Salivary Nitric Oxide Research Articles

Increased Salivary Nitric Oxide and G6PD Activity in Refugees with Anxiety and Stress.

Anxiety and stress are related to physiological changes in humans. Accumulating evidence suggests a cross-talk between psychiatric disorders and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to compare oxidative stress and defensive antioxidant biomarkers in a group of refugees with acute anxiety and stress with a group of local Jordanians. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) Arabic version were used to assess anxiety and stress respectively. Salivary nitric oxide concentration, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity and total salivary protein were compared. As expected, refugees showed higher anxiety and stress scores compared with Jordanians. Also, we report a significant increase in salivary nitric oxide and G6PD activity in the refugee group while total protein concentration did not vary between the two groups. This is the first study that demonstrates an increase in nitric oxide and G6PD activity in the saliva of refugees, thus highlighting their potential role as possible biomarkers in anxiety and stress disorders. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Estimation of salivary nitric oxide in oral precancer patients

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the initiation, promotion and progression of cancer has been the subject of speculation and conflicting reports in the literature. The high incidence of oral cancer and precancer has been linked to tobacco chewing and smoking habits; NO is considered an indicator of tobacco-related diseases. We compared salivary NO levels in oral precancer and normal patients. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from 15 patients with oral precancer (group 1) and 15 healthy age and sex matched subjects (group 2). Salivary nitrite levels were estimated using a colorimetric method and a spectrophotometer. The salivary nitrite concentration of group 2 (median = 4.21 μg/ml) was significantly less than for group 1 (median = 12.91 μg/ml). We have added evidence concerning involvement of NO in the pathogenesis of oral cancer, but whether it is a potentially carcinogenic agent at the concentration at which it is present in oral precancer patients requires further evaluation.

Estimation of salivary nitric oxide levels in children with congenital heart diseases

Introduction:Oral health problems, especially dental caries are known to be common in children with severe heart disease, especially at early ages. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in protection against oral diseases owing to its strong antimicrobial action has been a topic of interest.Objective:The current study was carried out to estimate the NO levels in the salivary samples of children diagnosed with congenital heart diseases (CHDs) and to determine whether salivary NO can serve as a potential biomarker for the evaluation of dental caries-risk.Methodology:This prospective study was performed on 50 children suffering from CHDs who reported to the department of pediatrics and the levels were compared with those of 50 healthy caries-free children. NO levels in the collected salivary levels were determined spectrophotometrically using the Griess reaction method.Results:Subjects between the age group of 6 and 12 years had maximum decayed teeth (20.95%). The mean NO level in children in study group (60.63) was decreased in comparison to the control group (132.40), which was statistically significant (P value of 0.001). The mean age of the subjects in the study group was 7.24 and the salivary NO levels decreased with age, which was statistically significant.Conclusion:Children are suffering from medically compromising conditions such as CHDs are at a higher risk for dental caries and decreased salivary NO levels in these patients may prove as a critical indicator of the same. Saliva can be further utilized as an important biomarker for the determination of the relationship between salivary NO levels and development of dental caries.

Effects of composite restorations on nitric oxide and uric acid levels in saliva.

Background and Aims:Dental materials that are used in dentistry should be harmless to oral tissues, and should, therefore, not contain any leachable toxic and diffusible substances capable of causing side effects. This study was intended to investigate the effects on salivary nitric oxide (NO) and uric acid (UA) levels after application of dental composite filling materials to healthy volunteers.Materials and Methods:A total of 52 individuals (32 female and 20 male) participated in the study. Filtek Z250 composite filling material (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) was applied to healthy volunteers. Saliva samples were collected before restoration (baseline) and 1 h, 1-day, 7 days, and 30 days after restoration. NO concentrations were measured using the Griess reaction method, and UA was measured using an enzymatic method. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and the Bonferroni post-hoc test (α =5%).Results:NO values increased statistically significant after 7 days (P < 0.05). In addition, lower UA levels were determined compared to the baseline levels, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). There was no correlation between NO and UA levels in saliva (P > 0.05).Conclusion:Composite resins activated the antioxidant system in saliva. However, further studies are now needed to confirm our findings and to permit a definitive conclusion.

Estimation of salivary nitric oxide and uric acid levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma and healthy controls

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) being the most common head and neck cancer, involves the interplay of several free radicals and antioxidant molecules. The potential role of salivary nitric oxide (NO) and uric acid in cancer development needs to be explored as there are a few studies highlighting their association with each other and with oral cancer. Aims: The present study was designed to measure the NO and uric acid levels in the saliva of patients with OSCC as compared with healthy controls and to highlight any possible correlations between them. Materials and Methods: The present study involved 50 subjects, 25 with OSCC (study) and 25 healthy individuals (controls). Saliva samples collected from patients were subjected to NO and uric acid analysis by griess method and uricase method, respectively. Statistical Analysis: The results were analyzed using Student's t-test and Pearson's Chi-square test. Results: A significant increase in the salivary levels of NO was seen in study subjects as compared to healthy controls. On the contrary, a significant decrease in salivary uric acid level was observed in the study group as compared to healthy controls. In addition, there exists an inverse correlation between NO and uric acid levels in study and control groups. Conclusion: Salivary levels of NO and uric acid may act as key bimolecular markers in the detection of oral cancer, which could be further confirmed by larger sample size and future studies.

Salivary nitric oxide level and total antioxidant activity in saliva samples collected by different techniques

Salivary nitric oxide level and total antioxidant activity in saliva samples collected by different techniques

Comparison of salivary nitric oxide and epidermal growth factor level between diabetic patients and healthy individuals

The purpose of the current study was to compare salivary Nitric oxide and epidermal growth factor level in diabetic patients and healthy individuals. In this paired-control study 20 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, 20 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 20 age and sex matched healthy subjects participated. The level of salivary Nitric oxide was increased in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients in comparison to control individuals (P = 0.037 and P = 0.058), respectively. Epidermal growth factor concentration was higher in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients compare to healthy ones, (P = 0.037 and P = 0.005) respectively. There was no significant difference between salivary Nitric oxide and Epidermal growth factor level regarding to the type of diabetes (P > 0.05). Significant statistical correlation was found between Nitric oxide and Epidermal growth factor levels and the fasting blood glucose and HbA1c (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Salivary Nitric oxide and Epidermal growth factor levels were higher in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients and there was correlation with severity of disease.

Correlations between the Youth Healthy Eating Index, Body Mass Index and the Salivary Nitric Oxide Concentration in Overweight/Obese Children

There is growing evidence that the prevalence of overweight/obesity is increasing in both developed and developing countries. Furthermore, complications of overweight/obesity occurring during childhood may influence the healthy status in adulthood. On these grounds, here we have enrolled 15 overweight/obese, 15 normal weight and 15 underweight children. A series of parameters, such as eating habits thanks to the Body Mass Index (BMI), Youth Healthy Eating Index (YHEI), activity and inactivity, salivary nitric oxide concentration (NO), were determined and correlated between them. In particular, correlations of BMI with YHEI, activity/inactivity, and correlations of salivary NO concentration with YHEI, BMI and activity/inactivity were evaluated. In overweight and obese subjects, a positive correlation between BMI, YHEI, inactivity and salivary NO concentrations was shown, while an inverse correlation was documented between BMI and activity in overweight/obese group. In normal weight and in underweight children, respectively, a positive correlation between lower BMI, YHEI, salivary NO concentration, and higher physical activity was observed.

Correlation between nitric oxide concentration (NO2 + NO3) in saliva and CD4+ count in HIV infected adult individuals of Mangalore, Karnataka, India

AimsTo investigate the correlation between nitric oxide concentration (NO2 + NO3) in saliva and CD4+ count in HIV infected individuals. Study designA cross-sectional study was carried out among 60 proven HIV-positive patients selected randomly from the ART centres. MethodologyTwo groups – Control (n = 30) and study group (n = 60). The study group was divided into Group I (CD4+ count >200/cu.mm) and Group II (CD4+ count<200/cu.mm). Unstimulated saliva was collected and nitric oxide (NO3+ NO3) was estimated by Griess method. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA and Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test. ResultsThe mean level of nitric oxide (NO2 + NO3) in control group was 43.95 ± 3.64 and in Group I with CD4 >200/cu.mm and Group II with CD4 <200/cu.mm was 51.98 ± 4.08 and 59.78 ± 4.18 respectively. ‘p’ value was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The mean difference between Control and Group I was −7.937 (P < 0.001), Control and Group II was −15.80 (P < 0.001) and Group I and Group II was −7.867 (P < 0.001) from Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test. ConclusionsFrom our study it is now evident that salivary nitric oxide (NO2 + NO3) can serve as an indicator of HIV replication and saliva shows a strong potential to perform tests that are done currently in blood.

A clinical evaluation to determine the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an inositol‐stabilized arginine silicate dietary supplement in healthy adult males. (LB418)

The purpose of this study was to characterize the PK/PD of Nitrosigine™, an inositol‐stabilized arginine silicate dietary supplement. Ten healthy males, 26.7 ± 5.4 years, took Nitrosigine™ qd for 14 days and attended test visits on Days 1 and 14. Fasting blood and saliva collections were performed pre‐dose and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours post‐dose for plasma arginine, serum silicon and salivary nitric oxide + nitrite (NO). After Day 1 dose, arginine levels increased (p&lt;0.01) at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 5 hours and silicon levels increased (p&lt;0.05) at 1 and 1.5 hours. Day 1 PK parameters for arginine were: CMax 27.25±4.86 µg/ml and tMax 1.05±0.50 and for silicon: CMax 2.77±0.74 µg/ml and tMax 2.15±1.75. After Day 14 dose, arginine levels increased (p&lt;0.05) at 0.5, 1, and 1.5 hours, and silicon levels increased (p&lt;0.01) at 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 hours. After 14 days of use, baseline arginine trended towards being higher than baseline Day 1 (p=0.0645), and 4‐hour post‐dose plasma arginine was significantly higher (p=0.0488). Although not a significant difference, NO increased in four subjects and stayed the same in six subjects at 0.5 hours after the first dose (p=0.125). After 14 days of use, baseline NO levels increased in six subjects and stayed the same in four subjects (p=0.031). No safety concerns were raised by this study.

Association Between Periodontitis and Salivary Nitric Oxide Metabolites Among Community Elderly Koreans

Nitric oxide (NO) is known to play an important role in many biologic systems, although the relationship between NO metabolites and periodontitis remains controversial. Moreover, little evidence of an association between salivary NO (S-NO) and periodontitis in the general population has been reported. This study aims to investigate the relationship between S-NO and periodontitis in an elderly Korean population. A cross-sectional study was conducted using participants and salivary samples from Sunchang Elderly Cohort Study. The total number of final participants was 242 (91 males and 151 females; 48 to 93 years old). Periodontitis was determined by a clinical attachment loss of >6 mm at six probe points on 12 index teeth. NO was measured in unstimulated saliva via the Griess reaction. Sociodemographic status, general/oral health, and health-related behaviors were investigated as confounders. Bivariate analysis and multivariable linear regression analyses including confounders were applied. After controlling for age, sex, education, salivary flow rate, number of teeth, smoking status, physical activity, hypertension, and diabetes, three metabolites of S-NO (total NO, nitrite, and nitrate) were independently associated with the percentage of probe points exhibiting periodontitis. Of these linear associations, total NO was found to have the strongest correlation with periodontitis (partial r = 0.181, P = 0.009). These associations were most pronounced in females (except for nitrate), non-smokers, those without hypertension, and those without diabetes. Our data suggest that high concentrations of S-NO are associated with severe periodontitis. Thus, S-NO may serve as a potential biologic marker for detecting and monitoring periodontitis.

Nitric oxide modulates levels of salivary Lactobacilli

Objective. Nitric Oxide (NO) is one of the most powerful antibacterial compounds. The aim of this study was to determine the association between salivary NO, dental caries and cariogenic bacteria. Materials and methods. The salivary NO concentration of 257 Korean children was analyzed by the Griess colorimetric reaction method. Salivary mutans streptococci (MS) and Lactobacilli (LB) were counted using the Dentocult MS and Dentocult LB kit, respectively. Dental caries status was examined using the WHO criteria. Confounders were age, gender, salivary flow rate and salivary buffer capacity. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to evaluate the association among NO, salivary MS level, salivary LB level and dental caries status after adjusting for the effects of confounders. Results. A significant decrease was found in salivary NO levels as the salivary LB count increased after controlling for confounders (p = 0.049). However, the MS level, caries experience and active caries status showed no significant association. Conclusion. This result indicates that NO production might be a host defense mechanism against the growth of cariogenic bacteria.

Triology of nitric oxide, mast cell and stress in pathogenesis of oral lichen planus.

Introduction:Oral Lichen planus (OLP) is chronic, autoimmune, mucocutaneous disease. Numerous etiological factors have been proposed, but an authoritative and exact source of the disease has not been brought forward. Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), mast cell (MC) and stress are considered to play a key role in inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis generating nitric oxide (NO).Aim:To evaluate the salivary NO levels, mast cells and stress levels and to correlate them in pathogenesis of OLP.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted using saliva samples of patients. The study consisted of two groups: Group-I constituted the subjects with OLP group (n=25) and group II comprised the control group (n=25). The saliva of the patients was evaluated using Griess Reagent and Spectrophotometer, MC count done by using special stains, and stress levels measured using DASS Scale.Results:The difference between the means was found to be highly significant (P < 0.05). The intergroup comparison of optical density (OD) values, a mast cell count and stress level was found to be highly significant.Conclusion:Salivary NO, increase in mast cell count and stress has a definitive role in OLP pathogenesis.

Determination of levels of nitric oxide in smoker and nonsmoker patients with chronic periodontitis

PurposeCigarette smoking is a major risk factor in periodontal diseases. The pathogenesis of periodontal diseases may be affected by alterations of the inflammatory response by smoke. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous, colorless, highly reactive, short-lived free radical with a pivotal role in the regulation of various physiological and pathological mechanisms in the body. It is important in host defense and homeostasis, on the one hand, whereas, on the other hand, it modulates the inflammatory response in periodontitis, leading to harmful effects. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of NO in both the serum and saliva of smokers and nonsmokers having chronic periodontitis and to compare them with periodontally healthy controls.MethodsSixty subjects participated in the study and were divided into three groups: group I, healthy nonsmoking subjects; group II, nonsmoking patients with chronic periodontitis; group III, smoking patients with chronic periodontitis. Each group consisted of twenty subjects. The biochemical estimation of NO in the collected serum and in the saliva was performed using the Griess colorimetric reaction.ResultsThe results showed that the mean value of the salivary and serum NO was greater in group II than in group I, and also greater in group III than in group II.ConclusionsNO appears to play an important and rather complex role in the immuno-inflammatory process and in the remodeling and maintenance of osseous structures. It is therefore logical that modulation of this mediator has potential for the treatment of a number of inflammatory conditions including periodontal disease.

Does the level of salivary nitric oxide independently estimate to which extent periodontium is affected?

Does the level of salivary nitric oxide independently estimate to which extent periodontium is affected?

New biomarkers of dental caries: nitric oxide and glutathione

Dental caries is multifactorial local disease which involves destruction of the hard tissues of the teeth by metabolities produces by microorganisms. Recently, there has been growing interest in the role of nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione (GSH) in caries incidence. The aim of the study was to survey the studies reported the association among salivary NO, GSH and dental careis. Three studies reported the association between NO and dental caries. However, the results were contradictory. Only one study showed negative association between GSH and dental caries. In Korea, NO showed negative association with Lactobacilli and GSH showed positive association with dental caries. These observations suggest the possibility that NO and GSH could be new biomarkers for dental caries. However, further study should be needed.

Salivary Nitric Oxide and Alpha-Amylase as Indexes of Training Intensity and Load

This study examined the variation in salivary nitric oxide (NO), alpha-amylase (sAA) and serum markers of muscle injury during 21 weeks of training in elite swimmers. Samples of saliva and blood were collected once a month during 5 months from 11 male professional athletes during their regular training season. The variation in each marker throughout the 21 weeks was compared with the dynamics of training volume, intensity and load. Unstimulated whole saliva was assessed for NO and sAA whereas venous blood was assessed for lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and γ-glutamyltransferase. Nitric oxide and sAA showed a proportional response to the intensity of training. However, whereas the concentration of NO increased across the 21 weeks, the activity of sAA decreased. Similar variations in the concentration of NO and the markers of muscle injury were also observed. The higher concentration of NO might be attributed to changes in haemodynamics and muscle regenerative processes. On the other hand, autonomic regulation towards parasympathetic predominance might have been responsible for the decrease in sAA activity. These findings provide appealing evidence for the utilization of salivary constituents in sports medicine to monitor training programmes.

EVALUATION OF THE STATUS OF SALIVARY NITRIC OXIDE IN PATIENTS WITH DENTAL CARIES

AbstractThe aim of the present study is to evaluate the status of salivary nitric oxide in patients with dental caries. The study consisted of 80 individuals. According to DFMT index, the subjects were divided into control group (DMFT=0) and study group (DMFT&gt;5). Saliva sample was collected from each subject. Nitric oxide concentration was measured as total nitrates and nitrites by the Griess reaction method. The results of this study show that the presence of NO and its metabolites in saliva of adults with natural healthy teeth is significantly higher compared to high risk group, suggesting the protective role of NO in relation to caries. From the study it can be concluded that highly significant increase of nitrates and nitrites in stimulated saliva of high caries risk group could be the host defense response opposing bacterial growth. The obtained results support the role of NO as modulator of bacterial proliferation and suggest that increased NO production might contribute to lower caries incidence in adults.

Estimation of Salivary Nitric Oxide in Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer and Oral Lichen Planus Patients with Its Clinical Significance

The present study was undertaken to study the role of nitric oxide in human saliva and its diagnostic/prognostic role in recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) and oral lichen planus (OLP). The study was carried out at outpatient department of Govt Dental College and Hospital, Aurangabad. Twenty cases with RAU, 15 with OLP and 30 healthy individuals were included in the study. The clinically diagnosed known cases of RAU and OLP were included after taking the detail case history and subjected to blood analysis for hemogram and biochemically salivary nitric oxide was estimated. The salivary nitric oxide levels were found to be increased significantly in RAU and OLP group, when compared with controls. Further, significantly increased levels have been observed in OLP group, when compared with RAU group (p < 0.001). The salivary nitric oxide levels were found to be increased significantly in minor RAU than major RAU and increased in erosive type of OLP than nonerosive type of OLP. Thus, salivary nitric oxide can be treated as a diagnostic tool for the differential diagnosis of RAU and OLP. Nitric oxide plays an important role in modifying physiopathological processes of oral mucosal membrane so has diagnostic as well as prognostic value.

P2-110 Number of teeth is associated with the level of salivary nitric oxide

IntroductionNitric oxide (NO) is involved in second messenger formation, osteoblast and osteoclast function, and blood flow. This raises the question of whether or not altered salivary NO levels interfere with...