tested; the CP1 group (positive control 1), in which only SE was inoculated in fecal fermentation; the CP2 group (positive control 2), in which the bacteriophage cocktail was inoculated in the fecal fermentation; and the CN group (negative control), containing only fecal fermentation. In all treatments the quantification of SE was performed, and in the ASF group, the quantification of phages was also performed. In the CP1 group there was a growth of 3,76 log10 UFC/mL, while in the ASF group there was a decrease in Salmonella showing 0,77 log10 UFC/mL. The results showed that the use of the bacteriophage cocktail against SE in fecal fermentation was able to reduce the amount of Salmonella in the sample. Despite not showing a significant difference (p=0.059), this in vitro sudy demonstrates the ability of phages to act against Salmonella in fecal fermentation, bringing positive evidence that corroborates the continuity of the study for future uses of phage therapy.

Global and regional sepsis and infectious syndrome mortality in 2019: a systematic analysis

BackgroundInfections can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening reaction in which a dysregulated host response to the infection leads to organ dysfunction. Infectious syndromes can be either infectious underlying causes of death, or intermediate causes of death leading to sepsis. Therefore, infections participate in the cause-of-death chain of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases, non-communicable diseases, and injuries. Infectious syndromes contribute substantially to global mortality, but data are scarce and neither sepsis nor infectious syndromes are included in standard Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study estimates. Therefore, accurate estimates of infectious syndromes burden are needed to improve health-care policies. MethodsWe used 126 million individual death records from multiple causes of death, hospital, linkage, and mortality surveillance data covering 16 countries. Our analysis captures infectious syndromes in the blood, bone, heart, CNS, peritoneum, abdomen, respiratory system, skin, urogenital system, and other locations, as well as specific diseases such as tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, and salmonella infections. We assigned each record an infectious syndrome on the basis of the causes-of-death chain. Through a mixed-effects binomial logistic regression, we calculated infectious syndrome mortality fractions in 2019 by underlying Global Burden of Disease cause, age group, sex, and location, and multiplied on the sepsis mortality envelope in 2019 to obtain attributable deaths. FindingsIn 2019, 13·7 million people worldwide died from infectious syndromes, 5·2 million of which co-occurred with non-communicable diseases. 3 million of these deaths occurred in children under the age of 5 years. Globally, respiratory infections and bloodstream infections are the deadliest. Regional disparities are stark, with a death rate of 52·6 per 100 000 for bloodstream infections in sub-Saharan Africa, compared with 37·7 per 100 000 in high-income countries. The burden varies across age groups: adults aged 50–69 years face the highest burden from bloodstream infections, whereas children under the age of 5 years are most burdened by respiratory infections. InterpretationIn 2019, infectious syndromes contributed substantially to mortality, especially in non-communicable disease. Infectious syndrome mortality rivalled ischemic heart disease (9 million deaths) and neoplasms (10 million deaths), suggesting that infections, both as underlying and intermediate causes, are an immense source of mortality and must be recorded, analysed, and treated. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Fleming Fund.

Bacterial infection disrupts established germinal center reactions through monocyte recruitment and impaired metabolic adaptation

Consecutive exposures to different pathogens are highly prevalent and often alter the host immune response. However, it remains unknown how a secondary bacterial infection affects an ongoing adaptive immune response elicited against primary invading pathogens. We demonstrated that recruitment of Sca-1+ monocytes into lymphoid organs during Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) infection disrupted pre-existing germinal center (GC) reactions. GC responses induced by influenza, plasmodium, or commensals deteriorated following STm infection. GC disruption was independent of the direct bacterial interactions with B cells and instead was induced through recruitment of CCR2-dependent Sca-1+ monocytes into the lymphoid organs. GC collapse was associated with impaired cellular respiration and was dependent on TNFα and IFNγ, the latter of which was essential for Sca-1+ monocyte differentiation. Monocyte recruitment and GC disruption also occurred during LPS-supplemented vaccination and Listeria monocytogenes infection. Thus, systemic activation of the innate immune response upon severe bacterial infection is induced at the expense of antibody-mediated immunity.

Effects of a synbiotic combination of Bacillus subtilis and yeast cell wall-derived glucomannan on cecal colonization of Salmonella Enteritidis in layer chickens

Salmonella Enteritidis ( SE ) has been a major foodborne concern associated with poultry and poultry products. Direct-fed microbials ( DFM ), such as Bacillus subtilis strains , and mannan-oligosaccharides ( MOS ) added into poultry feed have emerged as an alternative approach to antimicrobials to reduce Salmonella colonization in chickens. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a synbiotic feed additive product (BacPack Q1+1) combining a selected Bacillus subtilis strain and yeast cell wall-derived MOS on SE colonization in the ceca of Hy-line W36 pullets. Day-old chicks were raised in cage units and orally challenged at 3 wk-of-age with a nalidixic acid resistant SE strain at a dose of 1.6 × 10 9 colony forming units ( CFU ) per bird. SE colonization was assessed by enumeration of SE in cecal pouches at 7, 10 and 13 days postinfection ( dpi ). SE was not detectable in the ceca of 68% of synbiotic supplemented pullets compared to 36% of the controls at 13 dpi ( P = 0.049). The findings of this study suggest that synbiotic combinations of DFM and prebiotics could be a useful tool for reducing the prevalence of Salmonella in layer chickens.

Effects of shell disinfection with polyhexamethylene guanidine chloride on the safety and quality characteristics of edible eggs

Infected shells are one of the main routes of human infection with Salmonella, which causes foodborne illness. To increase the microbiological safety of fresh chicken eggs and food egg products, shell disinfection is necessary. The presented work highlights the results of an experimental study of the disinfecting properties of an agent based on polyhexamethylene guanidine chloride (PHMG) and a veterinary and sanitary assessment of edible chicken eggs after shell disinfection. Disinfecting properties of PHMG, microbiological, organoleptic and quality indicators were established by standard methods. In experiments with cambric test objects, inactivation is provided by: Salmonella typhimurium (ST) - 0.4% solutions (exposure 2-5 min), Escherichia coli - 0.4% (exposure 2 min) and 0.3% solutions (exposure 5 min).) DB. In production conditions, it has been established that the use of a 0.4% PHMG solution for disinfection with exposure for 2 and 5 minutes ensures the inactivation of ST on the shell surface. Disinfection of the shell does not affect the change in the pH value and egg weight during storage, as well as the state of the shell, air chamber, egg white, yolk. Eggs after disinfection for 15 days of storage at a temperature of (4 ± 2) ° C met the requirements for edible chicken eggs. Studies of the tested drug have shown the effect of the PHMG shell disinfection on the safety and quality indicators of edible eggs.

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Camellia Sinensis on Salmonella Typhi Infection in Adult Male Rats

Background: Typhoid fever, a potentially fatal multisystem illness which is due to infection by Salmonella typhi, is an important health problem in many developing countries including Bangladesh. Investigators from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that there are 21.6 million typhoid cases annually, with the annual incidence varying from 100 to 1000 cases per 100 000 population. Objective: To evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of camellia sinensis on salmonella typhi infection in adult male rats. Materials and Methods: Type of study: This was an experimental study. Duration of study: September 2014-February 2016. Place of study: Department of Pharmacology, BSMMU, Shahbag, Dhaka, Department of Microbiology, BSMMU, Shahbag, Dhaka, Department of Clinical Pathology, BSMMU, Shahbag, Dhaka, Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Materials: Animals: 84 adult male Long Evan’s Norwegian rats were obtained from the animal house of BSMMU. Sample Size Estimation: So, we took six groups and 10 rats in each group. The groups were: Control group (I), Rat infected with S. typhi (II), Rat infected with S. typhi then treated with ethanolic leaf extracts of CAS (III), Rat given ethanolic extracts of CAS only (IV), Rat infected with S. typhi then treated with ciprofloxacin (V), Rat infected with S. typhi then treated with both ciprofloxacin and ethanolic extracts of CAS (VI). Adult male rats were taken for this experiment. The number of rat for each group were 10 (n=10). Methodology: Preparation of ethanol extract of C. sinensis Linn: Home processing Black and Green tea (C. sinensis) was published by the college of Tropical Agriculture and Human resources (2007) which was supported in part by the USDA, agricultural Research Service’s pacific Basin, Agricultural Research center and the Department of Research and Development, County of Hawai’I, Japan. i) Collection of C. sinensis leaves: Harvest 10 kg of fresh tea shoots from ..........

Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern in Blood Culture Positive Typhoid Fever

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern in blood culture positive typhoid fever. Study Design:Retrospective study Place and Duration:Children Medical Center (CMC) / Dr Habib un Nabi Children Hospital Mingora Swat and Pediatrics department of Hamdard University Hospital, Karachi for the duration between June 2020 and December 2020. Methods: There were total one hundred and twenty patients of both genders were presented. Patients were aged between 5-15 years of age. Patients detailed demographics age, sex and body mass index were recorded after taking informed written consent. All the patients had fever. Blood sample of all the patients were taken for salmonella species. The Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method was used to test for antibiotic susceptibility, and the results were interpreted in accordance with National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. SPSS 20.0 version was used to analyze complete data. Results:There were 84 (70%) males and 36 (30%) females. Mean age of the patients was 11.5±3.48 years. Among 120 cases of salmonella, 89 (74.2%) were Salmonellatyphi and Salmonella paratyphi was found in 31 (25.8%) patients. Sensitivity of antibiotics chloramphericol, cotrimoxazole, and azithromycin was 100% greater than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. (6.7%, vs 5.8%) But resistance of both antibiotics was high. Nalidixic Acid showed 108 (90%) resistance to salmonella typhi. Conclusion: We observed a very high degree of diversity in the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, with extremely high levels of sensitivity to antibiotics that have been utilized in the past, such as chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole. It was discovered that the quinolones, which were widely utilized in the last two decades, have a very poor sensitivity. Keywords:Typhoid fever, Sensitivity, Antibiotics, Resistance

Особливості сальмонельозу у дітей на сучасному етапі

У 109 дітей віком від 4 місяців до 14 років, які знаходилися на стаціонарному лікуванні в інфекційному відділенні ДКЛ № 2 м. Києва, вивчали особливості клініки, діагностики та лікування сальмоне­льозної інфекції. Було виявлено, що сальмонельоз переважав у дітей перших трьох років життя (51,4 %). У 95,4 % пацієнтів превалював харчовий шлях передачі інфекції; у всіх хворих реєструвалася гастроінтестинальна форма сальмонельозу; за тяжкістю переважали середньотяжкі форми інфекції (94,4 %). Клініка сальмонельозу в усіх дітей на сучасному етапі характеризувалася гострим початком із розвитком з перших годин інтоксикаційного синдрому, дисфункції шлунково-кишкового тракту (ШКТ), залученням у половині випадків у процес усіх відділів ШКТ (50,5 % хворих) і наявністю у більшості пацієнтів колітичного синдрому (67,9 %). Враховуючі дані антибіотикограми, цефтріаксон і нітрофурани не можуть бути препаратами вибору при лікуванні сальмонельозу на сучасному етапі.

Investigation of the Potential of Heterophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Biomarker to Predict Colonization Resistance and Inflammatory Response to Salmonella enteritidis Infection in Chicken.

Salmonella causes significant economic loss to the poultry industry and represents a real threat to human health. The region of difference 21 (ROD21) pathogenicity island removal is a genetic mechanism by which Salmonella enteritidis (SE) invades the intestinal epithelium and induces systemic infection in mice. The heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio reflects the chicken’s robustness and immune system status. The H/L ratio is considered a disease resistance trait, and it could be used as a marker for selecting Salmonella resistance in live chickens. However, the association of the H/L ratio with Salmonella resistance and the inflammatory response remains to be elucidated. Moreover, the kinetics of ROD21 excision in the intestine and immune organs of chickens is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the bacterial load, the ROD21 excision, the IL-1β, IL-8, and INF-γ blood serum concentration kinetics, and the association with the H/L ratio in chicken at 1, 3, 7, and 21 days post-SE infection. The results showed a significant correlation between the H/L ratio and the bacterial load in the ileum and caecum at 7 dpi. The ROD21 pathogenicity island absolute and relative excision in the caecum were positively correlated at 1 dpi but negatively correlated at 7 dpi with the H/L ratio. However, in the liver, we found the opposite tendency. The association of the H/L ratio with IL-1β, IL-8, and INF-γ blood serum concentrations showed that a low H/L ratio is correlated with increased IL-1β and INF-γ at 21 dpi. This study confirmed that the H/L ratio is associated with robustness and Salmonella-resistance in chicken. The methodology used in this study can separate individuals into susceptible and resistant and can help in the selection and breeding of Salmonella-resistant chickens.

Interactions between Salmonella Enteritidis and food processing facility isolate Bacillus paramycoides B5 in dual-species biofilms

Foodborne pathogens tend to live in mixed-species biofilms with resident flora in the food industry, likely posing a higher risk of pathogen contamination due to the strong biofilm formation and disinfectant resistance. The behavior of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in the presence of the food-processing environmental bacterium Bacillus paramycoides B5 (Bp5) during dual-species biofilm formation were investigated by Illumina RNA-seq transcriptome analysis combined with phenotype validation. The results showed that SE initial adhesion was significantly enhanced with large microcolony formation when cocultured with Bp5. The cocultures formed more extracellular polymeric substances compared to SE mono-species. Transcriptome analysis showed that a total of 433 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of SE were present in dual-species biofilms. Functional annotation revealed that the genes involved in bacterial chemotaxis, flagellar assembly, and two-component system pathways were significantly upregulated. Genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and the citrate cycle were downregulated. Selected genes belonging to SE biofilm formation and environmental resistance were significantly upregulated with RT-qPCR validation. Flagellar-mediated motility was enhanced. This study explored the underlying mechanisms of enhanced biofilm formation and environmental resistance of SE in dual-species biofilms, which may help reveal or resolve SE persistence in food processing environments.

Evaluation of Analytical Sensitivity of Sdf I based PCR and Sandwich ELISA for Salmonella Enteritidis detection and On-Farm prevalence in Punjab, Pakistan

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is a dominant serotype among non-typhoidal Salmonella which renders poultry products unsafe for human consumption. Due to frequent reporting of egg associated outbreaks, broiler breeder flocks are understudied although farm environment present supporting conditions for the growth of SE. In this study, two rapid detection techniques for SE were compared in terms of analytical sensitivity and the extent of SE contamination in broiler breeder farm environment was determined. Analytical sensitivity as limit of detection (LOD) was evaluated quantitatively for serotype specific PCR based on amplification of Sdf I gene and a commercially available sandwich ELISA for antigen detection. In triplicate experiments, tenfold serial dilutions of SE were prepared and tested with each technique. Using pure cultures, analytical sensitivity of PCR and ELISA were found to be 18.6 CFU/ml and 2.77×105 CFU/ml respectively. PCR (LOD, log 1.2) was found to be more sensitive and rapid than ELISA (LOD, log 5.4). Environmental swab samples (n = 260) were collected from 22 hen houses representing 8 broiler breeder farms located in and around Lahore and Sheikhupura districts of Punjab province. From each hen house swab samples were collected from litter, nests, feeders, drinkers, fans, pads, ceiling, walls and walkways. Following selective enrichment, pooled swab samples were subjected to PCR. Results showed that 36.3 % (8/22) hen houses were detected positive for SE. These findings suggest improvement in farm biosecurity measures and advocate implementation of integrated Salmonellosis control programs in broiler breeder houses to minimize carcass contamination.

Evaluation of the active concentration of two disinfectants based on glutaraldehyde and benzalkonium chloride and antimicrobial activity in vitro against Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium

Biosecurity, cleaning and disinfection of swine and poultry facilities are fundamental for the reduction of pathogenic microorganisms of importance for public and animal health. The objective of this work was to compare the levels of active ingredient described on the label and the real levels detected in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of two disinfectants., then evaluate the antimicrobial activity since, following the Germicidal Sanitizing Action and Disinfectant Detergent (Official Method AOAC 960.09) in four different dilutions with the presence of 3% organic matter during 15 min of contact, against Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST). The product “A” presents active levels of agreement according to the label. The content of quantified assets for product “B” was lower than that recorded on the label. The disinfectant “A” was effective in microbiological evaluation while the disinfectant “B” had microbiocidal activity compromised by the deficit of assets.

Association of extensively drug resistant salmonella infection in children with typhoid fever.

Objectives:In resource limited countries facing a huge burden of multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant (XDR) enteric fever, treatment is a great challenge on the part of a patient as well as a health care professional. This study was conducted to determine the association of XDR enteric fever with various studied factors among hospitalized culture-positive pediatric patients in a tertiary care hospital setup.Methods:We conducted a descriptive observational study at The Karachi Adventist Hospital from July 01, 2019, to March 31, 2020 on 143 hospitalized children with culture proven enteric fever who were already on empirical antibiotics. Depending on the variability of the course of illness and clinical responses to given antibiotics, the data was gathered on a structured data sheet. Association of various study parameters and their significance in relation to XDR salmonella infection was analyzed and studied.Results:The age group highly affected was 5-7.5 years, with a male preponderance of 61.5%. Majority were from urban slums areas of Karachi (53.8%) and 52% were admitted between 7 to 14 days of fever onset. XDR salmonella infection was observed in 79% of blood culture isolates. None of the XDR patients were consuming boiled water and neither of these infected children were vaccinated against salmonella typhi. Duration of fever before hospitalization, non-consumption of boiled or mineral water, ciprofloxacin use and lack of typhoid vaccination showed statistically strong association with XDR enteric fever (p<0.01).Conclusion:Prehospitalization fever duration, use of boiled/mineral water, ciprofloxacin use and typhoid vaccine status showed strong association with XDR salmonella infection. Prioritizing the focus on healthcare awareness, early access to proper health care facility, discouraging over-the-counter drugs and enforcement of immunization will help decline the dissemination of this dreadful disease.

Isolation and identification of Salmonella species isolated from diseased broiler Japanese quail with an experimental treatment trial

This study was performed to investigate salmonella infection in Japanese quails, also its incidence, clinical signs, postmortem lesion, serotypes, antibiotic resistance, and virulence with an experimental treatment trial. A total of 100 samples were collected from quails suffering from diarrhea and mortalities from 10 farms (10 birds from each) at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. Samples were aseptically collected and were processed for the isolation and identification of salmonella spp. Incidence of salmonella infections was (17%), detected serotypes were S. infantis 58.8 %( 10/17), S. salame17.6% (3/17), S. Kentucky 11.8 %( 2/17), S. Isangi 5.8% (1/17), S. Colorado 5.8% (1/17). Virulence genes such as invA and sopB were detected in all examined isolates while no one had pefA and for antibiotics resistance genes all 10 isolates carried tetB, 3 isolates, and 2 isolates of them carrying qnrS and blaMox respectively. Susceptibility of isolated Salmonella serotypes to antimicrobial agents showed 100% resistance to oxytetracycline and erythromycin and serotypes were sensitive to fosfomycin (16/17) (94.11%). In the experimental design, one hundred and twenty, one-day-old Salmonella free quail chicks, were used to study the pathogenicity of Salmonella isolates (S. Infantis). Quails Chicks were divided into 6 groups (20 per group), the first group (G1) was kept as non-infected control and group 2 (G2) as infected control, group 3 (G3) was non-infected and given organium oil from1-19 days, group 4 (G4) was infected and treated with fosfomycin on the 2nd-day post-infection for 5 days, group 5 (G5) was infected and given organium oil from 1-19 day and, group 6 (G6) was infected and treated with fosfomycin on the 2nd-day post-infection for 5 days and given organium oil from1-19 day. The birds in groups (2, 4, 5, and 6) were infected orally with 0.5 ml of S. Infantis containing 107CFU on the 10th-day of age. Observation of the chicks daily for clinical signs and mortalities was done for 2 weeks post-infection. PM examination of dead and very sick chicks and bacteriological re-isolation. Our results showed that the birds that received fosfomycin and organium oil together (G6) showed more favorable clinical signs, mortality rate, post-mortem lesions, recovery rate, and shedding rate then (G4), and (G5), respectively than (G2). In the experimental design, blood samples were collected at 12 and 19 days of age (5 birds from each group each time) for Serum analysis, and total and differential leukocytes count, the analysis of variance showed that positive significant effect on treated groups (G3, G5, G6) with organium oil on total protein, albumin, globulin, and albumin globulin ratio (P

Characterization and drug susceptibility pattern of Salmonella and Shigella in children below five years: a cross-sectional study conducted in Lodwar, Turkana County, in Northern Kenya.

IntroductionSalmonella and Shigella infections are waterborne associated infections globally known to cause serious illnesses in all age groups, but can be more devastating in children below five years. Antimicrobial resistance has been known to worsen the existing challenge in the management of Salmonella and Shigella infections. The aim is to isolate and identify Salmonella and Shigella among children less than five years with diarrhea and to determine resistance to commonly prescribed drugs at the Lodwar County and Referral Hospital in Northern Kenya.Methodsusing a cross-sectional study design, a descriptive experimental study was conducted on 196 children with diarrhea using rectal swabs. A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic information. Samples were then received in the microbiology laboratory, and macroscopic and microscopic examinations were done before culture on specific selective media. Thereafter, biochemical confirmation of the growths done then confirmed results tabulated before analysis.Resultsfrom the total samples collected (196) Shigella dysenteriae cases were 4 (5%), while Shigella Flexneri were 7 (9%), Shigella sonnei were 3 (4%), Shigella boydii were 4 (5%) and Salmonella typhimurium were 2 (2.4%). From these, about 70% of the isolated Salmonella and Shigella demonstrated high antibiotic resistance to Amoxilliclav and Ampicillin, both with high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values of about 8ug/ml. While over 80% drug susceptibility was noted in Amikacin (1ug/ml), Ciprofloxacin (2ug/ml), Ceftriaxone (4ug/ml) and Ceftazidime (4ug/ml).ConclusionSalmonella and Shigella are among the common contributors of diarrhea among children less than five years. Drug resistance among the commonly used antibiotics is a serious indicator that possible misuse of antibiotics especially the beta lactam penicillin's.

Ileal alkaline phosphatase is upregulated following functional amino acid supplementation in Salmonella Typhimurium-challenged pigs.

We recently showed that functional amino acid (FAA) supplementation improves growth performance and immune status of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST)-challenged pigs, which was further improved by a longer adaptation period. It is expected that the effects are associated with increased activity of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of FAA supplementation and adaptation period on the ileal, cecal, and colonic activity of IAP in weaned pigs challenged with ST. In experiment 1, a total of 32 mixed-sex weanling pigs were randomly assigned to dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with low (LP) or high protein (HP) content and basal (FAA-) or FAA profile (FAA+; Thr, Met, and Trp at 120% of requirements) as factors. In experiment 2, a total of 32 mixed-sex weanling pigs were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments, being FAA- fed throughout the experimental period (FAA-) or an FAA profile fed only in the post-inoculation (FAA + 0), for 1wk pre- and post-inoculation (FAA + 1), or throughout the experimental period (FAA + 2). In experiments 1 and 2, after a 7- and 14-d adaptation period, respectively, pigs were inoculated with saline solution containing ST (3.3 and 2.2 × 109 CFU/mL, respectively). Plasma alkaline phosphatase was measured on days 0 and 7 post-inoculation in experiment 1, and IAP (ileum, cecum, and colon) was measured in experiments 1 and 2. Correlations among ileal IAP and serum albumin and haptoglobin, plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced:oxidized glutathione, ileal myeloperoxidase, ST shedding and ileal colonization, and post-inoculation average daily gain, feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed were also analyzed. In experiment 1, plasma alkaline phosphatase was decreased with ST inoculation and the overall content was increased in LP-FAA+ compared with LP-FAA- (P < 0.05). Moreover, ileal IAP was increased in FAA+ compared with FAA- pigs in both studies (P < 0.05) regardless of adaptation time (P > 0.05). IAP was positively correlated with MDA and ADFI and negatively correlated with SOD and ST shedding in experiment 1 (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate a positive effect of FAA supplementation, but not adaptation period, on ileal alkaline phosphatase activity in Salmonella-challenged pigs, which may be associated with improvements in antioxidant balance.

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis biofilm lifestyle induces lower pathogenicity and reduces inflammatory response in a murine model compared to planktonic bacteria

Salmonellaenterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is the most frequent serovar involved in human salmonellosis. It has been demonstrated that about 80% of infections are related to biofilm formation. There is scant information about the pathogenicity of S. Enteritidis and its relationship to biofilm production. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the differential host response induced by S. Enteritidis biofilm and planktonic lifestyle. To this purpose, biofilm and planktonic bacteria were inoculated to BALB/c mice and epithelial cell culture. Survival studies revealed that biofilm is less virulent than planktonic cells. Reduced signs of intestinal inflammation and lower bacterial translocation were observed in animals inoculated with Salmonella biofilm compared to the planktonic group. Results showed that Salmonella biofilm was impaired for invasion of non-phagocytic cells and induces a lower inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro compared to that of planktonic bacteria. Taken together, the outcome of Salmonella–host interaction varies depending on the bacterial lifestyle.

Association of Heterophil/Lymphocyte Ratio with Intestinal Barrier Function and Immune Response to Salmonella enteritidis Infection in Chicken.

Simple SummarySalmonella represents a serious threat to the poultry industry and human health. The heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio indicates the robustness and immune system status of the chicken. Thus, the H/L ratio has been used for the selection of chickens that are resistant to Salmonella. However, the mechanisms conferring the resistance ability to the chickens with a low H/L ratio compared to those with a high H/L ratio remain unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the association of the H/L ratio with the intestinal barrier function and immune response to Salmonella enteritidis infection in chicken. First, we enumerated the number of goblet cells in the ileum and caecum, measured the ileal villi morphology, and the expression of immune genes in the ileum and caecum of non-infected and SE-infected chickens at 7- and 21-days post-infection. Then, we assessed the correlation with the H/L ratio. The H/L ratio was negatively correlated to the number of goblet cells, IL-1β, IL-8, and IFN-γ ileal expressions, indicating that the individuals with a low H/L ratio displayed enhanced intestinal barrier and immunity. These results suggest that the H/L ratio is associated with intestinal immunity and could be a potential resistance indicator in chickens.The heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio has been extensively studied to select poultry that are resistant to environmental stressors. Chickens with a low H/L ratio are superior to the chickens with a high H/L ratio in survival, immune response, and resistance to Salmonella infection. However, this disease resistance ability is likely to be associated with enhanced intestinal immunity. Therefore, to expand our understanding of these underlying resistance mechanisms, it is crucial to investigate the correlation between the H/L ratio as a blood immune indicator in live chickens and the intestinal barrier function and immunity. Jinxing yellow chickens H/L line one-day-old were divided into non-infected (NI) and Salmonella enteritidis infected (SI) at 7-days old. After dividing the birds into NI and SI, blood samples were taken for H/L ratios determination, and subsequently, birds from the SI group were infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). We assessed the effects of SE infection on the (i) goblet cells number from the ileum and caecum gut-segments, (ii) ileal mucosa morphology, and (iii) immune gene mRNA expressions from the ileum and caecum of NI and SI chickens at 7 and 21 days-post-infection (dpi). We found that the H/L ratio was negatively correlated with most intestinal immune indices, particularly with the goblet cells number and with IL-1β, IL-8, and IFN-γ ileal expressions. In conclusion, these results suggest that the H/L ratio is associated with the intestinal barrier and immune response for SE clearance and that the chickens with a low H/L ratio displayed enhanced intestinal immunity. This study expands the current knowledge that is related to using the H/L ratio to select and breed resistant broiler chickens.