Salmon Bone Research Articles

Application of decalcified bone matrix in Salmon bone for tibial defect repair in rat model.

The optimal preparation conditions of Salmon decalcified bone matrix (S-DBM) were explored, and the properties of S-DBM bone particles and bone powder were studied respectively. The therapeutic effect of S-DBM on tibial defect in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats was preliminarily verified. This study assessed the structural and functional similarities of Salmon bone DBM (S-DBM). The biocompatibility assessment was conducted using both in vivo and in vitro experiments, establishing an animal model featuring tibial defects in rats and on the L929 cell line, respectively. The control group, bovine DBM (bDBM), was compared to the S-DBM-treated tibial defect rats. Imaging and histology were used to study implant material changes, defect healing, osteoinductive repair, and degradation. The findings of our study indicate that S-DBM exhibits favorable repairing effects on bone defects, along with desirable physicochemical characteristics, safety, and osteogenic activity. The S-DBM holds significant potential as a medical biomaterial for treating bone defects, effectively fulfilling the clinical demands for materials used in bone tissue repair engineering.

Fish bone associated pneumomediastinum in a 15-year-old adolescent male.

A 15-year-old boy who had been experiencing chest tightness and odynophagia for 6 h came to the emergency department. He swallowed a salmon bone 12 h earlier. The vital signs at triage did not indicate tachypnea or desaturation. The patient appeared well on physical examination. He had a patent oropharynx and crepitus felt over his right supraclavicular area. His respiratory pattern was smooth, and his breath sounds were symmetric and clear bilaterally. A chest radiograph revealed lucent streaks of gas outlining mediastinal structures with an extension of subcutaneous emphysema and pneumopericardium (Fig. 1a).

A Case of Pediatric Laryngeal Foreign Body Successfully Removed under Tracheostomy

A one-year-old boy accidentally aspirated a salmon bone while eating. Computed tomography showed a foreign body at the larynx level, and a fiberscopic examination revealed a fish bone in the glottic space. The first attempt to remove the foreign body by forceps using laryngoscope failed with the child conscious. This treatment caused laryngeal edema, and tracheostomy was performed. The foreign body was ultimately removed using a direct laryngoscope under general anesthesia. Children who have aspirated a foreign body in their larynx may have a variety of symptoms, such as mild irritation, cough, and respiratory distress. The diagnosis of this condition demands a high degree of suspicion, since a physical examination and symptom-based evaluation have low sensitivity. Clinicians should be more alert for this condition at the initial presentation. Laryngeal foreign bodies occasionally require removal via tracheostomy because children have small airways and choke easily. Tracheostomy should be performed when a risk of choking during or after treatment is expected.

A novel Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) bone collagen peptide delays osteoarthritis development by inhibiting cartilage matrix degradation and anti-inflammatory

Nowadays, the biological activity of collagen peptides has been revealed, but the effect of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) bone-derived collagen peptide (CPs) on osteoarthritis remains unclear. In this study, CPs was identified as a small molecular weight peptide rich in Gly-X-Y structure. Meanwhile, interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced hypertrophic chondrocytes and partial medial meniscectomy (pMMx) surgery model in rats were performed. In IL-1β stimulated chondrocytes, CPs significantly increased the type-II collagen content, reduced the type-X collagen abundance and chondrocytes apoptosis. Meanwhile, CPs reversed the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase, metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs and RUNX family transcription factor 2 in chondrocytes induced by IL-1β. In vivo, CPs increased pain tolerance of rats and without organ toxicity at 1.6 g/kg.bw. CPs significantly decreased the levels of COMP and Helix-II in serum. Furthermore, a significant decrease of IL-1β in synovial fluid and cartilage tissue were observed by CPs intervention. From Micro-CT, CPs (0.8 g/kg.bw) significantly decreased Tb.sp and SMI value. Meanwhile, the expression of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 were reduced by CPs administration both in vitro and in vivo. Together, CPs showed potential to be a novel and safe dietary supplement for helping anti-inflammatory and cartilage regeneration, ultimately hindering osteoarthritis development. However, the clear mechanism of CPs’s positive effect on osteoarthritis needs to be further explored.

Hydroxyapatite Derived from Salmon Bone As Green Ecoefficient Support for Ceria-Doped Nickel Catalyst for CO2 Methanation.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) derived from salmon bone byproducts is used as a green support for the nanostructured nickel catalysts applied in the methanation of carbon dioxide (CO2). Undoped nickel catalysts and various ceria-doped nickel supported on hydroxyapatite (HA) were prepared by coimpregnation. Characteristics of the as-prepared catalysts were investigated by the various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), carbon dioxide temperature-programmed desorption (CO2-TPD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The catalyst activity was assessed throughout CO2 methanation in the low-temperature range of 225–350 °C with the molar ratio of H2/CO2 = 4/1. The function of HA and ceria provided a high dispersity of nickel particles over the catalyst surface with the size range of 24.5–25.8 nm, leading to improvement in the reduction and CO2 adsorption capacity of the catalysts as well as enhancing the catalytic efficiency in CO2 methanation. The 10Ni/HA catalyst reduced at suitable conditions of 400 °C for 2 h showed the highest catalytic performance among the tested catalysts. CO2 conversion and CH4 selectivity reached 76.6 and 100% at a reaction temperature of 350 °C, respectively. The results show that the Ni/HA sample doped with 6.0 wt % ceria was the best, with the CO2 conversion and the CH4 selectivity reaching 92.5% and 100%, respectively, at a reaction temperature of 325 °C.

A novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide derived from the trypsin hydrolysates of salmon bone proteins.

When fish are processed, fish bone becomes a key component of the waste, but to date very few researchers have sought to use fish bone to prepare protein hydrolysates as a means of adding value to the final product. This study, therefore, examines the potential of salmon bone, through an analysis of the benefits of its constituent components, namely fat, moisture, protein, and ash. In particular, the study seeks to optimize the process of enzymatic hydrolysis of salmon bone with trypsin in order to produce angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides making use of response surface methodology in combination with central composite design (CCD). Optimum hydrolysis conditions concerning DH (degree of hydrolysis) and ACE-inhibitory activity were initially determined using the response surface model. Having thus determined which of the salmon bone protein hydrolysates (SBPH) offered the greatest level of ACE-inhibitory activity, these SBPH were duly selected to undergo ultrafiltration for further fractionation. It was found that the greatest ACE-inhibitory activity was achieved by the SBPH fraction which had a molecular weight lower than 0.65 kDa. This fraction underwent further purification using RP-HPLC, revealing that the F7 fraction offered the best ACE-inhibitory activity. For ACE inhibition, the ideal peptide in the context of the F7 fraction comprised eight amino acids: Phe-Cys-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Leu-Ala-Arg (FCLYELAR), while analysis of the Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that the FCLYELAR peptide can serve as an uncompetitive ACE inhibitor. An examination of the molecular docking process showed that the FCLYELAR peptide was primarily able to provide ACE-inhibitory qualities as a consequence of the hydrogen bond interactions taking place between ACE and the peptide. Furthermore, upon isolation form the SBPH, the ACE-inhibitory peptide demonstrated ACE-inhibitory capabilities in vitro, underlining its potential for applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.

Incorporation of salmon bone gelatine with chitosan, gallic acid and clove oil as edible coating for the cold storage of fresh salmon fillet

Edible coating is an effective strategy to improve the product quality and extend the shelf life of meat products. The objective of this research was to extract gelatine from salmon fish bone and develop a salmon bone gelatine-chitosan based edible coating incorporating gallic acid and/or clove oil as bioactive ingredients for the preservation of fresh salmon fillet at cold storage (4 °C for 15 days). The extraction yield of salmon bone gelatine was 2.5 ± 0.5% wet basis. The salmon bone gelatine extract coating (GE) successfully inhibited discolouration, pH change, lipid and protein oxidation and microbial growth of salmon fillet, but was less effective compared to chitosan coating (CH). The combination of gelatine and chitosan (GE-CH) and the incorporation of gallic acid (GE–CH–GA) improved the antioxidant effects of the coating. In contrast, incorporation of clove oil (GE–CH–CO) enhanced the antimicrobial effects. Overall, the combination of gelatine, chitosan, gallic acid and clove oil (GE–CH–GA-CO) had the best performance on salmon fillet preservation and prolonged the shelf life for at least 5 days. These findings suggest the potential to develop this mixture (GE–CH–GA-CO) as a practical commercial method for the preservation of fresh fish meat.

Effect of partially substituting wheat flour with fish bones powder on the properties and quality of noodles

Adding salmon (Salmo salar) fish bone powder (SBP), as a partial substitute for refined wheat flour in the production of fresh noodles, was developed as a method of utilizing a waste product from fish industry, reducing the use of wheat flour and enhancing the nutritional quality of the noodles. Refined wheat flour was partially substituted with salmon bone powder at 0, 5, 10, 15 or 20% of refined wheat flour. The noodles, made from these combinations, were then tested for their color, cooking quality, texture, chemical, sensory properties and level of microorganism during storage. The results indicated that as the amount of salmon bone powder increased, the appearance became yellowish and darker, the elasticity and softness of the noodles were decreased.Cooking quality; cooking time and cooking yield decreased while cooking loss was increased. When the noodles made from 15% salmon bone powder plus 85% refined wheat flour were tested their moisture content, protein, total carbohydrate, fat and ash were 36.45, 3.34, 43.60, 3.34, 6.74 g/100g, respectively and their calcium content also progressively increased with increasing levels of salmon bone powder in the refined wheat flour. The calcium content from noodles made from 15% salmon bone powder plus 85% refined wheat flour was 1.84 g/100g. The sensory evaluation in terms of appearance, color, odor, elasticity, softness, smoothness, taste and overall acceptability showed that the cooked noodles containing 15% salmon bone powder had similar characteristics to cooked noodles made from 100% refined wheat flour. Levels of microorganism including total plate count, yeasts and molds remained low,while Escherichia coli, Staphylococus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Samonella spp. were non-detected. All microorganism levels within acceptable levels and remained within criterion of microbiological quality standardization of foods and tableware announced by Department of Medical Science (No.3/2017) throughout the storage. Overall, the noodles retained acceptable quality for at least 9 days in refrigerator at 4±2oC.

Detection of Atlantic salmon bone residues using machine vision technology

The detection of foreign bodies in the food industry has received considerable research attention in recent years. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of combining machine vision with neural network models for detecting residual bones in Atlantic salmon flesh as well as explore the degree to which image quality affects the performance of object detection models. We first employed region segmentation and various forms of data expansion to obtain 3120 images of Atlantic salmon bone residues and then used the image compression algorithm to obtain data sets with images that differ in quality. Three object detection models (Faster-RCNN + Alexnet, Faster-RCNN + VGG16 and Faster-RCNN + VGG19) were trained based on uncompressed image data sets. The Faster-RCNN + VGG16 model had optimal test performance on the image data set with a compression ratio of 25% (F1-score = 0.87, AP = 0.78). The Faster-RCNN + VGG16 model for images with a compression ratio of 10% did not show any practical value (F1-score = 0.17, AP = 0.04). Therefore, neural network models based on machine vision can robustly detect residual bones in Atlantic salmon flesh from images containing bones. The quality of images used for detection had a significant impact on the detection results, and small target images should be less robust to compression.

Effect of Alkaline Treatment on Characteristics of Bio-Calcium and Hydroxyapatite Powders Derived from Salmon Bone

Alkaline treatment has been extensively implemented in the extraction process of hydroxyapatite (HAp) extraction from various kinds of bio-materials, such as animal bone and scales. The main purpose of such treatment is to remove proteinaceous substances from raw materials. The influence of the alkaline treatment that could alter not only the organic contents but also chemical composition—specifically the Ca/P mole ratios of bio-calcium, HAp, and the biphasic apatite powders derived from salmon bone, a by-product from the salmon industry—was investigated. Both HAp and biphasic apatite powders were obtained from the calcination of bio-calcium powders with and without alkaline treatment, respectively. An X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) in the calcined bone powder without alkaline treatment while only a single phase of hydroxyapatite was observed in the alkaline-treated sample. Calcium and phosphorus contents were measured by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). A variation of Ca/P ratios was observed among all samples, depending on the chemical and heat treatment conditions. Organic molecules, such as protein, fat, hydroxyproline, and TBARS, were significantly lowered in bio-calcium powders with the alkaline treatment. This work represents important research on chemical treatment prior to the raw material conversion process, which significantly influences chemical and phase compositions of the bio-calcium and hydroxyapatite powder derived from salmon bone waste.

Free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory potential of a protein hydrolysate derived from salmon bones on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

Salmon bones, a waste by-product from the salmon industry, were used as a protein hydrolysate source for the production of bioactive peptides. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of salmon bone protein hydrolysate (SBPH). Salmon bones were hydrolyzed by separately using one of four proteases (Alcalase, Favourzyme, Neutrase and papain) at various concentrations (10, 25 and 50 mg mL-1 ), where the SBPH derived from 10 mg mL-1 papain hydrolysis exhibited the highest nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity. After ultrafiltration, the MW < 0.65 kDa fraction showed the strongest NO inhibitory activity and was further fractionated by gel filtration chromatography (G1 and G2 fractions) and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic fractionation of the G1 fraction, from which the three main peaks (H1, H2 and H3) were found to have a marked NO-inhibitory activity and their peptide sequences were determined. Moreover, the G1 fraction was shown to inhibit both the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production and the LPS-induced inducible NO synthase , interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and induced NO production and the LPSCOX-2 mRNA levels in RAW 264.7 cells. Salmon bones from the salmon fisheries and farming industry were utilized by enzymatic hydrolysis for the production of valuable peptides. The results of this study suggested that bioactive peptides derived from salmon bones would be alternative anti-inflammation materials in functional resources. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Recovery of bone powder from salmon by- product and application in production of Tra catfish cake

In this study, salmon by-products were utilised to produce high ash content (AC) salmon bone powder (SBP) using hydrolytic enzyme and apply in the production of Tra catfish cake. The by- products included 61.9% of moisture, 43.1% of protein, 45.4% of lipid, 10.2% of ash, 3.7% of calcium and 2.3% of phosphorus (on dry weight basis). The AC of SBP achieved the maximal value of 46.9% when hydrolytic enzyme of Alcalase, pH value of 6.5, temperature of 60oC, the Enzyme/Substrate (E/S) ratio of 60 U/g protein and time of 4 hours. The obtained SBP contained 23.1% of calcium, 11.7% of phosphorus and without heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury and lead. The fish cake added with 2% of SBP owned the highest gel strength, folding score and whiteness of 287.4, AA and 65.3, respectively and it was accepted by the test panel. Hence, SBP could be used in the production of Tra catfish cake as a mineral supplement.

Caculation of sterilization conditions using Ball method and shelf life for canned salmon fish bone extract

The objective of this study aimed to determine sterilization conditions (temperature and time) in order to maximize sensory quality and color of the canned salmon bone extract and minimize harmful organisms at the lowest level. The study was also designed to predict the shelf life of the canned extract. The sterilization conditions were calculated using the Ball method. The results showed that two sterilization conditions to achieve the F0 value of 2.8 min were determined at 121oC for 14 min and 116oC for 27 min. According to quality assessment, there were no significant differences in color and pH of the product sterilized at such conditions. However, overall score of the product sterilized at 121oC for 14 min was found to be better than that of the lower temperature and longer time in terms of sensory evaluation. For the shelf life prediction, the acceleration testing method was used with different responses measured including color, pH and sensory quality. The product was stored at 30oC for 60 days, and at 45 and 55oC for 20 days. Several kinetic equations have been constructed to describe the changes of those responses during storage periods. According to kinetics equations, the shelf life of the product was predicted and confirmed as 19 months at 30oC.

Effects of salt extraction and heating conditions on protein characteristics and antioxidant activity of salmon (Salmo salar) bone extract

The salmon fillet industry in Thailand contributes a large amount of salmon bone (approximately 443 t/yr) as a by-product from final production. The salmon bone contains 16.65% protein and could be utilized to prepare human food. This study evaluated the effects of various salt concentrations and extraction conditions on the protein characteristics of salmon bone extract. The salmon bone extract was prepared by combining two levels (0.5%, 3.5%) of salt solution (1:6, weight per volume) at various temperatures (55–95°C) for 0.5–8 hr prior to centrifugation. The properties were determined of color, light transmission, total solids, protein content, protein pattern and radical scavenging activity. Lower lightness and light transmission were found in the extract with 3.5% salt addition compared to 0.5% salt at 55°C. At 95°C for 8 hr, extracting the salmon bone with 3.5% salt produced the highest values of 1.62% protein and 4.20% total solids, while extraction with 0.5% salt produced 0.76% protein and 1.31% total solids. Proteins with a molecular weight above 250 kDa, myosin heavy chains, collagen and tropomyosin were found in the extracts at 85°C and 95°C. The extracts with 0.5% salt addition at 55°C and 95°C had greater radical scavenging activity than extraction with 3.5% salt. Based on the protein content and the value of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, extraction with 0.5% salt at 95°C for 8 hr showed potential for use as a commercial soup product.

Characterization of natural hydroxyapatite originated from fish bone and its biocompatibility with osteoblasts

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) was very attractive for using as bone implant material for a long period due to the close similarity with natural bone in composition and osteoconductive properties. In this study, three kinds of natural HAP (nHAP) derived from rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mkiss), cod (Gadus) and salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) bones were prepared using thermal calcination method for the first time. Resultant nHAPs were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Biocompatibility of calcined nHAP was evaluated through MTT cell viability assay and alkaline phosphatase activity experiment using mouse preosteoblast MC3T3-E1. Results of cell experiment indicated that the nHAP originated from rainbow trout and salmon bones showed better biological compatibility compared with the nHAP originated from cod bone and chemical synthetic HAP (cHAP). This is most likely attributed to the different element composition in nHAP, i.e., the nHAP derived from rainbow trout and salmon bones showed the presence of CO32– and Mg2+. Therefore, the nHAP originated from rainbow trout and salmon bones have a great potential for application as implant material substitute in bone tissue engineering and the natural waste fish bone product can be used for hydroxyapatite synthesis as a part of bio-waste management.

An In Vitro Study on the Effect of Five Commercial Calcium Supplements on Human Osteoblast Cell Proliferation and Ca2+ Mineralization

Calcium is an essential mineral that supports bone and joint health. It is used as a supplement, most typically as calcium carbonate, to assist in preserving bone density especially when dietary calcium intake is inadequate. In the present study we examined the effect of five varied calcium sources, three natural and two synthetic, on stimulation, proliferation and mineralization of cultured human osteoblast cells. A MTT assay using cultured human fetal osteoblast cells (hFOB 1.19) was used to determine the effective proliferative dose for salmon collagen bone calcium (0.25 mg/ml). Elemental calcium equivalence was used to select the appropriate doses for algae calcium (0.14 mg/ml), eggshell powder (0.16 mg/ml), calcium citrate (0.22 mg/ml) and calcium carbonate (0.13). Alkaline phosphatase activity, DNA synthesis rates and calcium ion deposition were evaluated after incubation under different conditions and harvesting the cells. Alkaline phosphatase activity, DNA synthesis rates and calcium ion deposition rates were all highest for the natural salmon bone collagen calcium, followed by algae calcium. The eggshell powder, calcium citrate and calcium carbonate did not exhibit significant changes from control in most of these assays. The results of these assays suggest that natural marine collagen calcium such as salmon bone collagen calcium acts as the most effective intervention on osteoblast performance and actual calcium deposition. It should be recommended as a superior supplement for improved bone and joint health function.

Bone without minerals and its secondary mineralization in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): the recovery from phosphorus deficiency.

Calcium and phosphorus (P) are the main bone minerals, and P deficiency can cause hypomineralized bones (osteomalacia) and malformations. This study used a P-deficient salmon model to falsify three hypotheses. First, an extended period of dietary P deficiency does not cause pathologies other than osteomalacia. Second, secondary mineralization of non-mineralized bone is possible. Third, secondary mineralization can restore the bones' mineral composition and mechanical properties. For 7weeks, post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) received diets with regular P content (RP) or with a 50% lowered P content (LP). For additional 9weeks, RP animals continued on the regular diet (RP-RP). LP animals continued on the LP diet (LP-LP), on a regular P diet (LP-RP) or on a high P diet (LP-HP). After 16 weeks, animals in all groups maintained a non-deformed vertebral column. LP-LP animals continued bone formation albeit without mineralization. Nine weeks of RP diet largely restored the mineral content and mechanical properties of vertebral bodies. Mineralization resumed deep inside the bone and away from osteoblasts. The history of P deficiency was traceable in LP-RP and LP-HP animals as a ring of low-mineralized bone in the vertebral body endplates, but no tissue alterations occurred that foreshadow vertebral body compression or fusion. Large quantities of non-mineralized salmon bone have the capacity to re-mineralize. If 16 weeks of P deficiency as a single factor is not causal for typical vertebral body malformations, other factors remain to be identified. This example of functional bone without minerals may explain why some teleost species can afford to have an extremely low mineralized skeleton.

Microscopic recognition and identification of fish meal in compound feeds

ABSTRACTFish meal is an accepted ingredient in compound feed. Unauthorised application is primarily enforced by visual inspection, i.e., microscopy. In order to document the visually available diversity, fragments of bones and scales of 17 teleost fish species belonging to seven different orders were investigated for their diversity in the presence of structural elements: lacunae and canaliculae in bone fragments and type of growth rings and teeth of scale fragments. Despite the classical division into cellular bones and acellular bones of teleost fish, i.e., whether or not possessing osteocytes, the current examinations revealed patterns of lacunae, in some types accompanied with canaliculae, in all 17 species investigated. In total seven types of bone structures were defined, and six types of scale structures. Profiles with the relative frequency of each bone type per species were established. The share of acellular bone fragments appeared to be related to the evolutionary position of the species. Results of proficiency tests for the detection of fish meal reveal that in most cases the sensitivity and specificity for the detection of fish meal ranges from sufficient to perfect. Only some specified circumstances can hamper proper recognition and identification, most notably salmon bone fragments mimicking bone fragments from terrestrial animals, and pieces of hydrolysed proteins or minerals mimicking acellular fish bone fragments. The expertise gained in this study would help to improve the distinction between fish meal and terrestrial animal material in compound feed, and it supports the application of the species-to-species ban with respect to the valorisation of by-products from fish farms in aquafeed. In a broader perspective, the current expertise might be helpful to detect fraud throughout the feed/food production chain. The matrix of characteristics versus species is implemented in a data model running in the expert system ‘Determinator’ for facilitating identification.

Isolation and Characterization of Nano-Hydroxyapatite from Salmon Fish Bone.

Nano-Hydroxyapatite (nHA) was isolated from salmon bone by alkaline hydrolysis. The resulting nHA was characterized using several analytical tools, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to determine the purity of the nHA sample. The removal of organic matter from the raw fish was confirmed by TGA. FT-IR confirmed the presence of a carbonated group and the similarities to synthetic Sigma HA. XRD revealed that the isolated nHA was amorphous. Microscopy demonstrated that the isolated nHA possessed a nanostructure with a size range of 6–37 nm. The obtained nHA interacted with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and was non-toxic. Increased mineralization was observed for nHA treated MSCs compared to the control group. These results suggest that nHA derived from salmon is a promising biomaterial in the field of bone tissue engineering.

Preparation, characterization and identification of calcium-chelating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) ossein oligopeptides

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) bones (normally discarded during manufacturing) were used to prepare salmon ossein oligopeptides (SOOP). Calcium-chelating salmon ossein oligopeptides (SOOP-Ca) were obtained by calcium-chelating peptides from SOOP. The calcium-chelating capacity of SOOP-Ca was 52.47 ± 0.08 %. SOOP-Ca had high protein content (63.42 ± 1.02 %) and low molecular weight, and 72.32 % of the molecular weight was less than 1 ku. Scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet wavelength scanning and infrared spectra all showed that the structure of SOOP-Ca is different from that of SOOP. SOOP-Ca was stable at a range of temperatures and at various pH values. It was also stable during in vitro gastric protease digestion. SOOP-Ca was separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Ten major fractions were collected and subjected to mass spectrometry to identify peptide components. A total of 22 peptide sequences were identified. This study suggested that SOOP-Ca might be useful as food additives, dietary nutrients and pharmaceutical agents which could promote calcium absorption.