Salivary Buffering Capacity Research Articles

Salivary characteristics in patients with familial alzheimer’s disease due to e280a mutation

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of cognitive functions. The prevalence of this disease worldwide is high, and therefore it is important to have a better understanding of the oral health needs and conditions of individuals with this disorder. The present study was carried out in a population with E280A mutation for Alzheimer’s disease. The goal was to describe the salivary characteristics of persons with early familial Alzheimer’s disease, in order to detect changes in the oral microbiome that can guide the dental management of these patients. Methods: transversal study in 37 participants living in the Metropolitan Area of the city of Medellin, aged 53 ± 6 years in average, in different stages of the disease: mild: 8, moderate: 7, and severe: 22, and evaluated by neuropsychological tests. Salivary samples were collected, evaluating saliva secretion rate and saliva buffer capacity, and conducting microbial analysis of the species most commonly found in the mouth. Results: 45.9% of participants showed a decreased rate of stimulated salivary secretion; salivary buffer capacity was decreased in 83.87% of participants, with average pH values of 3.449 ± 0.89 after the Ericsson test. Buffer capacity was altered in participants with decreased secretion rate and in those with no alteration in salivary secretion rate. High levels of microbial growth were observed, mainly for Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Conclusions: This study suggests that other factors besides the pharmacological ones, like age and disease severity, may affect the salivary rate flow in patients with early familial Alzheimer’s disease. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfo.v29n2a6

Correlation between pH, buffering capacity, calcium and dental caries in schoolchildren

The aim of this study was to determine salivary pH, buffering capacity and calcium levels in caries-free and caries-active children. We examined 80 children of both genders, 15 years of age. Subjects were divided into four groups as follows: caries-free females, caries-active females, caries-free males, caries-active males; each group consisted of 20 subjects. The unstimulated saliva sample was collected by the spitting method and then pH, buffering capacity and calcium in saliva was measured. The results showed that mean level of buffering capacity of saliva was decreased significantly in the caries-active group as compared to caries-free group. The obtained data showed that the mean levels of pH and calcium were decreased in the caries-active group as compared to the caries-free group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The saliva with its constituents plays an important role in maintaining oral and especially dental health. Salivary pH values were found to be higher in the caries-free group. In our study, there was no significant correlation of pH values and caries activity with gender. Buffer capacity values were significantly lower in the caries-active group than in the caries-free group. There were significant differences when the groups were compared in the caries-active group where buffer capacity values were higher in boys than in girls. Calcium content of saliva was higher in the caries-free group. The results obtained in this study related to the values of the pH, buffering capacity and calcium in saliva, may serve as parameters for determining the caries risk patients, and accordingly to plan and carry appropriate caries preventive measures. Keywords: saliva, dental caries, pH, buffer capacity, calcium

SALIVARY PROFILE AND XEROSTOMIA ON THE ELDERLY IN DEPOK, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA: ANALYSIS OF DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AND SYSTEMIC DISEASE

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the profiles of saliva between sexes, age groups, types of systemic disease, medications, and xerostomia on an elderly population in Depok.Methods: The study was observational analytical with a cross-sectional study design. Sampling was through a consecutive sampling technique in subjects aged ≥60 years living in Depok. Subjects were examined for their saliva’s volume, stimulated and unstimulated salivary analysis, pH, and buffer capacity. Subjects answered fox questionnaires about xerostomia and questionnaires about systemic diseases and medications.Results: Gender had a significant difference in salivary flow rate but was not significant to pH or buffer capacity. There were no significant differences between types of salivary profile among age, systemic diseases, and medications. The correlation coefficient between xerostomia and stimulated flow rate was higher (0.426) than the unstimulated flow rate (0.303).Conclusion: The unstimulated and stimulated flow rates exhibited a significant difference between men and women but did not differ significantly between age groups, systemic diseases, or medications. The pH and buffer capacity was not significantly different between sexes, age groups, type of systemic diseases, or medications. Xerostomia was associated with salivary flow rate.

Evaluation of Changes in Salivary pH after Intake of Different Eatables and Beverages in Children at Different Time Intervals.

IntroductionDissolution of the enamel in the form of erosion has increased due to shift in eating habits toward carbonated drinks like soft drink and chocolates.AimThe purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the salivary pH after intake of different eatables and beverages in children at different time intervals.Study designUsing standard salivary tests, this study was conducted as a case-control study. Fifty children between ages of 8 and 12 years having strict vegetarian diet were included in the study.Materials and methodsOral prophylaxis was done and salivary buffer capacity for stimulated saliva was measured. Before the saliva collection, each of the children was informed not to eat or drink anything for up to 2 hours just before the appointment.ResultsOn pairwise evaluation, all the differences were found to be significant statistically except between baseline vs 30 minutes. Maximum mean difference was calculated and observed between baseline and immediately after intake of fruit juice and immediate after 30 minutes, 0.953 and 0.963 respectively, while minimum difference was calculated and observed between baseline and 30 minutes after intake of fruit juice (0.010).ConclusionMaximum drop was seen in cold drink when compared with fruit juice. The maximum pH increase was observed in cream biscuits with 7.63 ± 0.20. It was observed that in all the groups, the pH gradually got back to near normal levels due to the buffering mechanism of saliva.How to cite this article: Pachori A, Kambalimath H, Maran S, Niranjan B, Bhambhani G, Malhotra G. Evaluation of Changes in Salivary pH after Intake of Different Eatables and Beverages in Children at Different Time Intervals. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(3):177-182.

Reduced salivary flow rate and high levels of oxidative stress in whole saliva of children with Down syndrome.

To investigate salivary parameters between children with Down Syndrome (DS) and without DS. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from 18 children with DS and 23 without DS. Salivary flow rate, pH, and salivary buffering capacity were determined. Cariogenic microorganisms were quantified by culture, and periodontopathogens by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The antioxidant profile was quantified spectrophotometrically, while malondialdehyde (MDA) was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation (α = 0.05). Salivary flow rate was significantly lower in DS than in controls (p < 0.0001). Significant higher difference was observed for total protein dosage (p < 0.0001), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) (p = 0.0002), and MDA (p < 0.001) in DS group. Reduced salivary flow rate might be an important factor in oral diseases development.High salivary levels of SOD and MDA show the significant influence of the oxidative stress and the early-onset periodontal disease in DS people.

Interrelation Between Salivary pH, Buffer Capacity and Dental Caries in Underweight, Normal Weight and Overweight Children

The prevalence of dental caries in Romania remains high. The objective of this study is to analyse the link between dental caries, salivary pH and buffer capacity and the nutritional status in children. This cross-sectional study used a sample of 162 children, between the ages of 6 and 12 years, from Mures County, Romania. The prevalence of caries was measured using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index for deciduous teeth (dmft index) and for permanent teeth (DMFT index). In addition, height and weight were assessed for each subject, and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The buffer capacity and the pH was determined after collecting stimulated saliva. Undernourished children presented a higher caries incidence and a lower salivary pH value compared with the normal weight and overweight children. Further longitudinal studies should be conducted in order to study the relationship between BMI, pH, dental caries and salivary buffer capacity. Future preventive programs should include nutrition control in order to prevent both the apparition of dental caries and of malnutrition.

The OHI-S and DMFT index and their relationship with salivary PH in students with special needs with intellectual disabilities at the Ann Sullivan Center in Peru

Objective : Salivary buffering capacity might be related to an individual’s susceptibility to Dental Caries. Aim: to find the association between the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified by Green & Vermillion (OHI-S) and the DMFT Index, and the salivary pH among students with special needs mentally retarted of the Center Ann Sullivan of Peru (CASP). Materials and Methods: A cros-sectional, prospective and clinical study was conducted in 45 students among 10 and 50 years old, who atended to the CASP, were assesed to determine the index of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT Index) and plaque scores by OHI-S by Greene & Vermillion. 45 samples of saliva were collected, as a minimum of 6ml. in order to measure its pH and buffer rate, by using a digital PHmeter. Results : for the whole group, it was registered a OHI-S = 2.0 which equals to a regular index; and a DMFT very low according to the World Health Organization. Ph rated were average 7.7. Though ANOVA parametric test, with a confidence level of 95%, it was determined a level of significance of 0.362 was determined for the relationship between the OHI-S and the salivary pH, and a level of 0.280 for the relationship between the DFMT Index and rhe salivary pH of the students attending to the CASP. Conclusions : Oral higiene status might be more related to their psychomotor disabilities.

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Changes in the oral environment after placement of removable dentures in low caries risk patients

Japan has a high distribution of aged citizens. Dental treatment significantly contributes to a high QOL in the elderly. Many people lose teeth because of caries and/or periodontal diseases. It is important to find the causes for this and to take preventive measures. In particular, systemic diseases in the elderly tend to worsen the oral environment, leading to an increased risk of caries. The caries activity test is useful in understanding the oral environment. A simple chairside test can measure the patient’s unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rate, unstimulated and stimulated salivary buffering capacity, and salivary microbial counts, including mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida. Information on these oral environment factors can aid in preventing caries based on individual risk, and extending the life of dental restorations. In Japan, missing teeth are usually replaced by fixed or removable prostheses. Using the saliva test, Narhi reported that salivary microbial counts were greater in elderly with dentures than in those with natural dentition. Our cross-sectional study, which used the same saliva test, reported that there were large differences in the number of cariogenic bacteria in the oral environment of elderly with fixed prostheses compared with those who had removable prostheses. Although these studies suggested that removable dentures may influence salivary microbial counts, it is still unknown whether they contribute to an increase in the counts. We did a follow-up study that examined the oral environment over time of low caries risk patients after initial placement of removable prostheses.

Type 1 diabetes in children is not a predisposing factor for oral yeast colonization.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is considered a risk factor associated with oral yeast infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yeast oral carriage (in saliva and mucosal surface) of children with T1D and potential relation with host factors, particularly the subset of CD4+ T cells. Yeasts were quantified and identified in stimulated saliva and in cheek mucosal swabs of 133 diabetic T1D and 72 healthy control subjects. Salivary lymphocytes were quantified using flow cytometry. The presence of yeasts in the oral cavity (60% of total patients) was not affected by diabetes, metabolic control, duration of the disease, salivary flow rate or saliva buffer capacity, by age, sex, place of residence, number of daily meals, consumption of sweets or frequency of tooth brushing. Candida albicans was the most prevalent yeast species, but a higher number of yeast species was isolated in nondiabetics. T1D children with HbA1c ≤ 7.5 (metabolically controlled) presented higher number of CD4+ T salivary subsets when compared with the other groups of children (non-diabetic and nonmetabolically controlled) and also presented the highest number of individuals without oral yeast colonization. In conclusion, T1D does not predisposes for increased oral yeast colonization and a higher number of salivary CD4+T cells seems to result in the absence of oral colonization by yeasts.

Impact of Physical Stress on Salivary Buffering Capacity

Background: Saliva has many properties and the buffering capacity is important for the neutralization of oral fluids. It is unclear whether stressful conditions directly affect salivary buffering capacity, and we investigated the impact of physical stress on salivary buffering capacity. Methods: Twelve participants were subjected to the physical stress of jogging and running. The salivary buffering capacity and flow rate of the participants were measured before and after exposure to stressful conditions. Salivary α-amylase activity was measured as a quantitative index of stress. Results: No change in buffering capacity was detected among each time point during the whole course under physically stressful conditions. Next, we examined the change in buffering capacity after jogging compared to baseline. Six participants showed an increase in buffering capacity (Group A), while the other six participants showed a decrease or no change (Group B) after jogging. Group B showed a decrease in flow rate and increases in α-amylase activity and protein level after jogging, whereas Group A showed no changes in these properties. Conclusions: The results suggest that salivary buffering capacity changes following exposure to physically stressful conditions, and that the changes are dependent on the stress susceptibility of individuals.

A comparative evaluation of salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, calcium and total protein levels in pregnant and non pregnant women

Background: Hormonal changes in females may affect physiology of the entire body including the oral cavity. The present study aimed to evaluate salivary flow rate, ph, buffering capacity, calcium and total protein levels in pregnant and non pregnant women. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed and thirty pregnant and 30 non pregnant women women aged between 19-34 years in the third trimester were included in the study. The salivary samples were collected between 9- 11.30 a.m in both the study and control group. The salivary flow, pH, and buffering capacity was measured using “Saliva-check buffer kit. Results: Salivary flow rate, pH has decreased in pregnancy than non pregnant women. DMFT index showed a strong correlation with pH in pregnant women (P = 0.002) and nonpregnant women (P = 0.01). Calcium and protein level decreases in pregnant women in comparison to non pregnant women but difference was statistically non significant. Conclusion: Even though the salivary parameters were observed in normal range but there were definitive alterations.

Salivary profile and its relation to CEFT index in 5 year old children

Objective: To determine relationship of salivary profi le with CEFT (carious, extracted, filled, teeth) index in five year old children.Material and methods: A cross-sectioned study with probabilitysampling was conducted in 40 children. Children were divided into fourth groups of ten subjects each, according to CEFT index. Sample harvesting was conducted according to the non-stimulated saliva method. The following measurements were conducted: salivary volume, salivary fl ow, Streptococcus mutans population density, salivary pH, salivary buffer ability and fluoride level. Results: Average salivary profi le was established according to the following values: 4.76 mL salivary volume, 0.48 mL/min salivary fl ow, 4.85 × 105 CFU/mL Streptococcus mutans population density, 6.75 salivary pH, 5.9 salivary buffer capacity and 0.04997 fl uoride level. Valuesper salivary parameter at all caries levels did no signifi cantly differ: p &gt; 0.05. Conclusions: In fi ve year old children, salivary profi le did not signifi cantly change at different levels of dental caries.

Investigation of the N-terminal coding region of MUC7 alterations in dentistry students with and without caries.

ABSTRACTHuman low-molecular weight salivary mucin (MUC7) is a small, secreted glycoprotein coded by MUC7. In the oral cavity, they inhibit the colonization of oral bacteria, including cariogenic ones, by masking their surface adhesions, thus helping saliva to avoid dental caries. The N-terminal domain is important for low-molecular weight (MG2) mucins to contact with oral microorganisms. In this study, we aimed to identify the N-terminal coding region of the MUC7 gene between individuals with and without caries. Forty-four healthy dental students were enrolled in this study; 24 of them were classified to have caries [decayed, missing, filled-teeth (DMFT) = 5.6] according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and 20 of them were caries-free (DMFT = 0). Simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) and gingival index (GI) were used to determine the oral hygiene and gingival conditions. Total protein levels and salivary total protein levels and salivary buffer capacity (SBC) were determined by Lowry and Ericsson methods. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood cells of all the participants and genotyping was carried out by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequencing method. No statistical differences were found between two groups in the terms of salivary parameters, oral hygiene and gingival conditions. We detected one common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that leads to a change of asparagine to lysine at codon 80. This substitution was found in 29.0 and 40.0%, respectively, of the groups with and without caries. No other sequence variations were detected. The SNP found in this study may be a specific polymorphism affecting the Turkish population. Further studies with extended numbers are necessary in order to clarify this finding.

Carbonic Anhydrase VI Gene Polymorphism rs2274327 Relationship Between Salivary Parameters and Dental-Oral Health Status in Children.

The aim of this study was to research carbonic anhydrase (CA) VI one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and its potential association with dental-oral health status (dental caries, Plaque Index (PI) and Gingival Index (GI)) and salivary parameters (salivary buffering capacity, salivary flow rate (SFR)) in children. A total of 178 children were divided into two groups: non-carious (n=70, 34 boys and 36 girls) and carious (n=108, 47 boys and 61 girls). The clinical evaluations were performed according to the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft/DMFT) index by a specialist. Clinical parameters including PI, GI, and simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) were recorded. Salivary pH (SpH) was measured using pH paper. Blood samples and unstimulated whole saliva were collected, and SFR was calculated. The CA VI rs2274327 polymorphism was determined by a LightSNiP assay on the realtime PCR system. The frequencies of rs2274327 were not significant between groups (p>0.05). There was a positive correlation between OHI-S and SpH in the carious and non-carious groups (p<0.05). There was no correlation among the SNPs' frequencies and OHI-S, PI, GI, SFR, and SpH (p>0.05). CA VI SNP (rs2274327) had no statistically significant association with OHI-S, PI, GI, SFR, and SpH in the children.

Factors associated with the risk of caries development after comprehensive dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia

Background/purposeThe aims of this cross-sectional study were to determine the possible risk factors of caries development in children with early childhood caries (ECC) and to perform a caries risk assessment using Cariogram over a 12-month period. There is no report in examining caries risk assessment under 6 years old children in Taiwan. Materials and methodsSeventy-nine children (mean age 48.80 ± 10.71 months) with ECC indicated for comprehensive dental reconstruction under general anesthesia were selected. A questionnaire was completed by the parents to assess the possible caries-related factors at a 12-month follow-up. Data were collected for caries index, plaque index, Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus (LB) counts, and salivary buffering capacity at the initial examination and at the 12-month follow-up. Children were divided into two groups: caries-free (decayed, extracted, and filled teeth = 0) and caries-recurrent (decayed, extracted, and filled teeth > 0). The children's caries risk was assessed using the Cariogram software program. ResultsAt the 12-month follow-up, 79.7% of the children had developed new caries. No significant differences were found in parents' education levels, child's oral health practices, or parental knowledge and attitudes toward oral health (P > 0.05) between the caries-free group and the caries-recurrent group. The SM count (P = 0.001) and caries risk assessment (CRA) score (P < 0.001) were found to be significantly associated with new caries development. ConclusionThis study has shown that SM count and CRA score were associated with new caries development in ECC children who needed to be treated under general anesthesia. The modified Cariogram used in this study is another significant tool for predicting new carries development in this particular population.

Effect of Chewing Gum Containing CPP-ACP on Salivary Flow and Buffer Capacity: An in vivo Study

Objective: To evaluate salivary flow and buffer capacity by means of mechanical and chemical-mechanical stimuli, through the use of chewing gums. Material and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study with 12 volunteers, divided into three groups, in three phases: Group A: paraffin gum; Group B: Chewing gum without sucrose, flavored (Trident ® ); Group C: Flavored chewing gum, without sucrose and amorphous calcium casein-phosphate phosphopeptide (Trident Total ® ). The stimulated total saliva was collected after 5 minutes of mastication of one of the products and the volume was expressed in mL / min. The same sample was submitted to pH measurement with the use of a digital potentiometer, where the results were classified in normal buffer capacity (final pH between 5.0 and 7.0) or low (final pH <4.0). The results were evaluated regarding the normality of the sample distribution (Shapiro-Wilk test), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. Results: Chewing gums increased the salivary flow of the volunteers, when compared to the control group (paraffin) (1.53 mL / min), differing statistically from the group, although there was no difference between Trident ® (2.09 mL / Min) and Trident Total ® (2.06mL / min). Regarding the buffer capacity, the values obtained were 6.94 (paraffin), 6.99 (Trident ® ) and 6.93 (Trident Total ® ), with no difference between groups (p = 0.713). Conclusion: It was concluded that chewing gums, with and without CPP-ACP, increased the salivary flow in relation to the control group. In relation to buffer capacity the values obtained for chewing gums with and without CPP-ACP, are shown to be within the normal range.

Estimation of Salivary Glucose levels as a Diagnostic aid for Diabetes Mellitus

Aim: The present study was designed to correlate the serum and salivary glucose levels and estimate associated salivary parameters (such as salivary flow rate, pH and buffering capacity) among diabetic and healthy individuals. Settings and Design: 80 patients were included in this study of which 30 patients were uncontrolled diabetics (group I), 30 patients were controlled diabetics (group II) and 20 patients were healthy individuals (group III). Materials and Methods: Salivary and serum glucose levels and salivary flow rate were measured using established methods. Results: The mean serum glucose was higher in group I as compared to group II and group III. In all the groups, salivary glucose levels significantly correlated with serum glucose levels. A statistically significant correlation was also observed between salivary glucose and salivary flow rate in all the three groups. The mean pH values were similar in all the three groups, indicating unaltered salivary buffering capacities. Conclusion: Salivary glucose levels may be used as an alternative and reliable index in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

Comparison of Gingival Health and Salivary Parameters among Autistic and Non-Autistic School Children in Riyadh.

Autism is a neuro-developmental disorder which is manifested as impairment of social interaction, communication and a repetitive behaviour. Autism can obscure dental treatment for the affected patients; furthermore, children with autism commonly have destructive oral habits. The aims of this study were to evaluate the Modified Gingival Index (MGI), Plaque Index (PI), salivary pH and buffering capacity of the saliva among autistic children compared to normal children in Riyadh City that may provide baseline data to enable comparison and future planning of dental services for autistic children. A total of 50 children diagnosed with autism (mean age 8.5 years) were selected from Azzam Autism School, Riyadh City. The control group consisted of 50 non-autistic school children (mean age 8.7 years), gender matched, selected from Outpatient Clinic, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy. MGI, PI, salivary pH and salivary buffer capacity tests were done for all participants. The buffering capacity of the stimulated saliva was grouped under 'very low', 'low' and 'normal'. Pearson's Chi square and one way ANOVA were used to find statistical significance if any among the autistic and the normal control group. The results of the study showed that the mean ± standard deviation of MGI, PI and pH of unstimulated resting saliva for autistic group were 1.82 ± 0.65, 1.92 ± 0.35 and 6.8 ± 0.5 respectively. Normal control group had values 1.35 ± 0.85, 1.44 ± 0.43 and 7 ± 0.4 respectively. A statistically significant difference between both groups for all parameters was found. Salivary buffering capacity was found to be normal for the majority among both groups. However, 60% children among the autistic group presented with normal buffering capacity of the stimulated saliva as compared to 70% among the normal control group. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.544). Children with autism appear to have higher gingival inflammation, poor oral hygiene and a slightly lower salivary pH as compared to healthy control group. Special oral health programmes regarding treatment and maintenance of good oral health should be taken in consideration for autistic children.

Analysis of Salivary Flow, pH, Buffer Capacity, and Creatinine in Individuals Undergoing Hemodialysis

Objective : To quantify salivary creatinine levels patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) before, during, and after hemodialysis sessions. Material and Methods: Sixty-eight individuals, aged between 4 and 25 years, were selected, and among these, 34 were diagnosed with ESRD and were undergoing hemodialysis (Group 1) and 34 were clinically healthy patients (Group 2). Saliva samples were collected before, during, and after hemodialysis sessions for Group 1 and compared with those of Group 2. Stimulated saliva flow rate (SSFR), buffer capacity (BC), pH, and salivary creatinine levels were determined. Shapiro-Wilk test, followed by the Friedman, Mann-Whitney and ANOVA tests were used to analyze the variables. Results: Mean SSFR values of Group 1 at the three stages of hemodialysis sessions did not differ from those of Group 2. Furthermore, BC and pH values were within their normal limits, and no difference was detected between the two groups. Mean salivary creatinine levels at baseline and during hemodialysis were significantly higher in Group 1 that in Group 2, but these values were not different between Groups at the end of hemodialysis. Conclusion: Salivary creatinine levels reduce significantly after hemodialysis sessions suggesting that saliva may be used to monitor the efficiency of hemodialysis or even indicate the moment at which it should start.