Abstract
Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common long-term disease which can be related with salivary amylase levels. DM has recently been associated with salivary amylase diagnostics that could further impair diagnoses in the diabetic population, as well as being an interesting alternative to traditional methods of determine glucose levels. The main advantage of this method is related to the fact that it is a fast diagnostic method. The DM population experiences changes to their metabolism which affects their salivary parameters, making this an alternative procedure for diagnosis and follow-up of the illness due to the non-invasive nature of salivary analyzes. The objective of this review is to summarize the evidence regarding the changes in salivary amylase and glucose levels, and their relationship with blood markers of glycemic control used in clinical settings such as blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. The differences in salivary amylase levels depending on the method of saliva collection under fasting or non-fasting conditions. The changes in salivary amylase depends on the type of diabetes, the type of insulin treatment or the quality of glycemic control. Conclusions: Salivary amylase concentration is increased in diabetic patients in most of the studies and salivary glucose concentration in all studies in both fasting and non-fasting (post-prandial) conditions. Salivary amylase and glucose concentration represent potential non-invasive biomarkers to evaluate glycemic control and clinical management of diabetic patients, although it is necessary to evaluate the influence of potential modulating factors such as age, duration diseases, sex and the effects of pharmacological treatments in these outcomes which remained to be elucidated.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease with a high prevalence worldwide, so it is an important global public health problem
Estimates suggest that 425 million people will have diabetes by 2025, which represents about 10% of the world’s habitants, and 90% of the diabetic population suffer from type 2 diabetes [1]
Salivary amylase content is increased in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic individuals in most of the studies analyzed in this review
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease with a high prevalence worldwide, so it is an important global public health problem. The key factor is the concept that clinical decision making may be delayed when samples are sent to the clinical laboratory [4] This preventive action may cause unnecessary anxiety, especially in young populations [5] and people with neuropsychiatric disorders [6,7]. For these reasons, non-invasive procedures can be an alternative method for measuring glucose levels, which limits the possibility of stress-induced hyperglycemic states. Salivary amylase and glucose concentration represent potential non-invasive biomarkers to evaluate glycemic control and clinical management of diabetic patients, it is necessary to evaluate the influence of potential modulating factors such as age, duration diseases, sex and the effects of pharmacological treatments in these outcomes which remained to be elucidated
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