Salivary Glucose Concentration Research Articles

Salivary glucose as an alternative reliable marker in diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

Introduction and Aim: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic endocrine condition characterised by elevated blood glucose levels that can be brought on by insulin resistance, insulin deficiency, or both. As a non-invasive diagnostic tool, saliva is a complex biological fluid that contains numerous enzymes, growth factors and microbial antibodies. The objective of this systematic review is to examine and analyse published studies that have estimated the levels of salivary glucose in people with type 1 diabetes. Materials and Methods: MeSH terms from the electronic search database engines such as PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were extensively used in this search methodology in this systematic review. The precise audit has been enlisted in the PROSPERO data set (Enrolment Number: CRD42021287015). 18 articles were retrieved all together. This systematic review included two articles after the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: A total of 347 type 1 DM cases (174 controlled diabetics, 173 uncontrolled diabetics) and 84 controls were dissected for the appraisal of the salivary glucose levels. Using Review Manager 5.4.1, a quality assessment of the included studies produced risk of bias and applicability concern graphs. Conclusion: The emerging field of salivary diagnostics provides real-time diagnostic values for numerous diseases. The salivary and serum glucose concentrations in Type 1 diabetes were found to be statistically correlated in the studies analysed in this systematic review, thus making them a useful monitoring tool for determination of the disease’s status.

Comparative Analysis of Fasting Blood Glucose and Salivary Electrolytes Concentrations among Individuals with Type II Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Hospital Based Study

Salivary gland dysfunction is common in people with diabetes. This study aimed to compare the measurements of salivary electrolytes (SE); Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3- between diabetes and an age matched control group, and assess the relationship between fasting blood glucose (FBG) and salivary electrolytes, and salivary glucose (SG). Eighty-five human participants [diabetes group, n = 45 (23 males and 22 females) and control group, n = 40 (20 males and 20 females)] aged between 25 and 65years were tested. Saliva samples were taken between 7.00 am and 8.00 am after an overnight fast and SG and SE concentrations were analysed. Diabetes mellitus was defined using FBG ≥ 126 mg/dl. SG and SE concentrations were analysed using t-test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient tested the relationship between FBG and Salivary electrolytes and glucose. The participants were matched in their baseline demographic characteristics with a mean age of 49 years (standard deviation SD, 11 years), body mass index (25.7 kg/m2 (SD, 3.6). Half of them were males (50.6 %) and predominantly traders (30.6 %). However, the mean values for the salivary sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate electrolytes were significantly higher in the diabetes group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Of the salivary electrolytes, only the bicarbonate was significantly correlated with FBG (r = −0.594, p = 0.004) in female participants. This study found that people with diabetes have elevated salivary electrolytes which were not dependent on their age and gender. Although this study suggests some potential for saliva as an alternative in monitoring of diabetes mellitus, extensive research is required before we can reach any firm conclusion.

Blood-to-saliva glucose time lag in sedated healthy dogs.

The management of diabetes mellitus mandates measurement of blood glucose. Saliva offers an alternative to blood sampling, but measurement of the salivary glucose concentration is difficult, and the blood-to-saliva glucose time lag is uncertain. We aimed to determine the serum-saliva glucose time lag in the saliva of healthy dogs. The combined duct of the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands of 6 dogs was cannulated to collect saliva and prevent glucose degradation by oral bacteria. Following a 0.25 g/kg IV bolus of dextrose, paired serum-saliva samples were collected at baseline and in twelve 5-min blocks over 60 min. Serum and salivary glucose levels were analyzed with a linear mixed model for repeated measures with a compound symmetry error structure. Mean (±SD) saliva production was 10.3 ± 2.9 µL/kg/min, and the area under the curve (AUCglucose)saliva/serum ratio was 0.006, which highlights the magnitude of the large difference in glucose concentration between the 2 compartments. The serum-saliva glucose time lag was 30-40 min.

Effect of different salivary glucose concentrations on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. The glucose levels found in the blood of diabetic patients can be reflected in the saliva, which can favor biofilm growth and predispose denture wearers to oral candidiasis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different salivary glucose concentrations on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. A 96-h biofilm was developed on acrylic resin specimens exposed to ‘feast’ (10% sucrose) and ‘famine’ periods. Biofilms were constantly exposed to salivary glucose concentrations equivalent to 0, 20, 60 and 100 mM. Higher salivary glucose concentrations resulted in increased counts of C. albicans and a higher quantity of insoluble extracellular polysaccharides. All biofilms presented high phospholipase activity. The biofilms were characterized by the predominance of yeast cells and microcolonies in all the groups analyzed with co-localization of both species. Higher salivary glucose concentrations formed more robust and potentially virulent biofilms.

تقييم الغلوكوز اللعابي كأداة تشخيصية محتملة لدى مرضى داء السكري (النمط 2)

داء السكري (النمط 2) مرض استقلابي مزمن ويشكل 90-95 % من مجمل مرضى السكري، ويؤدي لتغيرات عديدة في الأوعية الدموية الدقيقة والأعصاب المحيطية والأعضاء الحيوية ويؤثر على المناعة والحفرة الفموية ببنيتها وتركيب أجزائها كاللعاب والذي يحتوي على الغلوكوز. الكشف المبكر عن الداء السكري يساعد في تأخير مضاعفاته ويتطلب تداخلاً (عينة دم وريدي أو وخز الإصبع) غالباً ما يكون مؤلماً مما يمنع المرضى من الالتزام بالفحص المتكرر أو تأخر اكتشاف الداء السكري لذلك اتجه الباحثون للبحث عن إجراءات أبسط. الأهداف: إجراء مقارنة بين مستويات الغلوكوز اللعابي لدى مرضى الداء السكري (النمط 2) والأفراد الأصحاء للكشف عن إمكانية استخدام هذه المستويات كمقياس لمراقبة الداء السكري من عدمه. المواد والطرق: شملت العينة مئة من المصابين بالداء السكري والمراجعين لمركز السكري في اللاذقية، تراوحت أعمارهم بين 40 – 70 سنة، إضافة لمجموعة السيطرة المكونة من مئة آخرين مترابطين بالعمر والجنس. وطُلب من أفراد الدراسة الامتناع عن تناول أي شيء قبل ساعة من جمع اللعاب، وجُمعت العينات بين الساعة 8 _ 9 صباحاً من خلال البصق في وعاء مدرج كل دقيقة حتى حصلنا على 5 مل من اللعاب، وتم إجراء الطرد المركزي وحُللت العينات باستخدام مقياس الطيف الضوئي، وبعدها أُخذت العينات الدموية وأُجري تحليل سكر الدم. النتائج: كان متوسط تركيز الغلوكوز اللعابي أكبر بشكل واضح لدى مرضى الداء السكري (النمط 2) (20.46ملغ/دل) مقارنة بالأفراد الأصحاء (7.27ملغ/دل)، وكان الارتباط بينهما قوي جدا (0.8)، وقيمة p (0.000) أي أصغر من (0.01). الاستنتاجات والتوصيات: نستنتج أن قيمة غلوكوز اللعاب لدى مريض الداء السكري (النمط 2) أكبر بضعفين ونصف الضعف تقريباً عن قيمته لدى الشخص السليم صحياً. ونوصي باستخدام الغلوكوز اللعابي كمقياس لمراقبة مستوى سكر الدم لدى الأشخاص المصابين بالداء السكري (النمط2).

Changes in Salivary Amylase and Glucose in Diabetes: A Scoping Review.

Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common long-term disease which can be related with salivary amylase levels. DM has recently been associated with salivary amylase diagnostics that could further impair diagnoses in the diabetic population, as well as being an interesting alternative to traditional methods of determine glucose levels. The main advantage of this method is related to the fact that it is a fast diagnostic method. The DM population experiences changes to their metabolism which affects their salivary parameters, making this an alternative procedure for diagnosis and follow-up of the illness due to the non-invasive nature of salivary analyzes. The objective of this review is to summarize the evidence regarding the changes in salivary amylase and glucose levels, and their relationship with blood markers of glycemic control used in clinical settings such as blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. The differences in salivary amylase levels depending on the method of saliva collection under fasting or non-fasting conditions. The changes in salivary amylase depends on the type of diabetes, the type of insulin treatment or the quality of glycemic control. Conclusions: Salivary amylase concentration is increased in diabetic patients in most of the studies and salivary glucose concentration in all studies in both fasting and non-fasting (post-prandial) conditions. Salivary amylase and glucose concentration represent potential non-invasive biomarkers to evaluate glycemic control and clinical management of diabetic patients, although it is necessary to evaluate the influence of potential modulating factors such as age, duration diseases, sex and the effects of pharmacological treatments in these outcomes which remained to be elucidated.

Effect of 2 h of room temperature storage on salivary glucose concentration.

Background of the Study:Although many studies are available validating the role of saliva as an alternative diagnostic tool, no reliable data are available on the duration of time, a salivary sample can be reliably stored at room temperature for estimation. It varies from one analyte to another and has to be researched.Aim:The aim of the study was to determine the effect of 2 h of room temperature storage on salivary glucose concentration.Materials and Methods:Saliva samples obtained by spitting method from thirty healthy volunteers were centrifuged and glucose concentration determined in the supernatant obtained. The test was repeated 2 h later following room temperature storage of the supernatant.Results:The data obtained were analyzed using wilcoxson signed rank test. No significant difference between was observed between the two values.Conclusion:Salivary glucose can reliably estimate on centrifuged samples following 2 h of room temperature storage.

Oral Sugar Clearance in Patients with Various Types of Prosthodontic Reconstructions - An In Vivo Study

Oral sugar clearance is influenced by factors such as food, salivary secretion rate, the volume of saliva before and after swallowing and the oral motor function. Oral health has been viewed in isolation from the general health. The aim of this study was to determine oral sugar clearance in patients wearing various types of prosthodontic reconstructions. This clinical trial comprised 80 subjects. Salivary glucose concentration was measured under the tongue after chewing a glucose tablet in four groups of individuals with first group wearing complete dentures (n=20), second wearing removable partial dentures (n=20), third group wearing fixed partial dentures (n=20) and fourth group with no dentures being the control group (n=20). Salivary glucose clearance was also studied after a mouth rinse with 10% glucose in all the four groups. Saliva samples for the glucose analysis were taken from two different locations one being under the tongue and the other in the labial vestibule near the mandibular first molar region. After the glucose tablet intake it was found that the glucose concentration and clearance time was higher for patients with complete dentures. After the glucose rinse, higher values for the clearance variables were obtained in the vestibule than under the tongue. The data obtained from this study conclude that complete dentures slows down the oral sugar clearance levels and the clearance time for these dentures took longer in the vestibule than under the tongue. Thus it is concluded that the oral sugar clearance was more site dependent in the mouth than the absence or presence of prosthodontic appliances.

A new sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of saliva and blood glucose.

There is an increasing need for accurate and inexpensive glucometers as the world moves toward personalized medicine. Among the existing technologies, photometric based devices are more desired due to the cost-effectiveness, ease-of-use and the potential to be adopted in the smart-phone technology for remote sensing and self-monitoring purposes. However, the accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of the results of these devices are heavily dependent on the details of the chosen glucose measuring method. Considering the delicate problems with the current spectrophotometric methods, a new method was developed for more precise, accurate, and fast measurement of blood glucose via the coupled reactions of glucose oxidase and peroxidase using 4-[(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) azo]-benzenesulfonic acid (GASA) as the substrate. Stability of GASA and its oxidized products along with its direct and fast consumption by peroxidase, made it possible to determine blood glucose concentration in <20s with high reproducibility. The low detection limit of GASA method (0.36mg dL-1) with a linear range from 0.36 to 399.6mg.dL-1 also allowed determination of salivary glucose concentration (SGC). As compared with the blood samples, the SGC results were more dispersed, especially for the diabetic participants, assumingly due to the diverse nature of salivary samples. However, a good correlation coefficient of 0.81 for non-diabetic individuals showed that it is accurate enough to recognize non-diabetic from diabetic condition. Results of this study disclose the potential application of GASA method as a reliable alternative for the current spectrophotometric methods with the ability to be adopted in miniaturized glucometers.

IGZO MESFET with enzyme-modified Schottky gate electrode for glucose sensing

We describe the development of a glucose sensor through the immobilization of an enzyme (glucose oxidase) into the gate of an In–Ga–Zn–O thin film transistor in a MESFET configuration with Ru–Si–O acting as a Schottky gate electrode. A change in the gate potential, due to a different glucose concentration in the buffer solution causes a change in the width of the depletion region, hence modulating the current in the channel layer. The glucose sensing mechanism of the presented MESFET structure is discussed using energy band diagrams The sensitivity of the fabricated IGZO MESFET biosensor evaluated from the slope of the linear ranges: from 0 to 2 mmol l−1 and from 2 to 10 mmol l−1, which cover blood, salivary, sudoriferous and lachrymal glucose concentration in humans, equal: 2.23 μA mmol−1 l−1 and 0.41 μA mmol−1 l−1, respectively.

The use of salivary glucose concentration as an indicator for glycemic control in diabetic patients in Benghazi

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate saliva glucose in diabetics and healthy people and assess the possibility of using salivary glucose concentration (SGC) for monitoring glycemic control instead of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).Subjects and Methods: The groups of study composed of: diabetic group consisted of 52 diabetic patientsand 25 healthy subjects as a control group. After collection of saliva and blood samples, the SGC and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels were measured with enzymatic-oxygen rate method by Beckman Glucose Analyzer II. HbA1c was measured by Cobas c 111- Roche.co. Independent samples t-test was used for the comparison of means. Pearson's r correlation coefficient was used to describe the magnitude and direction of the relationship. ANOVA (F test) and t-test were used to confirm the statistical significance and calculating the regression equation.Results: The average of SGC in diabetic group was significantly higher than non-diabetic group, 17.14 ±4.69 mg/dl and 14.08 ± 1.63 mg/dl, respectively, with (p= 0.000). There was no significant correlation in diabetic and non-diabetic groups between SGC and HbA1c (p&gt;0.05). We observed a significant correlation between FBS and HbA1c in diabetics (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: In this study, all salivary samples reflected presence of glucose in both groups. The average of SGC levels in diabetic group was significantly higher than non-diabetic subjects. In diabetics, there were no effects on the average of SGC with the change of gender, age, type of therapy and duration of the disease. SGC levels were not directly influenced by change in HbA1c levels

Unhealthy Phenotype as Indicated by Salivary Biomarkers: Glucose, Insulin, VEGF-A, and IL-12p70 in Obese Kuwaiti Adolescents.

Objective. Here, we investigated the relationships between obesity and the salivary concentrations of insulin, glucose, and 20 metabolic biomarkers in Kuwaiti adolescents. Previously, we have shown that certain salivary metabolic markers can act as surrogates for blood concentrations. Methods. Salivary samples of whole saliva were collected from 8,317 adolescents. Salivary glucose concentration was measured by a high-sensitivity glucose oxidase method implemented on a robotic chemical analyzer. The concentration of salivary insulin and 20 other metabolic biomarkers was assayed in 744 randomly selected saliva samples by multiplexed bead-based immunoassay. Results. Obesity was seen in 26.5% of the adolescents. Salivary insulin predicting hyperinsulinemia occurred in 4.3% of normal-weight adolescents, 8.3% of overweight adolescents, and 25.7% of obese adolescents (p < 0.0001). Salivary glucose predicting hyperglycemia was found in only 3% of obese children and was not predictive (p = 0.89). Elevated salivary glucose and insulin occurring together was associated with elevated vascular endothelial growth factor and reduced salivary interleukin-12. Conclusion. Considering the surrogate nature of salivary insulin and glucose, this study suggests that elevated insulin may be a dominant sign of metabolic disease in adolescent populations. It also appears that a proangiogenic environment may accompany elevated glucose in obese adolescents.

Salivary glucose concentration exhibits threshold kinetics in normal-weight, overweight, and obese children.

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome in childhood predicts the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adulthood. Testing for features of metabolic syndrome, such as fasting plasma glucose concentration, requires blood sampling which can be difficult in children. Here we evaluated salivary glucose concentration as a surrogate measurement for plasma glucose concentration in 11-year-old US children.MethodsChildren from Portland, Maine, and Cambridge, Massachusetts, with a mean age of 10.6±0.2 years provided 6-hour fasting samples of both blood and whole saliva. Salivary glucose levels were measured with a high-sensitivity assay (sensitivity =0.002 mg/dL). Plasma glucose levels were determined by a commercial clinical laboratory. Blood pressure, salivary flow rate, height, and weight were also measured.ResultsOf the 65 children enrolled, there were two underweight children (3.1%), 30 normal-weight children (46.2%), 12 overweight children (18.4%), and 21 obese children (32.3%). The mean overall glucose concentrations were 0.11±0.02 mg/dL in saliva and 86.3±0.8 mg/dL in plasma, and these did not differ significantly by body–weight groups. By regression analysis, the plasma concentration equaled 13.5 times the saliva concentration, with a threshold level of 84.8 mg/dL. Salivary glucose values less than threshold plasma concentration were essentially zero. Diagnostic analysis indicated a positive predictive value of 50%, a negative predictive value of 90%, and a sensitivity and specificity both of approximately 75%. The salivary glucose concentration did not vary with saliva flow rate.ConclusionTaking into account the threshold response characteristics of the salivary glucose concentration response, these results suggest that testing salivary glucose levels may be useful as a screening assay for high fasting plasma glucose levels. The low false positive value is important to assure a low fraction of missed diagnoses.

Detection of saliva-range glucose concentrations using organic thin-film transistors

We describe the development of a glucose sensor through direct incorporation of an enzyme (glucose oxidase) into the gate of an organic thin film transistor (OTFT). We show that glucose diffusion is the key determinant of the device response time and present a mechanism of glucose sensing in these devices that involves protonic doping of the transistor channel via enzymatic oxidation of glucose. The integrated OTFT sensor is sensitive across 4 decades of glucose concentration; a range that encompasses both the blood and salivary glucose concentration levels. As such, this work acts as a proof-of-concept for low-cost printed biosensors for salivary glucose.

Effect of diabetes mellitus type 2 on salivary glucose--a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

BackgroundEarly screening of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is essential for improved prognosis and effective delay of clinical complications. However, testing for high glycemia often requires invasive and painful blood testing, limiting its large-scale applicability. We have combined new, unpublished data with published data comparing salivary glucose levels in type 2 DM patients and controls and/or looked at the correlation between salivary glucose and glycemia/HbA1c to systematically review the effectiveness of salivary glucose to estimate glycemia and HbA1c. We further discuss salivary glucose as a biomarker for large-scale screening of diabetes or developing type 2 DM.Methods and FindingsWe conducted a meta-analysis of peer-reviewed published articles that reported data regarding mean salivary glucose levels and/or correlation between salivary glucose levels and glycemia or HbA1c for type 2 DM and non-diabetic individuals and combined them with our own unpublished results. Our global meta-analysis of standardized mean differences on salivary glucose levels shows an overall large positive effect of type 2 DM over salivary glucose (Hedge's g = 1.37). The global correlation coefficient (r) between salivary glucose and glycemia was large (r = 0.49), with subgroups ranging from medium (r = 0.30 in non-diabetics) to very large (r = 0.67 in diabetics). Meta-analysis of the global correlation between salivary glucose and HbA1c showed an overall association of medium strength (r = 0.37).ConclusionsOur systematic review reports an overall meaningful salivary glucose concentration increase in type 2 DM and a significant overall relationship between salivary glucose concentration and associated glycemia/HbA1c values, with the strength of the correlation increasing for higher glycemia/HbA1c values. These results support the potential of salivary glucose levels as a biomarker for type 2 DM, providing a less painful/invasive method for screening type 2 DM, as well as for monitoring blood glucose levels in large cohorts of DM patients.

Salivary glucose concentration and daily variation in the oral fluid of healthy patients

The aim of this study was to determine the concentration and the variations of salivary glucose in healthy patients who were sampled at five different intervals during the day. Samples of un-stimulated saliva have been collected from 21 healthy patients using the drooling technique and they were divided into two categories. In the first category, patients were asked not to toothbrush their teeth in the 8 hours prior to collection of the salivary sample. Patients in the second category were instead asked to toothbrush 90 minutes before the collection of the first sample of saliva. The glucose concentration was measured in all patients via an enzymatic spectrophotometry. Patients have been selected following a strict inclusion criteria, which included <5% of plaque presence e according to the plaque Index and a total absence of oral disease that could possibly interfere with sample taking or oral fluid analysis. The average age of patients was 22,4±2,6 years old of which 45% were female and 55% were male. Samples were collected five times between 8 am and 12 pm, before and after breakfast. Data was statistically analyzed using the Skewness/Kurtosis Test, Shapiro-Wilk Test, Kruskal Wallis Test and Linear Regression Model, considering values of p<0,05 to be significant. The average rate of un-stimulated salivary flow was 0,53±0,21 ml/min. There were no significant differences between salivary glucose values and salivary flow in female and male patients. However, we observed a typical trend which recurred for each patient and resembled a "pseudo-glycemic curve". The collected data suggests that glucose concentration results did not show statistically significant differences (p>0,078) which could however be due to the little number of patients assessed, nonetheless there is a trend, recalling a "pseudo-glycemic curve" not referable to changes in flow rates, probably due to glucose catabolism and shunt.

Assessing oral candidal carriage with mixed salivary glucose levels as non-invasive diagnostic tool in type-2 diabetics of davangere, karnataka, India.

The health of oral tissues is known to be related to salivary flow and its composition which may be altered in diabetic patients. The purpose of this study is to correlate mixed salivary glucose levels and oral candidal carriage and to assess the prevalence of candidal carriage in diabetics and controls. Thirty adults with type-2 diabetes and 30 without diabetes (control subjects), aged 30-60 yr, participated in the study. Unstimulated saliva was collected and investigated for glucose levels (using glucose oxidase method) and colony-forming units (CFU) of Candida, this was stained with two stains, periodic acid-schiff stain and Grocott Gomori stain. In the present study mixed salivary glucose concentration in diabetics was significantly higher (p<0.01) compared to the controls. Diabetics with intraoral candidal carriage had higher salivary glucose levels (mean = 12.76±5.85 mg/dl) compared to cases where Candida was not isolated. The diabetics without intraoral candidal carriage had lower salivary glucose levels (mean = 5.36±2.24 mg/dl). This relationship could be seen in controls (non-diabetics) also. Diabetics showed an oral candidal carriage rate of 80% which was significantly higher compared to nondiabetics who showed an oral candidal carriage rate of 40%. Mixed salivary glucose levels were significantly higher in diabetics. The possible high salivary glucose level could predispose to oral candidal infection. So saliva can be used as a quick, non-invasive tool to assess the oral candidal status and possible infection.

Comparison of GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT4 and SGLT1 mRNA Expression in the Salivary Glands and Six Other Organs of Control, Streptozotocin-Induced and Goto-Kakizaki Diabetic Rats

Background/Aims: The expression and localization of several distinct glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT4, and SGLT1) was recently characterized in the parotid gland of normal rats by quantitative real-time PCR analysis, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The major aims of the present study was to compare the mRNA expression of these glucose transporters in both the parotid gland and submaxillary gland of control rats, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and hereditarily diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Methods: Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was performed in the parotid and submaxillary salivary glands and, for purpose of comparison, also in the heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle and pancreas from control animals and either streptozotocin-treated or Goto-Kakizaki rats. Results: The expression of GLUT4, but not GLUT1 or SGLT1, mRNA was decreased in the diabetic rats. The results also allow comparing both the mRNA expression level of the four glucose transporters in salivary glands and six other organs, and the diabetes-induced changes in such an expression in distinct locations. Conclusion: The mRNA expression of the insulin-dependent GLUT4 transporter was the sole to be significantly decreased in the salivary glands of diabetic animals. The possible consequence of such a decrease in terms of the control of salivary glucose concentration requires further investigation.

Effects of diabetes mellitus types II on salivary flow rate and some salivary parameters (total protein, glucose, and amylase) in Erbil city

The concentration of some components of saliva may be associated with certain systemic illnesses, reflecting the hormonal, immunological, neurological, emotional, nutritional and metabolic states of the patient. The aim of this work was to assess salivary flow rate, and to evaluate saliva samples for levels of salivary total protein, glucose, and alpha amylase, in diabetics type II and healthy subject in both genders. Subjects and methods: Unstimulated salivary flow rate, salivary total protein, glucose, and amylase were measured in 90 subjects, 60 with diabetes mellitus type II (30 controlled and 30 uncontrolled diabetic patients) and in 30 healthy subjects. Results: Significant difference in salivary flow rate in diabetic patient when compared with healthy subject. The finding showed no significant differences between salivary total proteins in all groups. Significant difference in salivary glucose and amylase concentration was found between the healthy subjects and type 2 diabetic patients. According to the gender, there were only significant differences between male and female in salivary flow rate for healthy subjects Conclusions: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have higher concentration of salivary glucose and lower value of salivary flow rate and amylase. No significant difference was seen in protein value in all groups. Key wards: Diabetes mellitus , healthy subject, salivary total protein, amylase, glucose. (J Bagh Coll Dentistry 2012;

Salivary glucose levels and oral candidal carriage in type II diabetics

The aim of this study was to detect salivary glucose levels in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects, to study the relationship between salivary glucose levels and salivary candidal carriage, and to determine if salivary glucose levels could be used as a noninvasive tool to monitor glycemic control in diabetics. A total of 150 adults, 100 with type 2 diabetes and 50 without diabetes (control subjects), aged 40-60 years, participated in the study. Diabetic status was determined by estimation of random nonfasting plasma glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Both unstimulated and stimulated saliva were collected and investigated for glucose levels and colony-forming units (CFU) of Candida. Salivary glucose levels were measured using the glucose-oxidase method. Salivary glucose levels were significantly higher in diabetics than nondiabetics. There was a significant positive correlation between salivary and plasma glucose levels. Candidal CFUs were significantly higher in diabetic subjects and showed a significant positive correlation with salivary (unstimulated and stimulated) glucose levels. These results show that salivary glucose concentration is a potentially useful noninvasive tool to monitor glycemic control in diabetic patients. Increased salivary glucose is associated with increased prevalence of oral Candida in these subjects.